青(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌閣又名魁星樓(lou),位于山東(dong)省淄(zi)博市高(gao)青(qing)縣(xian)(xian)青(qing)城(cheng)鎮,原是古(gu)代一(yi)處祭祀(si)文(wen)(wen)昌帝(di)君的場(chang)所。1991年版《高(gao)青(qing)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》記載(zai),清(qing)乾(qian)隆元年(公元1736年),由64名文(wen)(wen)、武生(sheng)員集(ji)資在青(qing)城(cheng)十字街修筑“文(wen)(wen)臺”;清(qing)乾(qian)隆二(er)十年(公元1756年)建(jian)成文(wen)(wen)昌閣;道光二(er)十一(yi)年(公元1841年),青(qing)城(cheng)知縣(xian)(xian)張(zhang)維垣(yuan)捐(juan)資,并(bing)聯合當地鄉紳集(ji)資重修。
文(wen)昌(chang)閣屬于中(zhong)(zhong)國道(dao)教(jiao)建筑。所祀文(wen)昌(chang)帝君又名(ming)(ming)“文(wen)曲星(xing)(xing)”、“文(wen)星(xing)(xing)”,是中(zhong)(zhong)國古代神話中(zhong)(zhong)主宰功(gong)名(ming)(ming)祿(lu)位的(de)神靈,后來為(wei)(wei)道(dao)教(jiao)所承(cheng)襲。舊(jiu)時(shi)多為(wei)(wei)知識分(fen)子所崇祀,以(yi)為(wei)(wei)可(ke)以(yi)保功(gong)名(ming)(ming)。元仁(ren)宗延祐三年(公元1316年),將梓橦(tong)帝君加封為(wei)(wei)“輔元開化文(wen)昌(chang)司祿(lu)宏(hong)仁(ren)帝君”以(yi)后,兩者(zhe)遂合而為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)。由于這些緣故,歷代封建文(wen)人對其頂禮膜拜。在中(zhong)(zhong)國傳統文(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong),文(wen)昌(chang)與(yu)關帝一(yi)(yi)道(dao)被尊(zun)稱為(wei)(wei)“文(wen)武二圣”,祭(ji)祀文(wen)昌(chang)帝君的(de)禮儀猶如祭(ji)祀關圣帝君,每(mei)年春秋兩季進行隆重的(de)祭(ji)禮。屆時(shi)縣官們率領僚屬、鄉宦、生員(yuan),穿朝服、設儀仗行九拜之(zhi)禮,供奉五(wu)案(an)祭(ji)品,有“帛一(yi)(yi)、牛一(yi)(yi)、羊一(yi)(yi)、豬一(yi)(yi)、果品五(wu)籩、豆(dou)各(ge)十(shi)”。
青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)歷(li)史悠(you)久,唐代(dai)稱(cheng)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)平鎮(zhen)(zhen),金(jin)天興二年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1233年(nian)(nian))始置青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)平縣(xian),后改青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)統元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1333年(nian)(nian))筑(zhu)圓(yuan)周(zhou)形青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi),周(zhou)長3華(hua)里(li),高(gao)2丈余(yu),護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河深(shen)一(yi)丈余(yu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有4門(men)(men),東(dong)為(wei)望海門(men)(men),西為(wei)通濟門(men)(men),南為(wei)仰岱門(men)(men),北為(wei)拱辰門(men)(men)。后在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻東(dong)北角建小(xiao)北門(men)(men),稱(cheng)“迎(ying)恩門(men)(men)”,在(zai)東(dong)南角建小(xiao)南門(men)(men),稱(cheng)“詔文(wen)門(men)(men)”。明(ming)萬(wan)歷(li)二十三年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1595年(nian)(nian))增設甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。經(jing)過(guo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、明(ming)、清三代(dai)多(duo)次(ci)整修,青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)逐步成為(wei)一(yi)座功能完善、整齊劃(hua)一(yi)的古(gu)代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)。清光緒二十二年(nian)(nian)(1896年(nian)(nian))春,在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外筑(zhu)起寬5米、周(zhou)長3411米的防洪大堤,堤上(shang)遍植桃樹、杏樹。每(mei)到春季,環城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)里(li)花香(xiang)濃郁,美不勝收(shou)。后因(yin)戰(zhan)亂失修,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣逐漸殘破。1939年(nian)(nian)3月,日本侵(qin)略軍占領青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻上(shang)修筑(zhu)炮樓(lou),拉鐵絲網(wang),縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遭受(shou)嚴重(zhong)破壞。建國后青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾為(wei)高(gao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)縣(xian)委(wei)、縣(xian)政府駐地(di),后為(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區、公社、鎮(zhen)(zhen)政府駐地(di)。慶(云)淄(川)路(lu)縱貫南北,是廣(北農場)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))路(lu)的終點。
文昌(chang)閣(ge)是一(yi)座過(guo)街樓式建筑(zhu),就跨建在古青城(cheng)(cheng)縣城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)十字(zi)大(da)(da)街上(shang)。基座為正方形,高(gao)2.1丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),邊長3.25丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),用大(da)(da)青磚(zhuan)砌成。基座下部開有(you)寬1.2丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)、高(gao)1.6丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)十字(zi)形券拱門(men)(men)洞(dong),銜接(jie)著通向東西南(nan)(nan)北城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)四(si)(si)條(tiao)大(da)(da)街。南(nan)(nan)面(mian)券拱門(men)(men)兩(liang)側有(you)臺階,轉折(zhe)而(er)上(shang)。基座上(shang)是三層(ceng)木(mu)構(gou)樓閣(ge),第一(yi)層(ceng)以圓(yuan)柱支撐飛檐,二層(ceng)為暗層(ceng),中(zhong)間以磚(zhuan)砌四(si)(si)壁直(zhi)達三層(ceng)。每層(ceng)四(si)(si)角攢頂(ding),裝飾斗拱,釉(you)瓦覆頂(ding),四(si)(si)脊(ji)有(you)栩栩如生的(de)(de)(de)石獸。檐下掛有(you)銅鈴(ling),微風吹來,發出(chu)清脆悅耳的(de)(de)(de)鈴(ling)聲。頂(ding)端冠(guan)一(yi)木(mu)質鉛(qian)灰色大(da)(da)圓(yuan)寶頂(ding)。整(zheng)個樓閣(ge)高(gao)約4.7丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),結(jie)構(gou)嚴密精(jing)巧,造型宏偉(wei)壯(zhuang)觀。對(dui)于做夢也想金榜題名的(de)(de)(de)學子們(men)來說,閣(ge)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)文昌(chang)君(jun)是他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)命運之神。相(xiang)傳有(you)位學子蟾宮折(zhe)桂后衣錦還鄉,在祭祖(zu)的(de)(de)(de)路上(shang)經過(guo)文昌(chang)閣(ge),遂(sui)將文昌(chang)閣(ge)更(geng)名為魁星(xing)樓,從此青城(cheng)(cheng)文昌(chang)閣(ge)又有(you)了一(yi)個好聽的(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)。
文昌(chang)閣是古青(qing)(qing)城縣的(de)(de)“八景”之(zhi)(zhi)一,謂之(zhi)(zhi)“高閣晴霞(xia)”。它坐落于(yu)城垣(yuan)環(huan)繞的(de)(de)城區正(zheng)中,凌(ling)駕(jia)于(yu)綠樹掩映(ying)下(xia)的(de)(de)建筑群之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang),抬(tai)眼望(wang)去,高閣在(zai)云霞(xia)燦爛的(de)(de)蒼(cang)穹映(ying)照下(xia),更(geng)顯得挺拔壯麗,氣(qi)勢不凡。游人登上(shang)(shang)高閣,憑(ping)欄遠眺(tiao)(tiao),“高閣晴霞(xia)”之(zhi)(zhi)美妙(miao),盡在(zai)不言中。暮春時(shi)節,村舍里炊煙(yan)裊裊升起,千里沃野上(shang)(shang)男(nan)耕(geng)女種(zhong),呈現(xian)一派勃勃生機(ji);仲秋時(shi)分,農民們(men)收獲(huo)著黃(huang)澄澄的(de)(de)莊稼,豐(feng)收美景盡收眼底。風(feng)清日麗之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),南(nan)眺(tiao)(tiao)可見(jian)鄒平縣境的(de)(de)黃(huang)山和青(qing)(qing)龍山,北望(wang)可數浩瀚黃(huang)河中的(de)(de)離離船帆。
青(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)經(jing)過(guo)風(feng)雨剝蝕、地震撼搖和戰爭造(zao)成的(de)(de)破(po)壞,到20世紀40年代(dai)中(zhong)期,已是壁裂瓦殘、漆(qi)畫斑駁(bo),呈遙(yao)遙(yao)欲傾之狀。抗日戰爭勝(sheng)利后,為(wei)褒獎革命(ming)烈(lie)士(shi),經(jing)山(shan)東省政府(fu)批準,青(qing)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)民(min)主(zhu)政府(fu)撥(bo)款(kuan)12萬(wan)元(yuan)北海幣,將文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)改建為(wei)烈(lie)士(shi)紀念(nian)祠(ci),1946年完工。第(di)三層正中(zhong)懸(xuan)掛著(zhu)“烈(lie)士(shi)祠(ci)”匾(bian)額(e),第(di)一(yi)層的(de)(de)西(xi)北東南四面(mian)分(fen)別懸(xuan)有(you)“為(wei)國(guo)捐軀”、“氣壯山(shan)河”、“碧血千秋”、“保(bao)國(guo)為(wei)民(min)”匾(bian)額(e),均為(wei)木刻。烈(lie)士(shi)祠(ci)內鑲(xiang)嵌著(zhu)刻有(you)250名烈(lie)士(shi)姓(xing)名和青(qing)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)政府(fu)、縣(xian)(xian)大隊、各界建國(guo)聯(lian)合(he)會暨全體人民(min)合(he)致碑文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)石碑。在(zai)“文(wen)(wen)革”中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)又遭受(shou)破(po)壞。中(zhong)共(gong)十一(yi)界三中(zhong)全會以來,隨著(zhu)農村經(jing)濟的(de)(de)發展,文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)也獲得(de)了新生。1979年,高青(qing)縣(xian)(xian)公布了青(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)等8處(chu)縣(xian)(xian)級(ji)重點文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護單位。1981年8月,省撥(bo)款(kuan)1萬(wan)元(yuan)對(dui)青(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)進行維(wei)修。1992年高城(cheng)鎮(zhen)人民(min)政府(fu)又組織修整(zheng)。這一(yi)工程引起海外僑胞的(de)(de)關注,捐來錢(qian)物予以支持。在(zai)海外游子的(de)(de)心(xin)目中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)不(bu)僅是青(qing)城(cheng)的(de)(de)象征(zheng),也是祖國(guo)的(de)(de)象征(zheng)。不(bu)管走得(de)有(you)多遠,不(bu)管離家多少年,他們的(de)(de)根永(yong)遠留在(zai)了這片土地上。
如今,已(yi)經成(cheng)為山東省重點(dian)文物(wu)保(bao)護單位的(de)文昌(chang)閣(ge)修葺一(yi)(yi)新,光彩照人(ren),已(yi)經成(cheng)為黃河南岸、魯北平(ping)原(yuan)上一(yi)(yi)道亮麗的(de)風景。到青城文昌(chang)閣(ge)一(yi)(yi)游,仰(yang)視凌空(kong)高閣(ge)的(de)壯觀,俯(fu)瞰魯北平(ping)原(yuan)的(de)美景,定會有(you)一(yi)(yi)番新的(de)感受。