建設沿革
于1959年(nian)曾一度(du)開(kai)(kai)工建設,1961年(nian)因國家經濟困難下馬。1998年(nian)大水后,再度(du)被國務(wu)院及水利(li)部、湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)領導(dao)提(ti)上議(yi)題, 2000年(nian)正式立項, 2004年(nian)2月(yue)8日正式開(kai)(kai)工,2008年(nian)12月(yue)電站機組并網投入商(shang)業化運營。
地理環境
庫區(qu)(qu)內山(shan)(shan)光(guang)水(shui)色秀麗(li)宜(yi)人,湖(hu)水(shui)清(qing)沏,湖(hu)面微波蕩漾,野鴨戲水(shui),白(bai)鷺飛掠,溢滿(man)勃勃生機;兩岸怪石嶙峋,草茂樹豐。湖(hu)中有大小幾(ji)十個(ge)半島或島嶼(yu),庫區(qu)(qu)形(xing)成水(shui)庫四(si)周群山(shan)(shan)環(huan)抱,森(sen)林(lin)茂密,是一個(ge)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)相映、島嶼(yu)棋布、峽(xia)谷幽長(chang)、環(huan)境(jing)優美的“千島湖(hu)”。據統計(ji),庫區(qu)(qu)內有1075種木本植物(wu),171種陸(lu)生脊椎動物(wu),89種魚(yu)類。
工程特點
皂(zao)(zao)市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐位(wei)于澧(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)渫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下游(you)(you)河段,距(ju)三江(jiang)口約18Km(洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)傳播時(shi)間(jian)僅(jin)2小時(shi))。澧(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)上(shang)游(you)(you)及其(qi)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)溇水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、渫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)上(shang)游(you)(you)均處于長江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)最大的(de)五峰(feng)、鶴峰(feng)暴雨區(qu)(qu),洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)匯集迅速,峰(feng)高勢猛,致使(shi)澧(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)特別(bie)是中下游(you)(you)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)澇災害頻繁,對該地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)人民群眾的(de)生命財(cai)產(chan)安(an)全造成(cheng)極大的(de)威脅(xie),制約了當(dang)地(di)(di)社會經濟(ji)的(de)發(fa)展,防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)問題十分突出。澧(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)規劃(hua)確(que)定由溇水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)江(jiang)埡、渫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)皂(zao)(zao)市(shi)及澧(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)干(gan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)宜沖橋等干(gan)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)共(gong)同承(cheng)擔(dan)澧(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)17.7億(yi)立方米防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容,其(qi)中皂(zao)(zao)市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)承(cheng)擔(dan)7.83億(yi)立方米,占44%,通過三庫(ku)(ku)(ku)聯(lian)合調度,可提高下游(you)(you)松澧(li)(li)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)標準,減輕澧(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)尾閭地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)災害和西洞庭(ting)湖的(de)防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)壓(ya)力。皂(zao)(zao)市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容大,調度靈活、及時(shi)、可靠,地(di)(di)理位(wei)置(zhi)優(you)越,是澧(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)規劃(hua)確(que)定的(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)體(ti)系中的(de)重要骨干(gan)工程。
根據皂市水庫(ku)需承擔的防(fang)(fang)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)任務,考慮澧(li)水流域梯級開發和盡(jin)量減少移民等因素,選定其(qi)特(te)征水位(wei)為:正(zheng)常蓄水位(wei)140.0m,相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)庫(ku)容(rong)12億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米;防(fang)(fang)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)高(gao)(gao)水位(wei)和設計洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水位(wei)為143.56m,相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)庫(ku)容(rong)13.94億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米;校(xiao)核(he)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水位(wei)144.5m,相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)庫(ku)容(rong)14.4億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米;防(fang)(fang)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)限制水位(wei)125.0m;死水位(wei)112.0m。考慮到澧(li)水與長江(jiang)干流洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水遭遇的機率較多,洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水地區組成(cheng)復雜,在(zai)澧(li)水流域規劃確定皂市承擔7.83億(yi)m3防(fang)(fang)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)任務的基礎上,將壩(ba)高(gao)(gao)增加2m(壩(ba)頂高(gao)(gao)程由(you)146m改為148m)以獲得1億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米庫(ku)容(rong),作為稀遇超標準洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水的防(fang)(fang)汛(xun)緊急備用庫(ku)容(rong)。
泄(xie)水建筑(zhu)物采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)5個表(biao)孔(kong)、4個底(di)孔(kong)相間布置聯合泄(xie)洪,表(biao)孔(kong)堰(yan)中分縫,中墩厚度9.5m。表(biao)孔(kong)堰(yan)頂高程(cheng)(cheng)124m,孔(kong)口(kou)(kou)尺(chi)寸11X19.5m。底(di)孔(kong)進口(kou)(kou)底(di)高程(cheng)(cheng)103m,孔(kong)口(kou)(kou)尺(chi)寸4.5X7.2m。消能建筑(zhu)物采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)孔(kong)寬尾墩、底(di)孔(kong)射(she)流低(di)流消力池型式(shi),消力池底(di)高程(cheng)(cheng)58m,底(di)板厚3m,池長(chang)(chang)117m,底(di)部凈寬89m,廠壩導墻長(chang)(chang)149m。電站(zhan)廠房位(wei)于右岸采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)壩后式(shi)方案,進水口(kou)(kou)底(di)高程(cheng)(cheng)96m,采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)單管單機,裝機容(rong)量2X60MW。
壩下(xia)游(you)右岸水陽(yang)坪(ping)(ping)--鄧(deng)(deng)家嘴(zui)一(yi)帶,存在水陽(yang)坪(ping)(ping)基巖古滑坡體(ti)(ti),其(qi)前(qian)緣(yuan)進一(yi)步(bu)解體(ti)(ti)形成鄧(deng)(deng)家嘴(zui)滑坡體(ti)(ti)。現狀(zhuang)(zhuang)情況下(xia),水陽(yang)坪(ping)(ping)古滑體(ti)(ti)基本處于穩(wen)定狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態,鄧(deng)(deng)家嘴(zui)處于臨界穩(wen)定狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態。考慮(lv)到上壩公路開挖和今(jin)后(hou)泄流霧化(hua)等工(gong)況,且(qie)在導流洞出(chu)口一(yi)帶分布有金家溝崩坡積體(ti)(ti),對此(ci)均(jun)采取了相(xiang)應的工(gong)程(cheng)處理措施(shi),并(bing)設置了必要的觀測(ce)設施(shi)。
皂市水(shui)庫(ku)淹沒(mei)石門縣(xian)、慈利縣(xian)幅員面(mian)積約54km,影響區為滑坡、孤島、失去生產生活條件的庫(ku)周地(di)段、浸沒(mei)等。淹沒(mei)人口34570人;房屋總(zong)面(mian)積180.4萬平方(fang)米(mi);耕園(yuan)地(di)36991畝。水(shui)庫(ku)淹沒(mei)處理及移民安置補償靜態總(zong)投資共(gong)計約14億元,約占設計概算總(zong)投資的43%。
旅游開發
除(chu)了以皂(zao)市水利樞紐工程(cheng)為(wei)依(yi)托的自(zi)然風光,皂(zao)市水利風景區的人(ren)文旅游資(zi)源(yuan)也相當豐富。
皂(zao)市水(shui)庫(ku)庫(ku)區(qu)歷(li)史悠久,文(wen)化(hua)燦(can)爛。聞(wen)名全國(guo)的(de)古文(wen)化(hua)遺址(zhi)(zhi)有(you)兩處,一(yi)是(shi)燕爾洞猿人(ren)洞穴遺址(zhi)(zhi),出(chu)土了(le)大量的(de)中國(guo)犀、劍(jian)齒(chi)象牙化(hua)石(shi)等(deng)人(ren)類(lei)伴生的(de)動物化(hua)石(shi)標本,屬新石(shi)器晚期的(de)文(wen)化(hua)遺址(zhi)(zhi);一(yi)處是(shi)皂(zao)市新石(shi)器時(shi)(shi)代遺址(zhi)(zhi),出(chu)土文(wen)物以石(shi)器居多(duo),這些文(wen)物距今(jin)已有(you)7000余年歷(li)史,早于西(xi)安半坡(po)文(wen)化(hua)、河姆(mu)渡文(wen)化(hua),是(shi)全國(guo)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)新石(shi)器時(shi)(shi)代最早的(de)文(wen)化(hua)之一(yi)。近年,在庫(ku)區(qu)上游(you)維新鎮附近還發(fa)現(xian)了(le)戰國(guo)古城遺址(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)當時(shi)(shi)一(yi)座具有(you)軍事性(xing)質的(de)邊城。
目前(qian),皂市水庫(ku)淹沒線以(yi)下分(fen)布了各(ge)類(lei)型的文(wen)物古(gu)跡共30處(chu),其中(zhong)古(gu)遺址24處(chu),古(gu)墓群(葬)4處(chu),古(gu)城(cheng)址2處(chu),約占(zhan)有(you)(you)全(quan)縣文(wen)物單位的28%。在年(nian)代(dai)上自(zi)(zi)3─4萬年(nian)前(qian)后舊石器時代(dai)下至漢晉,延續(xu)時間長,特別是自(zi)(zi)新(xin)石器時代(dai)(距今4000年(nian))往下中(zhong)間沒有(you)(you)缺環,對(dui)研究長江流域的文(wen)化歷史有(you)(you)重要(yao)的價值(zhi)。