終南山國家森林公園,位于秦嶺北麓中段,西安市南25公里,長安區境內,是我國(guo)(guo)山崩(beng)地(di)質作用最為發育的地(di)區之一,而翠華山國(guo)(guo)家(jia)地(di)質公(gong)園則是終(zhong)南山國(guo)(guo)家(jia)森(sen)林的重(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)(bu)分。翠華山山崩(beng)分布(bu)面積(ji)5.2平方千米,目前初步開發15平方千米,分布(bu)在水(shui)湫池、甘湫池、大坪三處。主(zhu)要(yao)由殘峰斷崖、崩(beng)塌石(shi)海(hai)、堰塞湖三大部(bu)(bu)分組(zu)成。
園區總面積7675公頃,林木總蓄積348824立方米,森林覆蓋率75%,海拔650米-2589米,分為南五臺,石砭峪,翠華山和羅漢坪四個景區及諸多景點,南五臺居中,屬特級開發區。公園內(nei)主要包含的旅游景(jing)點有著(zhu)上善(shan)池、仰天池、樓(lou)(lou)觀臺(tai)等景(jing)點,其中這(zhe)里的樓(lou)(lou)觀臺(tai)主要有著(zhu)道(dao)家遺跡,如老(lao)子(zi)說經臺(tai)、宗圣宮等景(jing)點。
終南山(shan)東起盛產(chan)美玉的藍田山(shan),西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)秦嶺主峰太白山(shan),橫(heng)跨藍田、長安、戶(hu)縣、周至(zhi)等縣,綿延200余里,天造地(di)設,雄峙(zhi)在古(gu)城長安(西(xi)(xi)安)之南,成為長安城高大堅實的依托、雄偉壯麗的屏障。
南五(wu)(wu)臺,為"終南神(shen)秀之區(qu)",是佛教圣地之一。山上有(you)(you)清涼(liang)、文殊、舍(she)身、靈應、觀音五(wu)(wu)臺,因位(wei)于古(gu)長安城南,故(gu)名南五(wu)(wu)臺,是省級風景名勝區(qu)。南五(wu)(wu)臺廟宇(yu)始(shi)于西(xi)漢,盛于隋唐,原有(you)(you)寺(si)(si)(si)廟50多(duo)處,號稱(cheng)72道湯坊。現(xian)有(you)(you)彌陀(tuo)寺(si)(si)(si)、圣壽寺(si)(si)(si)(塔爾寺(si)(si)(si))、五(wu)(wu)馬(ma)寺(si)(si)(si)、白衣(yi)堂、五(wu)(wu)佛殿、勝寶泉(quan)(寶泉(quan)寺(si)(si)(si))、紫(zi)竹林寺(si)(si)(si)、黑(hei)虎殿、西(xi)林寺(si)(si)(si)(大茅棚(peng))、觀音臺寺(si)(si)(si)、小(xiao)茅棚(peng)等。
相傳涇(jing)陽翠(cui)(cui)花(hua)姑娘在此成仙,因而得名(ming),也(ye)是(shi)省級風(feng)景(jing)名(ming)勝區。太(tai)乙池,又(you)名(ming)翠(cui)(cui)花(hua)湖(hu)、天(tian)湖(hu),是(shi)崩塌形成的堰塞(sai)湖(hu),水面(mian)長約(yue)600米,寬90-300米,水深5-10米,碧波蕩(dang)漾,游船穿梭,是(shi)游人最(zui)(zui)為(wei)集(ji)中(zhong)的景(jing)點。還(huan)有玉(yu)(yu)泉池、水淵(yuan)池、碧水湖(hu)、十八盤道、鬼門關、望鄉臺、臥虎石(shi)、鷹嘴石(shi)、翠(cui)(cui)花(hua)峰、玉(yu)(yu)案峰、雙瀑飛虹、鷹崖珠(zhu)簾、翠(cui)(cui)花(hua)廟、天(tian)池寺、老君廟、石(shi)洞(dong)寺、九天(tian)圣母洞(dong)等,尤以冰洞(dong)、風(feng)洞(dong)、金華(hua)洞(dong)最(zui)(zui)為(wei)奇特誘人。
南五(wu)臺西側,山谷有石砭峪(yu)水庫,總(zong)庫容2810萬立方米,水面長約4公里,寬100-250米,是垂(chui)釣、蕩舟的好去處。
羅漢坪位于石(shi)砭峪(yu)河上游,植物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)類繁多。這里有種(zhong)子植物(wu)(wu)100余科、1300多種(zhong),還有藥用植物(wu)(wu)486種(zhong),野生(sheng)花卉(hui)及觀賞(shang)植物(wu)(wu)300多種(zhong)。羚牛、金(jin)錢豹、青羊、林麝(she)、大鯢、杜仲、天麻等,是國(guo)家重點保(bao)護的(de)珍(zhen)貴野生(sheng)動(dong)植物(wu)(wu)。
總量3億立方米、石(shi)(shi)(shi)塊巨(ju)大,集中(zhong)分布在翠華峰(feng)--甘湫(qiu)峰(feng)和大坪。巨(ju)石(shi)(shi)(shi)堆砌、相互疊置,或(huo)雄獅(shi)望月。或(huo)猛虎下(xia)山(shan),或(huo)仙女散花(hua)(hua)、或(huo)頑童(tong)嬉戲,宛(wan)如石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭的海(hai)洋、波瀾起伏、浪擊長空。著名景點(dian)有(you)劍石(shi)(shi)(shi)、玉(yu)兔醉臥、通靈(ling)玉(yu)璽等(deng)、極富陽剛之氣。崩(beng)塌石(shi)(shi)(shi)海(hai)在山(shan)崩(beng)過(guo)程中(zhong)因石(shi)(shi)(shi)塊崩(beng)落相互欹嵌、形(xing)成(cheng)了上百個洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴,有(you)天(tian)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、冰(bing)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、蝙(bian)蝠(fu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)等(deng)。其(qi)中(zhong)冰(bing)、風二(er)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)最讓人(ren)稱奇,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)外夏(xia)(xia)季溫差可達23℃以上。冰(bing)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)夏(xia)(xia)季結(jie)冰(bing),冷(leng)(leng)徹肌(ji)骨;炎炎酷暑,冰(bing)柱倒立。風洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)是(shi)由兩塊巨(ju)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂端相撐形(xing)成(cheng),高約20米、寬3米、由于狹管效應和空氣對流、洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)常有(you)冷(leng)(leng)風嗖(sou)嗖(sou),故風洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)盛夏(xia)(xia)六月,涼風習(xi)習(xi)。山(shan)崩(beng)主景區(qu)還(huan)有(you)一(yi)景點(dian),俗稱小冰(bing)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)冷(leng)(leng)氣凝結(jie)飄(piao)向洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)外,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)外四周(zhou)還(huan)是(shi)鮮花(hua)(hua)初開、芳草蔭動的春天(tian),煞是(shi)好看。蝙(bian)蝠(fu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)長100余(yu)米,曲折(zhe)迂回(hui),寬窄不一(yi)、空間(jian)變換多樣。在30米深處(chu),千余(yu)只蝙(bian)蝠(fu)附(fu)于洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁。翅聲清晰可辨,為(wei)翠華山(shan)一(yi)新(xin)奇之處(chu)。
玄關(guan)是游覽(lan)冰、風二洞(dong)必經之地、兩塊巨石聳立(li),相隔咫尺,天(tian)成一線,上有(you)(you)一小橋,行人至此(ci),昂首而望,有(you)(you)天(tian)門之感。十八(ba)盤崩(beng)塌石海北側邊緣,高約200米、莽莽蒼蒼,巨石遍(bian)生,鷹岸瀑布(bu)傾瀉而出,一道銀練,掛于山(shan)川,有(you)(you)中國山(shan)水畫之感。
堰塞(sai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)是指由山(shan)(shan)崩(beng)(beng)倒塌(ta)堵塞(sai)而形成(cheng)的湖(hu)(hu)(hu)泊,在(zai)翠華山(shan)(shan)有三處(chu)。一(yi)(yi)處(chu)在(zai)甘湫(qiu)池,位(wei)于(yu)甘湫(qiu)峰下,面(mian)積(ji)(ji)0.2平方千米(mi)(mi),由于(yu)水源(yuan)不足(zu)嚴重滲漏成(cheng)為(wei)干涸之湖(hu)(hu)(hu),故(gu)名(ming)甘湫(qiu)池;一(yi)(yi)處(chu)在(zai)大坪,現(xian)由于(yu)泥沙堆積(ji)(ji),湖(hu)(hu)(hu)已被沖積(ji)(ji)填平,故(gu)名(ming)大坪;一(yi)(yi)處(chu)在(zai)水湫(qiu)池,山(shan)(shan)體(ti)崩(beng)(beng)塌(ta)堵塞(sai)太乙河形成(cheng),又(you)名(ming)天池、澄源(yuan)池、太乙湖(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)(deng)。此地塞(sai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)面(mian)長600米(mi)(mi),寬100-300米(mi)(mi)、水深5-l 2米(mi)(mi)、水域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)0.14平方千米(mi)(mi)、可(ke)劃船、垂釣等(deng)(deng),此湖(hu)(hu)(hu)有"秦嶺明珠"之稱、為(wei)秦嶺72峪惟一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)處(chu)堰塞(sai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu),煙波浩淼、云蒸(zheng)霞(xia)蔚、蔚為(wei)壯觀,山(shan)(shan)崩(beng)(beng)巨石(shi)與天池湖(hu)(hu)(hu)光相融、碧峰綠(lv)水、奇石(shi)異(yi)洞,構成(cheng)了-處(chu)人間仙(xian)境。
招(zhao)(zhao)隱(yin)山(shan)原名獸窟山(shan),因南(nan)朝(chao)(chao)著(zhu)名藝(yi)術(shu)家戴(dai)隱(yin)居(ju)于(yu)此,拒不出仁(ren)而得(de)名。招(zhao)(zhao)陷寺初建(jian)于(yu)山(shan)上,由戴(dai)故(gu)宅改建(jian)。招(zhao)(zhao)隱(yin)寺最(zui)初創于(yu)南(nan)朝(chao)(chao)宋景平元(yuan)年(423),距今已(yi)(yi)有一千五六百年的歷史,當時(shi)殿宇宏麗(li),甚負(fu)盛名。唐(tang)宋以來(lai),幾(ji)經興廢。清咸豐間,寺毀(hui)于(yu)戰(zhan)火,同治、光緒間,慧傳和(he)尚(shang)重建(jian)大殿、讀書(shu)臺等,規模已(yi)(yi)不如前。抗戰(zhan)時(shi),又遭日軍(jun)毀(hui)壞,現在正(zheng)全面修復,大部分勝跡已(yi)(yi)煥然(ran)一新。
在(zai)山(shan)路左側(ce),相傳東(dong)晉法安禪師(shi)初來山(shan)時(shi),飲水(shui)困難,虎(hu)(hu)(hu)為(wei)他刨(bao)出此泉,故名(ming)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)跑(pao)(pao)泉。泉方(fang)(fang)池(chi),中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)井,泉眼在(zai)井中(zhong)(zhong),水(shui)清(qing)澈,可烹(peng)茶。上有(you)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)跑(pao)(pao)亭(ting),一名(ming)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)泉亭(ting),長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形,設計美觀大方(fang)(fang)。明(ming)嘉靖年間袁繼祖重砌方(fang)(fang)池(chi),改名(ming)"萬古(gu)常清(qing)池(chi)",表(biao)明(ming)泉水(shui)常年清(qing)澈見底,故虎(hu)(hu)(hu)跑(pao)(pao)亭(ting)又稱(cheng)"萬古(gu)常清(qing)亭(ting)"。池(chi)旁石壁(bi)上嵌(qian)有(you)"虎(hu)(hu)(hu)跑(pao)(pao)泉"三(san)字碑(bei)刻,為(wei)明(ming)崇(chong)禎年間知(zhi)府程峋所書。
在增(zeng)華閣東南,為(wei)一座六角亭(ting),石(shi)柱有楹(ying)聯曰:"絕頂共攀躋,此地來騷人墨客;三山相揖讓,何處訪玉樹瓊枝。"亭(ting)旁原有玉蕊仙蹤(zong)堂,久已廢(fei)毀。
唐(tang)(tang)時(shi)這里有兩株名(ming)貴的(de)玉(yu)蕊仙花,只有皇帝的(de)御(yu)花園和翰林院地允許(xu)植種,是(shi)稀世奇葩,開(kai)放時(shi)如瑤林瓊樹,因此有仙女游賞(shang)等(deng)神話(hua)傳(chuan)說。唐(tang)(tang)朝宰相(xiang)李德裕任潤州刺史時(shi),常游招隱(yin)寺,于玉(yu)蕊花下飲酒賦詩,有《招隱(yin)山觀玉(yu)蕊樹戲書即(ji)事(shi),奉寄江西沈(shen)大(da)夫閣老》詩:玉(yu)蕊天中樹,金閏昔(xi)共窺。落英閑舞雪,密葉乍低帷。舊賞(shang)煙霄遠,新歡歲月移。今來想顏色,還是(shi)憶瓊枝(zhi)。并(bing)特為觀花建此亭(ting),名(ming)"玉(yu)蕊亭(ting)"。
昭(zhao)明太子(zi)蕭統(tong),字(zi)德施(shi),南朝蘭陵(今常州(zhou))人,梁(liang)武帝長子(zi),他(ta)性愛山水,聰慧(hui)好(hao)學。被立(li)為太子(zi)后(hou),在招(zhao)隱寺讀書,于讀書間招(zhao)集文學名(ming)(ming)流在增華閣編輯《文選(xuan)》三十卷,即(ji)著名(ming)(ming)的《昭(zhao)明文選(xuan)》,是(shi)我國第(di)一部(bu)韻文、散文合集,對后(hou)代(dai)文學有重大影(ying)響。太子(zi)未及(ji)即(ji)位(wei)而卒,年(nian)三址一歲(sui),謚昭(zhao)明。
房屋(wu)四周有(you)回廊,窗(chuang)明(ming)幾凈,環境清幽。內(nei)有(you)石案一塊,長約(yue)一點三米,寬約(yue)半米,厚約(yue)十厘米,為太(tai)子伏案處。讀書臺北還有(you)濟祖殿,藏有(you)出土文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),如元氏五(wu)蝠(福)捧壽大型碑刻(ke)和明(ming)代重修招隱寺(si)碑記。讀書臺右(you)邊為增(zeng)華閣,是(shi)當年昭明(ming)太(tai)子編輯文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)選的地方。蕭統云集(ji)天下才學(xue)賢士(shi),包括《文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)心雕龍》作者(zhe)劉勰,在"山水有(you)清音的"增(zeng)華閣,編纂(zuan)了我國第(di)一部(bu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)總集(ji)--《昭明(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)選》,成為南朝文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)壇的中心。閣內(nei)正(zheng)中墻有(you)《增(zeng)華選文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)圖》,左墻角有(you)一博古架,陳(chen)列(lie)昭明(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)選樣本(ben)。
增(zeng)華閣、讀書臺(tai)面臨群山環抱林木幽深之(zhi)境,氣魄宏大,別有洞天,使人有"四周有山疑無(wu)路"之(zhi)感。
在招隱山北腳(jiao)下(xia),傳為昭明太子(zi)所鑿(zao),泉水(shui)(shui)涌上如珍(zhen)珠,故名"珍(zhen)珠泉"。泉旁原有(you)亭(ting),宋李迪建,名"珍(zhen)珠亭(ting)",久已廢圯(yi)。解(jie)放后在泉附(fu)近山谷中筑一(yi)水(shui)(shui)庫,取名"珍(zhen)珠水(shui)(shui)庫",有(you)灌溉和防洪作用(yong)。現(xian)珍(zhen)珠泉亭(ting)建于水(shui)(shui)庫大(da)堤山坡上。
位(wei)于招隱山頂,因亭(ting)(ting)高出飛鳥(niao),故名。始(shi)建(jian)年(nian)不詳,清初尚(shang)存,毀于太平天國戰(zhan)火。現(xian)重建(jian),為混凝土(tu)仿木結構(gou),圓(yuan)形(xing),單檐(yan)尖頂,直徑(jing)六(liu)米(mi),亭(ting)(ting)內有石(shi)凳石(shi)桌,供游(you)人休憩。登臨遠眺,江山景(jing)色(se),盡收眼底(di)。
位(wei)于南郊夾(jia)山下的(de)竹(zhu)(zhu)林(lin)寺本名(ming)夾(jia)山不見(jian)寺禪院,東晉法安禪師始(shi)建(jian),頹(tui)廢已(yi)久。明末崇禎年(nian)間,林(lin)皋大(da)師在(zai)此(ci)搭建(jian)草房,獨居二年(nian),創建(jian)名(ming)藍。因(yin)寺處大(da)片竹(zhu)(zhu)林(lin)中(zhong),遠(yuan)遠(yuan)望(wang)去只見(jian)竹(zhu)(zhu)林(lin)不見(jian)寺,故名(ming)。
竹林寺依山而建,一(yi)(yi)(yi)組(zu)石(shi)階,一(yi)(yi)(yi)層平臺,上下五層,層層登高,竹林繁茂,古木參天(tian),曲徑通幽,引(yin)人(ren)入(ru)(ru)勝。寺前有月(yue)牙河(he),河(he)周有數株古老銀杏樹,高聳(song)入(ru)(ru)云。山門(men)前原有凝翠亭,背山面(mian)水,風景優美,可供游人(ren)小憩。傾圯后(hou)未修復。山門(men)天(tian)王(wang)殿(dian)已(yi)修葺一(yi)(yi)(yi)新(xin)(xin),共五間,門(men)上石(shi)額為(wei)"竹林禪寺"。從天(tian)王(wang)殿(dian)大門(men)入(ru)(ru)寺,拾級而上,至第三平臺,地面(mian)寬廣,兩旁建東(dong)西客堂,各五間,設計精巧,形象(xiang)古樸,修整后(hou)面(mian)貌一(yi)(yi)(yi)新(xin)(xin)。
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市內乘坐(zuo)323、215、229路公交車到(dao)韋(wei)曲(qu),韋(wei)曲(qu)汽車站有(you)404路公交車直接到(dao)終南山門口。
生(sheng)物(wu)種(zhong)類繁(fan)多(duo),資源豐富,有(you)種(zhong)子(zi)植物(wu)100余科,1300多(duo)種(zhong),約占全省(sheng)植物(wu)種(zhong)類的三分之一以上,其中(zhong),我國特有(you)屬(shu)7個(ge),單種(zhong)屬(shu)11個(ge),多(duo)種(zhong)屬(shu)30多(duo)個(ge),常見(jian)喬木樹種(zhong)100多(duo)種(zhong),還有(you)中(zhong)藥植物(wu)486種(zhong),花(hua)卉(hui)和觀賞植物(wu)300余種(zhong),堪稱“博大的自然植物(wu)園(yuan)”。