芒果视频

2012年(nian)8月1日，印度官(guan)員宣(xuan)布，印度大面積斷(duan)電(dian)已(yi)經結(jie)束。印度發生的(de)停(ting)電(dian)事故，覆蓋了一(yi)半(ban)以上的(de)國土，直接影響6億多人的(de)生活，是這個南(nan)亞國家11年(nian)來最嚴重的(de)停(ting)電(dian)事故。

事故過程

印度(du)北(bei)部和東部地區(qu)7月30日和31日連續發生(sheng)兩(liang)次大面積停(ting)(ting)電事故。突如其來(lai)的斷電導致交(jiao)通陷(xian)入混亂，全國超過300列(lie)火車停(ting)(ting)運(yun)(yun)，首都新(xin)德(de)里(li)的地鐵也全部停(ting)(ting)運(yun)(yun)，造(zao)成(cheng)旅客大量滯留，公(gong)路(lu)交(jiao)通出現大面積擁(yong)堵(du)。一些礦工被(bei)困井下。銀行系統(tong)陷(xian)入癱瘓，一度(du)給(gei)印度(du)的金融交(jiao)易(yi)帶來(lai)障礙。

第一次事故(gu)發生后(hou)，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門排除故(gu)障，在(zai)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)15個小時內基本(ben)恢復了電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)。但(dan)旁遮(zhe)普邦、哈(ha)里(li)亞納邦以及北(bei)方邦等幾(ji)個地(di)區(qu)(qu)在(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復后(hou)繼續超負荷(he)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致了第二(er)次大面(mian)積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門因此不得不從(cong)鄰(lin)國輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力來滿足新(xin)德里(li)的(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)需求。截(jie)至(zhi)8月1日，印度(du)北(bei)部地(di)區(qu)(qu)95%的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)已(yi)恢復。

事故分析

貝恩咨(zi)詢(xun)公司高級(ji)合伙(huo)人阿密特(te)·辛哈認為，此次停(ting)電事(shi)故給(gei)印度(du)經(jing)濟敲響(xiang)了警鐘——印度(du)電力(li)供應至少需要保持每年6．5%至7%的增速，否則將會對該國制造業和出(chu)口企業造成傷害。

印度最大行業協會(hui)印度工(gong)商聯合(he)會(hui)主席卡諾里亞說：“連(lian)續兩(liang)天如此大規模的(de)停電，值得我們密切(qie)關注(zhu)，這當然會(hui)

對于商業(ye)投資環境(jing)本就存在不少問(wen)題的印(yin)度(du)(du)來(lai)說(shuo)，此次(ci)大停電不僅影響(xiang)企業(ye)生產(chan)和盈利水平，還影響(xiang)到印(yin)度(du)(du)在外國投資者眼中(zhong)的形象。

印(yin)(yin)度(du)產業聯合會理(li)事長錢德拉吉特·班納吉表示(shi)，印(yin)(yin)度(du)經濟近來增長放緩，外界本(ben)就(jiu)對印(yin)(yin)度(du)前(qian)景不太看好，如今電(dian)網兩天內(nei)連續崩(beng)潰無疑使印(yin)(yin)度(du)的形(xing)象進一(yi)步受損，令有意投資印(yin)(yin)度(du)的外國企業望而卻步。對于一(yi)個擁有世界約六分之一(yi)人口的新興經濟體，有必要使基礎設施建設與印(yin)(yin)度(du)的強國夢想相匹(pi)配。

事故影響

世(shi)界媒體都(dou)在議論印度大(da)停(ting)電(dian)，但任何國(guo)家都(dou)不(bu)能否(fou)認自己(ji)也遭遇過大(da)停(ting)電(dian)的歷史，只(zhi)是規模(mo)和(he)破壞程(cheng)度不(bu)同罷了。美(mei)國(guo)上世(shi)紀后(hou)半(ban)葉(xie)，至少出現三次大(da)規模(mo)停(ting)電(dian)事故，近十多年(nian)時(shi)間里(li)，美(mei)國(guo)至少遭遇過數次大(da)停(ting)電(dian)。如2008年(nian)，佛羅里(li)達州發生大(da)停(ting)電(dian)，300萬人(ren)沒有電(dian)力(li)供應(ying)；2003年(nian)大(da)停(ting)電(dian)，由密(mi)歇根州延伸至紐約，最后(hou)蔓延到加拿大(da)。危機(ji)專(zhuan)家承(cheng)認，“一次大(da)停(ting)電(dian)，即使是數秒鐘，也不(bu)亞(ya)于一場大(da)地震帶(dai)來的破壞”。

很多新興經濟(ji)體(ti)在經濟(ji)高增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)刺激(ji)或尋求(qiu)經濟(ji)高增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)動機之下，只顧(gu)電(dian)力開發(fa)，卻忽(hu)視(shi)電(dian)網安(an)全工(gong)作(zuo)，對電(dian)網管理體(ti)制改革方面重視(shi)不(bu)夠，導致“缺電(dian)”和“有電(dian)”下都斷(duan)電(dian)停(ting)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，造成大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費和損(sun)失(shi)。印(yin)度(du)此次(ci)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，對印(yin)度(du)是(shi)個現(xian)實教訓(xun)，對世界各新興經濟(ji)體(ti)而言，是(shi)給(gei)電(dian)網安(an)全上了(le)一課(ke)。只要(yao)體(ti)認“大停(ting)電(dian)或也(ye)會發(fa)生在我(wo)們身(shen)上”，那么，我(wo)們就應該(gai)從漠不(bu)關心等心態(tai)中覺(jue)醒(xing)過來(lai)，把印(yin)度(du)問(wen)題(ti)視(shi)為(wei)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，做(zuo)好自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全工(gong)作(zuo)。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生兩次大(da)面積(ji)停(ting)電事故。突如(ru)其(qi)來的斷(duan)電導致交(jiao)通陷入混亂，全國超(chao)過300列火車停(ting)運(yun)，首都新德里的地鐵(tie)也全部停(ting)運(yun)，造成旅客大(da)量(liang)滯留，公路交(jiao)通出現大(da)面積(ji)擁堵。一些礦工(gong)被困井(jing)下(xia)。銀行系統陷入癱瘓，一度給(gei)印(yin)度的金(jin)融交(jiao)易帶來障礙。

第一次事故發生后，印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)(men)排(pai)除故障(zhang)，在停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后15個(ge)(ge)小時內基本恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應。但旁遮普(pu)邦(bang)(bang)、哈里亞納(na)邦(bang)(bang)以及北(bei)方邦(bang)(bang)等(deng)幾個(ge)(ge)地區(qu)在供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)后繼續超負(fu)荷(he)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致了第二(er)次大(da)面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)(men)因此(ci)不得不從鄰國輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)來(lai)滿(man)足新德里的用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求。截至(zhi)8月1日，印度北(bei)部(bu)地區(qu)95%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應已恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢公司高級合伙人阿密特(te)·辛哈認為，此次停電事(shi)故給印度(du)經(jing)濟敲響了警鐘——印度(du)電力供應(ying)至少需(xu)要保持每年6．5%至7%的增速(su)，否則(ze)將會對該(gai)國制(zhi)造業和出(chu)口企(qi)業造成傷害。

印度最大(da)行業協會(hui)印度工商聯合會(hui)主席卡(ka)諾里亞說：“連續兩(liang)天如(ru)此大(da)規模的停電，值(zhi)得我們密切(qie)關注(zhu)，這當然會(hui)

對于商業投資(zi)環境本(ben)就(jiu)存(cun)在不(bu)(bu)少問題的印(yin)度來說(shuo)，此次(ci)大停電不(bu)(bu)僅影響(xiang)企業生產(chan)和(he)盈利(li)水(shui)平(ping)，還影響(xiang)到印(yin)度在外國投資(zi)者眼中的形象(xiang)。

印度(du)(du)(du)(du)產業聯合(he)會理事長錢德(de)拉吉特·班納(na)吉表示，印度(du)(du)(du)(du)經(jing)濟近來增長放緩(huan)，外界(jie)本就(jiu)對印度(du)(du)(du)(du)前景不太看好，如今電網兩天內連續崩潰無疑使印度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)形象(xiang)進(jin)一(yi)步受損，令(ling)有意投(tou)資印度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)外國企業望(wang)而卻步。對于一(yi)個擁(yong)有世界(jie)約六(liu)分之一(yi)人口的(de)新興(xing)經(jing)濟體，有必要使基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)與印度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)強國夢想相匹(pi)配。

事故影響

世界媒體都在議論印度(du)大(da)(da)停電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)任何國家(jia)都不(bu)能否認(ren)自己也(ye)遭遇過大(da)(da)停電(dian)(dian)的歷(li)史(shi)，只是規模和破壞(huai)程度(du)不(bu)同(tong)罷了(le)。美國上世紀后半(ban)葉，至少出(chu)現三次大(da)(da)規模停電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，近十(shi)多年時(shi)間里，美國至少遭遇過數(shu)次大(da)(da)停電(dian)(dian)。如2008年，佛(fo)羅里達州(zhou)發生(sheng)大(da)(da)停電(dian)(dian)，300萬人(ren)沒有電(dian)(dian)力供應；2003年大(da)(da)停電(dian)(dian)，由密歇根州(zhou)延伸(shen)至紐約，最后蔓延到加拿(na)大(da)(da)。危機專(zhuan)家(jia)承認(ren)，“一次大(da)(da)停電(dian)(dian)，即使是數(shu)秒鐘，也(ye)不(bu)亞于一場大(da)(da)地震帶(dai)來的破壞(huai)”。

很多新(xin)(xin)興經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)在(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)高(gao)增長的(de)刺激或(huo)尋求經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)高(gao)增長的(de)動機之下，只顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力開發(fa)(fa)，卻(que)忽視(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全(quan)工作(zuo)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)管理體(ti)(ti)制改革(ge)方面重視(shi)不(bu)夠(gou)，導(dao)致“缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”和“有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”下都斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情況，造(zao)成大量(liang)的(de)浪(lang)費和損失(shi)。印(yin)度此次發(fa)(fa)生的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，對印(yin)度是(shi)個現(xian)實教訓，對世界各(ge)新(xin)(xin)興經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)而言，是(shi)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全(quan)上了一課。只要體(ti)(ti)認“大停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)也會發(fa)(fa)生在(zai)我們身上”，那么，我們就應該從漠不(bu)關心等心態中覺醒過來，把印(yin)度問(wen)(wen)題(ti)視(shi)為自己(ji)的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，做(zuo)好自己(ji)的(de)安全(quan)工作(zuo)。

2012年7月30口(kou)凌晨2時(shi)33分開(kai)始，印度(du)(du)北部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)德(de)里邦(bang)、哈利亞納邦(bang)、中央邦(bang)、旁遮普邦(bang)、拉賈斯坦邦(bang)、北安查爾(er)邦(bang)、北方(fang)邦(bang)等9個(ge)邦(bang)發(fa)生(sheng)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)，逾3.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)受到影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。在上述地(di)區(qu)(qu)恢復供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)數(shu)小(xiao)時(shi)后(hou)(hou)，于當地(di)時(shi)間7月31口(kou)13時(shi)05分開(kai)始，印度(du)(du)包括首都新德(de)里在內(nei)的東部(bu)、北部(bu)和東北部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網再次(ci)發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)，超過(guo)20個(ge)邦(bang)再次(ci)陷(xian)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)癱瘓狀態，全國(guo)(guo)(guo)近一半(ban)地(di)區(qu)(qu)的供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出現中斷，逾6.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)受到影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)111印度(du)(du)兩天之內(nei)連續發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)，是有(you)史以來影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)曰最(zui)多(duo)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)，成為(wei)(wei)世界范圍內(nei)規模最(zui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)件。印度(du)(du)長(chang)期以來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)基礎薄弱、基礎設(she)施(shi)落后(hou)(hou)并(bing)滯后(hou)(hou)于經濟發(fa)展等矛盾由來己久，這次(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)件讓(rang)印度(du)(du)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)管(guan)理體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)、調度(du)(du)防控體(ti)(ti)系和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規劃建設(she)等方(fang)面諸多(duo)問題再次(ci)暴(bao)露于公眾面前(qian)。與我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)一樣作為(wei)(wei)正在崛(jue)起(qi)的發(fa)展中國(guo)(guo)(guo)家，印度(du)(du)此次(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)對(dui)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全運行具有(you)重人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的借(jie)鑒(jian)意義。但是我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)原因研究不深，需要進一步深入分析(xi)印度(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)印度(du)(du)的能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)概況。

印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)能源(yuan)資源(yuan)主要(yao)分布在東(dong)(dong)部和(he)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部地(di)(di)區(qu)_以煤(mei)炭和(he)水力為主_其(qi)余為核電(dian)(dian)、油電(dian)(dian)和(he)天(tian)然氣發電(dian)(dian)。主要(yao)負荷(he)中心及人口(kou)稠密地(di)(di)區(qu)則集中在北(bei)部、南(nan)部和(he)西部地(di)(di)區(qu)。印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)輸電(dian)(dian)方(fang)向主要(yao)為東(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)西送，再輔以北(bei)電(dian)(dian)南(nan)送截(jie)至2012年5月，印(yin)度(du)(du)總發電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機容量約為2億kW，其(qi)中火電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機占68.7070，水電(dian)(dian)占19.2070，核電(dian)(dian)和(he)其(qi)他可再生能源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)占12.1%}Z

作為(wei)亞洲第三人(ren)(ren)經濟體，印(yin)(yin)度過去10年(nian)(nian)(nian)間經濟增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速接(jie)近(jin)2位數，能(neng)源消費(fei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)均增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速6%但由于投資不足(zu)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)嚴重滯后于經濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)水平(ping)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)冗余不足(zu)，跨(kua)區輸電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)不夠，電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應長(chang)期處于短缺(que)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。印(yin)(yin)度2010-2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)度GDP增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)8.5070，同(tong)期發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝機增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)僅(jin)為(wei)5.56%印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力(li)部預計(ji)2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)印(yin)(yin)度高峰期電(dian)(dian)力(li)缺(que)曰10.6%左右，全年(nian)(nian)(nian)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)缺(que)曰7.3%左右。仍有近(jin)40%的印(yin)(yin)度家庭(約2.89億人(ren)(ren))沒有用(yong)上電(dian)(dian)，且印(yin)(yin)度人(ren)(ren)部分地區供電(dian)(dian)質量(liang)低(di)、停電(dian)(dian)頻(pin)繁(fan)，即使在首都(dou)新德里也經常拉閘(zha)限電(dian)(dian)。

印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)網(wang)由(you)五人區(qu)域(yu)性電(dian)網(wang)組成，即北(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)、西部(bu)、東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)和(he)南部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)。印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)網(wang)的電(dian)壓等級主(zhu)要有765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和(he)132kV北(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)、西部(bu)、東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)實現了(le)交(jiao)流(liu)400kV同步聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)，形成中央電(dian)網(wang)(New Grid)。南部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)與(yu)中央電(dian)網(wang)通過直流(liu)異(yi)步聯(lian)(lian)(lian)接。此外印(yin)(yin)度東(dong)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)通過400kV交(jiao)流(liu)與(yu)不(bu)月-電(dian)網(wang)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)印(yin)(yin)度交(jiao)流(liu)同步電(dian)網(wang)區(qu)域(yu)間互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)情況(kuang).

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)卜區域內跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。其中跨(kua)區和跨(kua)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)由中央政(zheng)府所有(you)(you)的印度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(PGCIL)擁(yong)有(you)(you)，并負責運行(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li);邦(bang)(bang)內輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)資產由邦(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府所有(you)(you)的邦(bang)(bang)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(STUB)或邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)力局(未改(gai)革邦(bang)(bang))管(guan)(guan)理(li)從印度(du)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)互(hu)聯網(wang)(wang)跨(kua)區主網(wang)(wang)架(jia)來看，區域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)之間通過(guo)1同(tong)765kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)，23同(tong)400kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、10同(tong)220kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、1個(ge)(ge)士400kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)背靠背和1個(ge)(ge)士500kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)互(hu)聯。區域內主網(wang)(wang)架(jia)主要是以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)(wang)為主。印度(du)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)由邦(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府所有(you)(you)或私有(you)(you)的配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司擁(yong)有(you)(you)并負責運行(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)內有(you)(you)多個(ge)(ge)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司，完(wan)全私營的配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司有(you)(you)17個(ge)(ge)，主要分布在德里、奧里薩(sa)、占吉拉特、孟買等邦(bang)(bang)

在調(diao)度(du)(du)環(huan)節(jie)，印度(du)(du)電(dian)力系統調(diao)度(du)(du)分(fen)3級，分(fen)別由國(guo)家(jia)調(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(NLDC)，區(qu)域(yu)調(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)}RLDC)、邦調(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(CBLDC)負責。其中(zhong)(zhong)NLDC負責跨(kua)區(qu)域(yu)輸(shu)電(dian)線路調(diao)度(du)(du)，5個RLDC負責區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)，各邦SLDC負責邦內(nei)電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)。調(diao)度(du)(du)機構與電(dian)網(wang)所有者合(he)一，NLDC和RLDC由印度(du)(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)網(wang)公司管理，SLDC由邦輸(shu)電(dian)公司或電(dian)力局管理。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)部在(zai)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)后組(zu)(zu)成特別小組(zu)(zu)展開(kai)全(quan)面的(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)調查，并于s月I6口公(gong)布了(le)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)調查報(bao)告(gao)，報(bao)告(gao)詳細(xi)地分(fen)析了(le)引起(qi)印(yin)度連(lian)續兩起(qi)人停電(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)直(zhi)接原因。

2012年7月(yue)30口(kou)，由于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳(tiao)開(kai)，在北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解列(lie)后，由西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)供給北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)負荷(he)的潮流轉移(yi)到“西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的聯絡(luo)通道，導致(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)發(fa)生功(gong)率振蕩(dang)(dang)(dang)由于(yu)振蕩(dang)(dang)(dang)中心在北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間(jian)的斷面(mian)上，致(zhi)使(shi)相應的聯絡(luo)線跳(tiao)開(kai)，造成北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和印度(du)交(jiao)流互(hu)聯系(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列(lie)。由于(yu)系(xi)統(tong)頻率過低以及(ji)區(qu)域內進一步的功(gong)率振蕩(dang)(dang)(dang)，北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)最終(zhong)崩潰。

2012年7月31口，由(you)于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路跳開(kai)(kai)，在(zai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解列(lie)以后，用(yong)于滿足北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域負荷的(de)潮流(liu)(liu)轉移到(dao)“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯絡通道，導致系統(tong)(tong)(tong)發生功率振(zhen)蕩(dang)7月31口的(de)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)振(zhen)蕩(dang)中心在(zai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，靠近東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)，因此(ci)，在(zai)導致了東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應線(xian)路跳開(kai)(kai)之后，東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中的(de)一(yi)(yi)小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(Ranchi和Rourkela)，以及(ji)(ji)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和印(yin)度交流(liu)(liu)互聯系統(tong)(tong)(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列(lie)。這造(zao)成了北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)的(de)功率振(zhen)蕩(dang)，并(bing)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)導致了北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和“東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)解列(lie)。隨后，所(suo)有3個區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由(you)于區(qu)域內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功率振(zhen)蕩(dang)造(zao)成多同線(xian)路跳開(kai)(kai)，系統(tong)(tong)(tong)頻率過低以及(ji)(ji)在(zai)不同地區(qu)的(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，最終北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)(tong)崩潰。

根據印度(du)的(de)調查報告，2次事(shi)故(gu)當天的(de)故(gu)障錄波器結果均顯示，系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)并沒有監測到有故(gu)障發生(sheng)。在2次事(shi)故(gu)發生(sheng)前，由(you)于西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)(wang)和北部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)，以及靠(kao)近東部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)的(de)多(duo)條(tiao)區域間(jian)聯絡線停運導致跨區通道(dao)弱聯系(xi)，系(xi)統(tong)間(jian)的(de)輸電能(neng)力被顯著削(xue)弱。西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)(wang)和北部(bu)(bu)電網(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)均只(zhi)有Bina-Agra 400kV(單同(tong))一條(tiao)交流主(zhu)干(gan)聯絡線路處于運行狀(zhuang)態。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)的邦(bang)負荷調度中心對區(qu)域負荷調度中心要求其降(jiang)(jiang)低邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司透支用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以及要求西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司降(jiang)(jiang)低發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力的指令響(xiang)應不充分(fen)部(bu)分(fen)北(bei)部(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司透支用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生(sheng)了(le)計劃(hua)外的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力交換(huan)，導致了(le)西部(bu)與北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)間唯一保(bao)持運行的400kV聯絡線(xian)(xian)處于(yu)高載荷狀(zhuang)態，并超過(guo)了(le)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)白身(shen)的額定功率。距離保(bao)護繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)3段保(bao)護動作使得(de)該(gai)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)跳開(kai)，導致北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列。

在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列(lie)后，由西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)供(gong)給北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)負荷(he)的(de)潮流(liu)轉移到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的(de)聯絡通(tong)道，導(dao)致(zhi)系(xi)統發生(sheng)振蕩在(zai)2次(ci)連續人面(mian)積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中(zhong)，振蕩中(zhong)心分別在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)間的(de)斷面(mian)上(shang)，及(ji)在(zai)靠近(jin)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷面(mian)的(de)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，致(zhi)使相(xiang)應的(de)聯絡線(xian)和(he)主干線(xian)路跳(tiao)開(kai)，北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)印度交流(liu)互聯系(xi)統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列(lie)。由于(yu)各(ge)個區(qu)域內(nei)系(xi)統頻率過低(di)以及(ji)進一步(bu)的(de)功率振蕩等原因導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統崩潰，最終(zhong)造成(cheng)人面(mian)積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故

在(zai)這2次人面積停電事故(gu)中(zhong)，西部(bu)(bu)電力系統通過在(zai)區(qu)域內采(cai)取高頻切(qie)機措施(shi)，得(de)以幸免南部(bu)(bu)電力系統從東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電網和西部(bu)(bu)電網饋(kui)入電力，也在(zai)7月31口(kou)的(de)事故(gu)中(zhong)得(de)以幸免，在(zai)事故(gu)發生(sheng)后依然從西部(bu)(bu)電網饋(kui)入部(bu)(bu)分電力，并采(cai)取了若干防御機制，如白動低頻減負荷以及逐漸提升高壓直(zhi)流受電功(gong)率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人電(dian)網統一(yi)防(fang)控體(ti)(ti)系是以堅(jian)強網架(jia)為(wei)基礎的、基于人安全觀的、以統一(yi)規劃、統一(yi)調度、統一(yi)管理為(wei)手段的人電(dian)網安全防(fang)御與運行(營)控制體(ti)(ti)系。該體(ti)(ti)系的不完(wan)善是木次(ci)印度連續發生(sheng)人面積停電(dian)事故(gu)的深層(ceng)次(ci)原(yuan)因

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受印度(du)(du)電(dian)力(li)工業的(de)經營與管理(li)體制(zhi)限制(zhi)，各(ge)級電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)建設缺乏區(qu)域(yu)間統(tong)籌協調，區(qu)域(yu)主(zhu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)以400kV/220kV電(dian)磁環(huan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為主(zhu)，沒有(you)合理(li)的(de)分層(ceng)分區(qu)，網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)結(jie)構較(jiao)易引發(fa)穩(wen)定破(po)壞。400kV線(xian)路作(zuo)為主(zhu)干網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)己不滿足印度(du)(du)經濟的(de)快速(su)增長對電(dian)力(li)負(fu)荷的(de)需要，765kV系統(tong)剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)啟動建設，還未成網(wang)(wang)(wang)。跨區(qu)主(zhu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)之間呈弱連(lian)接(jie)，一旦局部故(gu)障引發(fa)連(lian)鎖(suo)反應(ying)，或者區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)白身(shen)發(fa)電(dian)能(neng)力(li)人幅(fu)減少，各(ge)區(qu)域(yu)間彼此難以形(xing)成有(you)力(li)的(de)支援(yuan)，加入(ru)了(le)發(fa)生人面積停電(dian)的(de)可能(neng)性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)、建設主體和(he)資(zi)產(chan)歸屬(shu)(shu)復雜，主要包括(kuo)印(yin)度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)、邦(bang)屬(shu)(shu)電(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)以及私人(ren)企業印(yin)度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)負責(ze)區(qu)域(yu)及跨區(qu)域(yu)輸電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)，邦(bang)屬(shu)(shu)電(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)負責(ze)邦(bang)內輸電(dian)網(wang)絡的(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)。盡管(guan)(guan)由(you)隸屬(shu)(shu)于印(yin)度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)5個區(qu)域(yu)級電(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)度(du)中心負責(ze)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)和(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)有關邦(bang)之間(jian)輸電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)相關事務，但其對邦(bang)內電(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)并無管(guan)(guan)理(li)關系，無力(li)有效實(shi)現跨區(qu)、跨邦(bang)和(he)邦(bang)內電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)統(tong)一規(gui)劃(hua)，各區(qu)域(yu)間(jian)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)發展規(gui)劃(hua)較難形成(cheng)合理(li)的(de)(de)匹配和(he)有效的(de)(de)銜接(jie)。除上述所述的(de)(de)長期電(dian)網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)問題外，印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網(wang)還存在短(duan)期運行(xing)規(gui)劃(hua)中，區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)、邦(bang)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)輸電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)停運計劃(hua)不協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)問題，并因此直(zhi)接(jie)造成(cheng)了區(qu)域(yu)間(jian)聯絡線(xian)的(de)(de)功率調(diao)(diao)控能力(li)缺(que)失(shi)。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除了固有(you)的(de)發電(dian)冗余(yu)不(bu)足，調(diao)(diao)(diao)峰(feng)能(neng)力(li)弱等客觀原(yuan)因外(wai)，此次事故暴露(lu)出印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)體制不(bu)健全，電(dian)網運行缺(que)乏統(tong)一調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)，不(bu)同級調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)機構約(yue)束能(neng)力(li)弱、跨邦跨區(qu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)協調(diao)(diao)(diao)能(neng)力(li)不(bu)足，調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)指揮不(bu)暢(chang)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)指令(ling)失靈等問題。

印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)實(shi)行(xing)分(fen)散的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)體(ti)制(zhi)，存在國家、區(qu)(qu)域(yu)、邦(bang)級以(yi)及邦(bang)內各地(di)區(qu)(qu)4級以(yi)上的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理_缺(que)乏(fa)統(tong)(tong)一調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)制(zhi)。各邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構獨立于國家和區(qu)(qu)域(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構，主要受當地(di)電(dian)(dian)力局或輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)公司管(guan)(guan)理。國家調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構對(dui)邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構的(de)(de)約束能(neng)力較(jiao)弱，白(bai)上而卜的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)無法做(zuo)到“一票到底”。當區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)力調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)級電(dian)(dian)力調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)發生(sheng)矛盾時，需向電(dian)(dian)監會(hui)反(fan)應(ying)并由電(dian)(dian)監會(hui)負(fu)責(ze)協調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)解決。事故中(zhong)北部各邦(bang)不(bu)服從區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，使電(dian)(dian)網(wang)設備持(chi)續維持(chi)超(chao)(chao)負(fu)荷(he)運行(xing)，區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指令(ling)對(dui)各邦(bang)超(chao)(chao)計(ji)劃受電(dian)(dian)無能(neng)為(wei)力。印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)多位電(dian)(dian)力官(guan)員表示，各州沒有按照規定調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整負(fu)荷(he)需求，致(zhi)使跨邦(bang)聯絡線(xian)超(chao)(chao)負(fu)荷(he)運行(xing)，導致(zhi)了系(xi)統(tong)(tong)崩潰此外(wai)，印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運行(xing)標準偏低，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)足印度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運營模式允許用頻率換用電(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行(xing)經常(chang)出現(xian)背離計(ji)劃的(de)(de)情況，而且(qie)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)頻率的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運行(xing)范圍值為(wei)48.5--50.2Hz，允許頻率偏差較(jiao)人，這些造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運行(xing)長期處于緊張狀態(tai)。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印(yin)度電力管理體(ti)制缺乏集約化，各邦(bang)政府對電力改革擁(yong)有較高(gao)白(bai)主權，使得各邦(bang)改革進程不(bu)盡相同，統籌協調發(fa)展實現困難。發(fa)、輸(shu)、配電所有權和經營權分散，利(li)益主體(ti)多元(yuan)，電網(wang)發(fa)展長(chang)期各白(bai)為政，注(zhu)重局部(bu)利(li)益，不(bu)重視整體(ti)安全，電網(wang)管理水(shui)平偏低、線損高(gao)、人部(bu)分電力企業處于虧損狀(zhuang)態、投資能力弱。

一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，由于印(yin)度(du)推行以私有化(hua)(hua)為方(fang)向的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)改(gai)革，輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)在(zai)體(ti)(ti)制上并非一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)運(yun)行;另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制為中央和邦(bang)2個層次的(de)(de)分散(san)管(guan)理(li)模(mo)式，各(ge)邦(bang)政府(fu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)改(gai)革擁有較高(gao)白(bai)(bai)主權邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)不受中央電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)管(guan)理(li)，邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)在(zai)邦(bang)內發、輸、配(pei)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交易(yi)和輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)定價等方(fang)面(mian)(mian)有較高(gao)的(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)主權這種整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)層面(mian)(mian)比較分散(san)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制與模(mo)式，在(zai)很人程度(du)上造(zao)成(cheng)了印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發展很難形成(cheng)統(tong)一(yi)、科學的(de)(de)規劃。加(jia)入了印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設與運(yun)行難度(du)，也影(ying)響了印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業運(yun)營與積(ji)極性，導(dao)致印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)在(zai)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)上統(tong)籌協調發展實現困難。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印(yin)度(du)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)保(bao)護(hu)體系中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“第(di)二道防線(xian)(xian)”不健全，基(ji)(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措施(shi)(shi)和(he)低頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措施(shi)(shi)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)不力(li)。在(zai)“7.30”第(di)一次北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)(kui)前，北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列(lie)(lie)運行(xing)。北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)損失約5800MW外來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致頻(pin)率(lv)降低。為了(le)(le)改(gai)善(shan)頻(pin)率(lv)，避免(mian)系統(tong)崩潰(kui)(kui)，北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)低頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計劃(hua)(可以減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約4000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷)和(he)基(ji)(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計劃(hua)(可減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約6000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷)。然而，2項計劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)并(bing)未減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷，導致除了(le)(le)Badax-p二和(he)NAPS幾個小區域外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)(kui)在(zai)“7.31”第(di)二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)(kui)前，北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)首先(xian)解(jie)列(lie)(lie)運行(xing)，并(bing)遭遇了(le)(le)與第(di)一次停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“第(di)二道防線(xian)(xian)”失效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)在(zai)緊急情況(kuang)卜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)基(ji)(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護(hu)策略木應能(neng)維持頻(pin)率(lv)來(lai)保(bao)證系統(tong)安(an)全運行(xing)，但(dan)印(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事故分析報告(gao)指(zhi)出(chu)，7月31口并(bing)沒有(you)監測到低頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)基(ji)(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護(hu)計劃(hua)有(you)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動作。

印度電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的各(ge)級調度中(zhong)心缺乏電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統動(dong)態安全評估(gu)和快速狀態估(gu)計(ji)的研究機制，無法有效制定補救措施(shi)計(ji)劃(hua);在系(xi)統運行調度過程(cheng)中(zhong)一也沒有在計(ji)劃(hua)外電(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)換(huan)情(qing)(qing)況卜，對功(gong)率透支與(yu)過度發電(dian)(dian)的情(qing)(qing)況進(jin)行監(jian)管。在這2次停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故中(zhong)，均發生了在負(fu)荷逐漸損失的情(qing)(qing)況卜距離保護誤動(dong)現象(xiang)，而且缺乏足夠的無功(gong)補償裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)和動(dong)態補償裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)對故障中(zhong)的系(xi)統電(dian)(dian)壓提供(gong)支撐。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)不足(zu)一直是(shi)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)核心制約因素，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度曾試圖采取多項措(cuo)施(shi)吸引(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，但收效甚微2003年印(yin)(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)法案明確鼓勵引(yin)(yin)入競爭(zheng)。2005年印(yin)(yin)(yin)度國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)(fa)展政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)也提(ti)出要在輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)環節引(yin)(yin)入私(si)人(ren)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)。但在實際操作中，并(bing)未建(jian)立完善的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)制和(he)順暢的(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金渠道，往往由于(yu)土地糾紛和(he)其他(ta)繁瑣(suo)的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)障礙，導(dao)致基礎設(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金無法到位。另一方面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)價水平等諸(zhu)多因素也導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行業(ye)難以吸引(yin)(yin)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)。印(yin)(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制不順，存在電(dian)(dian)(dian)價同收難、線損(sun)(sun)居高不卜(bu)等問題，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)普(pu)遍虧損(sun)(sun)，政(zheng)(zheng)府補貼對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場運營虧損(sun)(sun)來說也是(shi)“杯(bei)水車(che)薪”，企業(ye)缺乏白主投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)能力(li)和(he)積(ji)極(ji)性

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印(yin)度2天(tian)內連續2次發生人面積停電事故，給(gei)當地經濟發展(zhan)、社(she)會穩定(ding)及國家形象帶來嚴重影(ying)響。此次印(yin)度人停電事件對我國電力(li)工業發展(zhan)具有重要啟示。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力是現代經(jing)濟社會發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)，也(ye)是組成國民經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)重要組成部分(fen)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)性特征、工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)周期長、系(xi)統運行備用需求(qiu)等要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)必須適度超前如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)力發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)滯(zhi)后，就會成為制(zhi)約經(jing)濟社會發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和人(ren)民生活水平提高的(de)(de)(de)瓶頸(jing)。印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)薄弱(ruo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供需矛盾突出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全可(ke)靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)水平低。近(jin)年來，印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力持續存在10%左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力缺}!，而在夏季(ji)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)這個比例可(ke)能超過(guo)20%如(ru)此滯(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)，不僅嚴重影響了水民的(de)(de)(de)生活，更讓印(yin)度在對外招商引(yin)資、經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)方面(mian)都(dou)面(mian)臨多方垢病，國際競爭(zheng)力也(ye)因此人(ren)打折扣。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無(wu)論美加“8.14”人停電(dian)、巴西“11.10”人停電(dian)，還是木次印度(du)連續2次人停電(dian)，其中一(yi)(yi)(yi)個重要原(yuan)因就是電(dian)網(wang)發(fa)展(zhan)滯后(hou)，沒有(you)形成結構堅強(qiang)、運行靈活的(de)主網(wang)架(jia)。電(dian)力(li)系統是由不同電(dian)壓等級設備緊密連接(jie)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)起的(de)系統，必須堅持統一(yi)(yi)(yi)規劃、統一(yi)(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設，從(cong)源頭上消除隱患，提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設安全(quan)質(zhi)量(liang)和抵御白然災害的(de)能力(li)，滿足能源資(zi)源配置要求和事(shi)故情況卜相互支援的(de)能力(li)。立(li)足我國(guo)能源逆向分布(bu)實際，加快發(fa)展(zhan)特高(gao)壓跨區輸電(dian)，構建(jian)(jian)(jian)“強(qiang)交強(qiang)直”的(de)全(quan)國(guo)特高(gao)壓堅強(qiang)骨干(gan)網(wang)架(jia)，是保障(zhang)我國(guo)電(dian)力(li)供(gong)應安全(quan)的(de)必備物質(zhi)基礎。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)力(li)公司縮減電(dian)網(wang)(wang)維護成木(mu)，在電(dian)網(wang)(wang)超負荷運(yun)(yun)行(xing)、頻率卜降(jiang)時，技術上沒有(you)相應(ying)的“第三道防(fang)(fang)線”，最終拖垮整個電(dian)網(wang)(wang)。而在美國等一些國家(jia)也存在類似我國的電(dian)力(li)安(an)全(quan)穩定(ding)(ding)“三道防(fang)(fang)線”，但因制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等問題，讓(rang)“三道防(fang)(fang)線”運(yun)(yun)行(xing)失(shi)靈(ling)。隨著(zhu)我國人容量交/直流輸電(dian)工程、人規模間歇式(shi)電(dian)源的投運(yun)(yun)，交直流系(xi)(xi)統拙合關系(xi)(xi)增強，系(xi)(xi)統運(yun)(yun)行(xing)方式(shi)多變，容易(yi)發生(sheng)多重擾動/故障(zhang)(zhang)，對人電(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)提出(chu)了更高的要求需要進一步加強“三道防(fang)(fang)線”建設，落實《電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統安(an)全(quan)穩定(ding)(ding)導則》要求，深入(ru)開展系(xi)(xi)統安(an)全(quan)穩定(ding)(ding)分(fen)析和(he)校核，健全(quan)安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，提高運(yun)(yun)行(xing)維護水平(ping)、人員素質(zhi)，加強安(an)全(quan)基(ji)礎管(guan)理和(he)細節控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以“嚴、細、實”的作風保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在向其目標網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)過(guo)(guo)渡(du)(du)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，都(dou)存在薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)和安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)(feng)險，忽視(shi)這些環節(jie)和對(dui)相應(ying)風(feng)(feng)險的(de)管控(kong)將加(jia)入電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)類似于印(yin)度人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故的(de)可(ke)能(neng)性(xing)。為在電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)過(guo)(guo)渡(du)(du)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中避(bi)免發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)面(mian)積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故，必須樹立立足于發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)、科學的(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)觀(guan)，結合人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)及其安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運(yun)行(xing)控(kong)制的(de)技術(shu)(shu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)趨勢，進(jin)一步加(jia)強對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)骨(gu)干(gan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)保障(zhang)理(li)論(lun)的(de)研(yan)究與(yu)技術(shu)(shu)措施的(de)管理(li)，提(ti)高人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)監測、預警和控(kong)制能(neng)力，構建時空協(xie)調綜合防御系(xi)統(tong)，提(ti)高技術(shu)(shu)保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)能(neng)力，保證系(xi)統(tong)的(de)長期(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定運(yun)行(xing)。深化人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)，實現安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)(feng)險的(de)超前(qian)分析(xi)和流程(cheng)化控(kong)制;開(kai)展(zhan)周期(qi)(qi)性(xing)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)評價，滾動(dong)排查電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)和設備重人(ren)隱(yin)患;加(jia)強資產全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽命周期(qi)(qi)管理(li)和人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)監督管理(li);完善人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)應(ying)急(ji)處置機制等手段和措施全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)動(dong)態防范電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事故風(feng)(feng)險。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析國際(ji)上(shang)這(zhe)些人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故的(de)直接原因(yin)，人(ren)都是因(yin)為管理體制(zhi)(zhi)混亂、利益主體多元(yuan)、調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)指(zhi)令失(shi)靈，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事(shi)(shi)故得(de)不到(dao)及(ji)時控制(zhi)(zhi)，最終(zhong)發(fa)(fa)展成為人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)次印度(du)(du)人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)原因(yin)，再一(yi)(yi)次說明缺乏統一(yi)(yi)的(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)管理體制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)嚴格(ge)的(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)紀律，人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全無法得(de)到(dao)保(bao)障。長(chang)期以(yi)來，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)實(shi)施電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)體化運(yun)行機制(zhi)(zhi)，實(shi)現了統一(yi)(yi)高效(xiao)的(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)管理和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統協調(diao)(diao)運(yun)行，有(you)效(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)了重人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事(shi)(shi)故風(feng)(feng)險，沒(mei)有(you)發(fa)(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰和(he)人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)重人(ren)及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)事(shi)(shi)故特別是近年來，在(zai)連續(xu)遭受歷史罕(han)見(jian)的(de)嚴重冰(bing)災、特人(ren)地震(zhen)及(ji)重人(ren)洪水(shui)、臺風(feng)(feng)、泥石流等(deng)白然(ran)災害的(de)情況卜，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)管理體制(zhi)(zhi)為確(que)保(bao)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)安全和(he)可靠供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)揮了重要作用

總結

當(dang)前我國(guo)經濟發(fa)展(zhan)和負荷需求增(zeng)長較快，結(jie)構性和季節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)緊張(zhang)時(shi)有發(fa)生，新(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)迅猛發(fa)展(zhan)、并網(wang)(wang)(wang)規模口益(yi)增(zeng)人，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)結(jie)構口趨復雜，未來供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全穩定問題將(jiang)更加(jia)突出。為此，我國(guo)應(ying)(ying)積極(ji)從(cong)印度(du)人停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故中汲取(qu)經驗教訓。在人力(li)增(zeng)強電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)安全的(de)物理網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡支撐的(de)同時(shi)，要堅持各級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和調度(du)的(de)一體(ti)化運行機(ji)制，充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)統(tong)(tong)一管(guan)理和運行的(de)優勢，最人限度(du)地提(ti)(ti)升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調度(du)安全保障能(neng)力(li)，為我國(guo)經濟社會快速發(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)(ti)供安全、可(ke)靠、優質、高效的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)(ying)。