作用
水(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)樞(shu)紐工程(cheng)由長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)委員會長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)勘測規劃設計研究院勘測、設計,壩址位(wei)于(yu)巴東縣境內,上(shang)距恩施(shi)市(shi)117km,下(xia)距隔河(he)(he)巖(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)樞(shu)紐92km,是清江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)梯級(ji)開發(fa)的(de)龍頭樞(shu)紐。水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)正常蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)400m,相應庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容(rong)(rong)43.12億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),總45.8億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容(rong)(rong),裝機容(rong)(rong)量1600MW,是以發(fa)電(dian)(dian)、防(fang)洪(hong)、航運(yun)為主,并兼顧其他的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)樞(shu)紐工程(cheng)。據初(chu)步測算,水(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)電(dian)(dian)站投產后,將(jiang)顯著(zhu)增加清江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)游已(yi)建(jian)隔河(he)(he)巖(yan)和高(gao)壩洲兩座電(dian)(dian)站的(de)調(diao)峰(feng)調(diao)頻(pin)能力(li),屆時清江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流域的(de)3座電(dian)(dian)站(水(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)、隔河(he)(he)巖(yan)、高(gao)壩洲)將(jiang)可承擔華中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)網10%左右的(de)調(diao)峰(feng)任務,清江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流域成為華中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)網清潔(jie)、可靠的(de)調(diao)峰(feng)調(diao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)基地(di)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)是長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)游防(fang)洪(hong)體(ti)系的(de)重要組成部分,水(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)預留的(de)5億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)防(fang)洪(hong)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容(rong)(rong)與隔河(he)(he)巖(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)已(yi)預留的(de)5億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)防(fang)洪(hong)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容(rong)(rong)聯合調(diao)度(du)運(yun)行,可有效(xiao)減輕(qing)荊江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)河(he)(he)段的(de)防(fang)洪(hong)壓力(li),提(ti)高(gao)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)游地(di)區的(de)防(fang)洪(hong)標(biao)準。
主體建筑
簡介
水布埡(wu)水利樞紐工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)一等大型水利水電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。主體建筑(zhu)物有:混(hun)凝土面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)堆石壩、河岸式溢洪道(dao)、右(you)岸地下(xia)式電(dian)站(zhan)廠房(fang)和放空(kong)洞等。水布埡(wu)水利樞紐混(hun)凝土面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)堆石壩為(wei)(wei)目前(qian)世界上(shang)(shang)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)的面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)壩,壩頂(ding)高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)409m,壩軸(zhou)線長660m,最(zui)大壩高(gao)(gao)233m,壩頂(ding)寬(kuan)12m。大壩上(shang)(shang)游(you)(you)壩坡(po)1:1.4,下(xia)游(you)(you)平均壩坡(po)1:1.4。大壩填筑(zhu)量包括(kuo)上(shang)(shang)游(you)(you)鋪(pu)蓋在內共1526萬立方(fang)米。面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)厚(hou)(hou)0.3m-1.1m,受壓區(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)16.0m,受拉(la)區(qu)寬(kuan)8.0m,面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積13.84萬平方(fang)米。趾板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)壩前(qian)設標準板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),下(xia)接防滲板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的結(jie)構型式,標準板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)6m-8m,厚(hou)(hou)0.6m-1.2m。防滲板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)4m-12m,趾板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與(yu)基巖間設有錨筋聯(lian)接。周邊縫結(jie)構在高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)275m以(yi)下(xia)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)底(di)、中、頂(ding)三道(dao)止(zhi)水,高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)275m以(yi)上(shang)(shang)取(qu)消中部止(zhi)水,設底(di)、頂(ding)兩(liang)道(dao)止(zhi)水;面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)垂直縫設有底(di)、頂(ding)兩(liang)道(dao)止(zhi)水。
環境
河岸(an)式溢(yi)洪道布置在左岸(an),由引水渠、控制段、泄槽段(含挑流鼻(bi)坎(kan))和(he)下游防(fang)(fang)沖(chong)段組(zu)成。下游防(fang)(fang)沖(chong)段采用防(fang)(fang)淘墻的結構型(xing)式。放(fang)空(kong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)布置在右岸(an),其主要作用為水庫放(fang)空(kong),中(zhong)、后期導流和(he)施工期向下游供(gong)水等(deng)(deng)。由引水渠、有壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(含喇叭口(kou))、事(shi)故(gu)檢修閘門(men)井、工作閘門(men)室(shi)、無壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、交通(tong)(tong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)以(yi)及出口(kou)段(含挑流鼻(bi)坎(kan))等(deng)(deng)組(zu)成。有壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)長(chang)530.24m,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)徑11.0m-9.0m。無壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)段長(chang)532.63m,底板坡(po)度為i=0.2-0.055,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)室(shi)凈空(kong)尺寸(cun)為7.2m×12.0m,為城(cheng)門(men)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)型(xing)。
引(yin)(yin)水(shui)式地(di)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan),布置(zhi)于壩址NE30°河段的右岸山體內(nei),電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)安裝4臺混流式水(shui)輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機組,單機容量400MW,總裝機容量1600MW。保(bao)證出(chu)力310MW,每(mei)年平(ping)均發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量39.2×108KW·H。電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)建筑物包括:引(yin)(yin)水(shui)渠、進水(shui)口、引(yin)(yin)水(shui)隧洞(dong)、主廠(chang)房、安裝場、母線洞(dong)、尾(wei)水(shui)洞(dong)、尾(wei)水(shui)平(ping)臺、尾(wei)水(shui)渠、500kV變電(dian)(dian)所、交通洞(dong)、通風洞(dong)和廠(chang)外排水(shui)洞(dong)等(deng)。引(yin)(yin)水(shui)隧洞(dong)采用一(yi)(yi)機一(yi)(yi)洞(dong),平(ping)均長387.9m,圓形(xing)斷(duan)面內(nei)徑為(wei)8.5m-6.9m;地(di)下(xia)廠(chang)房尺(chi)寸為(wei)168.5m×23m×67m(長×寬×高(gao)),裝機高(gao)程187.2m;尾(wei)水(shui)洞(dong)亦采用一(yi)(yi)機一(yi)(yi)洞(dong),平(ping)均長313.18m,圓形(xing)斷(duan)面內(nei)徑為(wei)11.3m。
專題研究
簡介
水布埡水利樞紐兩岸(an)地(di)(di)(di)形陡(dou)峻,庫(ku)首近壩地(di)(di)(di)段及(ji)壩區環境(jing)地(di)(di)(di)質問題(ti)比較(jiao)復雜,壩址區環境(jing)地(di)(di)(di)質條(tiao)件較(jiao)差,有(you)較(jiao)多(duo)的危(wei)巖體廣泛分布,在(zai)這(zhe)種地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)質條(tiao)件下,修建(jian)230多(duo)米高的大(da)壩,長江委設計院進行(xing)了多(duo)項專題(ti)研(yan)究(jiu),主要有(you):
研究
砼面板堆石壩與心(xin)墻(qiang)堆石壩兩種壩型的比選研究
國外(wai)已有多座(zuo)200m-300m左右的心墻堆石壩建(jian)設(she)(she)經驗,在中國建(jian)設(she)(she)227m的高心墻堆石壩還(huan)屬首次,通過大(da)量(liang)的筑壩材料室內試驗,現場(chang)碾壓試驗以(yi)及(ji)壩體應(ying)力應(ying)變,水力劈裂和滲流(liu)控制等(deng)分析(xi)研(yan)究論證,在采取適當工(gong)程措施后技術上是可(ke)行的。
砼面(mian)板堆(dui)石(shi)壩在(zai)(zai)國內均有較快發展,但要(yao)修(xiu)建(jian)當今世界最高(gao)的(de)(de)233m的(de)(de)砼面(mian)板堆(dui)石(shi)壩具有一定的(de)(de)難度,通過筑壩材料特(te)性,堆(dui)石(shi)體變形(xing)控制,壩體應力應變分析,面(mian)板砼的(de)(de)防裂與耐久性,周邊縫的(de)(de)止(zhi)水(shui)材料和結構型式等(deng)研究(jiu)表明,在(zai)(zai)采取適當的(de)(de)工程(cheng)措(cuo)施后技術上是可行的(de)(de)。
滑坡治理
庫首近(jin)壩(ba)地(di)段大(da)壩(ba)上(shang)游(you)河段9km范圍內分布有(you)18個(ge)滑坡(po)組成的(de)滑坡(po)群體,總(zong)方(fang)(fang)量8342萬(wan)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi),5個(ge)危巖(yan)(yan)體總(zong)方(fang)(fang)量357萬(wan) 立方(fang)(fang)米(mi),1個(ge)穩(wen)定(ding)性差(cha)的(de)斜坡(po),方(fang)(fang)量為(wei)(wei)385萬(wan)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。壩(ba)后滑坡(po),在大(da)壩(ba)下(xia)游(you)分布有(you)大(da)巖(yan)(yan)淌、馬(ma)巖(yan)(yan)灣、臺(tai)子上(shang)、古樹包(bao)四個(ge)大(da)滑坡(po),設計研究分別(bie)采用開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)減載,地(di)下(xia)地(di)表排(pai)水,前緣護坡(po)、抗滑支擋等措(cuo)施(shi)。右(you)岸(an)(an)峽口馬(ma)崖高(gao)陡自然邊坡(po),坡(po)高(gao)達360余米(mi),巖(yan)(yan)性為(wei)(wei)上(shang)硬(ying)下(xia)軟(ruan),且上(shang)部硬(ying)巖(yan)(yan)中(zhong)還夾有(you)多層軟(ruan)弱夾層,處理措(cuo)施(shi)為(wei)(wei)卸荷開(kai)(kai)挖(wa),邊坡(po)錨固,坡(po)面(mian)噴護,排(pai)水坡(po)腳護岸(an)(an)等。
軟巖成洞問題
由于(yu)壩(ba)型為當地材料(liao)壩(ba),故地下洞室相(xiang)對(dui)較多,壩(ba)址(zhi)區巖體中的(de)軟(ruan)層(ceng)甚多,如(ru)泥(ni)盆系寫(xie)經寺(si)組(zu),二迭系馬(ma)鞍組(zu)與棲霞組(zu)─極薄層(ceng)含泥(ni)質生物碎屑灰巖、泥(ni)巖、泥(ni)灰巖及(ji)頁巖等均屬軟(ruan)巖。軟(ruan)巖大多遭受(shou)了不同程度的(de)剪切破壞,工程性狀較差,加之產狀平緩,軟(ruan)巖成(cheng)洞問(wen)題突出。
志留系強風(feng)化頁巖(yan)作(zuo)為防(fang)滲材(cai)料的問題
志留系(xi)砂頁巖具有明顯的垂直(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)分帶(dai)性,風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)程度劃分為全風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)帶(dai),強風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)上帶(dai)、下帶(dai)、弱風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)及微風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)帶(dai)。經研究全風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)帶(dai)可(ke)直(zhi)接作(zuo)為防滲材(cai)料(liao)上壩,而強風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)下帶(dai)及弱、微風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)帶(dai)不能作(zuo)為防滲材(cai)料(liao)。
消能型式研究
溢洪道下游消能(neng)區位于壩址(zhi)峽(xia)谷出口大崖沱深(shen)潭,左有大巖淌(tang)滑坡(po),右有馬崖高(gao)陡(dou)邊坡(po)和馬巖灣滑坡(po),河(he)床巖層(ceng)主要(yao)是(shi)泥盆系上(shang)統寫經(jing)寺組和志留系砂頁巖,抗(kang)沖(chong)能(neng)力低,而本工程泄洪量大,萬(wan)年一遇時最(zui)(zui)大下泄流量達18280立方米/秒(miao),相應(ying)單寬流量為(wei)181 立方米/秒(miao),汛(xun)期水頭(tou)在171m-180m以上(shang),經(jing)計算(suan)、試驗、分析綜合考慮,最(zui)(zui)后選(xuan)擇分區陡(dou)槽接窄縫式排坎(kan)消能(neng)方案(an),消能(neng)區保(bao)護采(cai)用防(fang)淘墻方案(an)。
歷史發展
簡介
根(gen)據壩址處的(de)地(di)形(xing)地(di)質條件、水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)特(te)征和樞(shu)紐總(zong)體布(bu)置(zhi),以及面(mian)板堆(dui)石(shi)壩的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)特(te)點,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)導流采用圍堰(yan)一次攔斷河床,隧洞導流,枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)(qi)圍堰(yan)擋水(shui)(shui)(shui),汛(xun)期(qi)(qi)淹(yan)沒基坑的(de)方式。工(gong)程(cheng)計劃總(zong)工(gong)期(qi)(qi)8.5年(nian)(nian)。2000年(nian)(nian)以前為(wei)籌建(jian)期(qi)(qi),2001年(nian)(nian)-2002年(nian)(nian)為(wei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)準備(bei)期(qi)(qi)。2003年(nian)(nian)-2007年(nian)(nian)為(wei)主(zhu)體工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)期(qi)(qi),2007年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)-2009年(nian)(nian)6月(yue)底(di)為(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)完(wan)建(jian)期(qi)(qi)。2002年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)26日,水(shui)(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡水(shui)(shui)(shui)電站在充分(fen)準備(bei)下(xia)完(wan)成各項施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)形(xing)象進(jin)度,成功實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)截流。
勘測設計概況
從流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)到預可(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性研究(jiu),再(zai)到可(ke)研階段(duan)壩址(zhi)選擇,長江委(wei)(wei)人付出了(le)幾代人的努力。從1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)始長江水(shui)利(li)委(wei)(wei)員會就對清(qing)(qing)江流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)的綜合利(li)用與開(kai)發進行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)研究(jiu),于1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)提(ti)出了(le)《清(qing)(qing)江流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又提(ti)出了(le)《清(qing)(qing)江流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)補充報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》,推薦恩施以下清(qing)(qing)江干(gan)流(liu)(liu)最上一(yi)級(ji)以水(shui)布埡(wu)壩址(zhi)為(wei)代表的三級(ji)梯級(ji)開(kai)發方案。1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)底(di),對流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)補充修訂,提(ti)出了(le)《清(qing)(qing)江流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)修訂)》。該報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)于1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月通過(guo)審(shen)查(cha)(cha),1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2月,湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)人民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)會同(tong)(tong)原(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力工業部審(shen)查(cha)(cha)批(pi)(pi)(pi)復(fu)了(le)《清(qing)(qing)江流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》(1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)修訂);1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月,湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)人民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)會同(tong)(tong)原(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力工業部審(shen)查(cha)(cha)批(pi)(pi)(pi)復(fu)了(le)湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)清(qing)(qing)江水(shui)布埡(wu)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站預可(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性研究(jiu)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao);1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月,湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)人民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)會同(tong)(tong)原(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力工業部審(shen)查(cha)(cha)批(pi)(pi)(pi)復(fu)了(le)湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)清(qing)(qing)江水(shui)布埡(wu)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站壩址(zhi)選擇報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao);1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月,湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)人民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)會同(tong)(tong)國家經濟(ji)貿(mao)易(yi)委(wei)(wei)員會審(shen)查(cha)(cha)批(pi)(pi)(pi)復(fu)了(le)湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)清(qing)(qing)江水(shui)布埡(wu)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站可(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性研究(jiu)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(等同(tong)(tong)初(chu)步設計)。