形態描述 石子河(he)蘑菇湖形如簸箕,是利用兩河(he)洪積扇扇間洼地修筑起(qi)來的人工湖泊;水庫東西寬(kuan)6.5km、南北長7.4km、最(zui)大庫容1.8億立方米(mi),蓄(xu)(xu)水面(mian)(mian)積31.2km2,庫底高程377.2m,蓄(xu)(xu)水最(zui)高高程390.8m,水位最(zui)高時最(zui)大水深13.6m,平(ping)均為4.3m,最(zui)大壩(ba)高15.6m原設計水庫最(zui)大蓄(xu)(xu)水面(mian)(mian)積為31.2km2、1982年實測蓄(xu)(xu)水面(mian)(mian)積只有27.84km2。
地質情況
水庫底(di)(di)(di)質為(wei)泥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),底(di)(di)(di)泥偏(pian)堿性,有機成分(fen)較高,底(di)(di)(di)泥為(wei)黑褐色此灰褐色、分(fen)散性強(qiang),呈渣狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或粉(fen)渣狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)淤(yu)泥質堆積物,硫化氫刺鼻氣(qi)味濃,質地(di)以粉(fen)質壤土為(wei)主(zhu)浸水情況(kuang)下成糊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)分(fen)散狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態,濕(shi)陷性強(qiang)、干燥后(hou)經形(xing)成灰包,隨風飄泊。
水(shui)(shui)庫水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)主(zhu)要有(you)蘑引(yin)(yin)渠(qu)、電站渠(qu)、導流渠(qu)、沙(sha)灣河、總排干、新排干等(deng)來(lai)水(shui)(shui),除蘑引(yin)(yin)渠(qu)納入部分瑪(ma)納斯河水(shui)(shui)、城市污水(shui)(shui)、泉水(shui)(shui)外,其他渠(qu)系全部為農田排水(shui)(shui)和(he)泉溝排水(shui)(shui)。
生態特征
生態特(te)征 石子河(he)蘑菇水(shui)庫已接近(jin)或超過富營養(yang)化(hua)(hua)狀態,污染源主(zhu)要是入庫污水(shui),氮已超標(biao)7~10倍(bei)、總磷(lin)10~17倍(bei),主(zhu)要污染物(wu)包(bao)括(kuo)銅、鎘、鋁、六(liu)價鉻、總汞、砷、酚、硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)、六(liu)六(liu)六(liu)和滴滴涕;
水(shui)溫(wen)變化(hua)與氣溫(wen)變化(hua)具一定相關(guan)性、蘑庫最低(di)水(shui)溫(wen)為(wei)12~3月為(wei)0℃、最高水(shui)溫(wen)月份為(wei)6~8月為(wei)24℃以上,蘑庫冰(bing)期為(wei)12月中旬至次(ci)年3月底(di)左右為(wei)結(jie)冰(bing)期、冰(bing)層最厚可達60~70cm。
水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)漁業(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)隨(sui)水(shui)質(zhi)污(wu)染和富(fu)營養化(hua)程度(du)的加重明顯(xian)呈現(xian)(xian)出下降趨勢(shi),1966年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)總捕撈量為650t;1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)僅4.5t;采(cai)取春放秋捕措(cuo)施后(hou),1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)才達(da)到(dao)202t,水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)漁業(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)隨(sui)水(shui)質(zhi)污(wu)染和富(fu)營養化(hua)程度(du)的加重明顯(xian)呈現(xian)(xian)出下降趨勢(shi),1966年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)總捕撈量為650t,1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)僅4.5t,采(cai)取春放秋捕措(cuo)施后(hou),1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)才達(da)到(dao)202t;蘑(mo)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)魚類的種類組成變動(dong)很大(da),1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)各類魚的數(shu)量依次為,鯉(li)魚>鰱(lian)魚>鯽魚,1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)是鰱(lian)魚>鯽魚>鯉(li)魚。
82~83年游(you)植物種(zhong)(zhong)類80余種(zhong)(zhong),常見種(zhong)(zhong)(屬)有:微囊(nang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、顫藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、魚腥(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、膠刺藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、膠鞘藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、球囊(nang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、空星(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、柵列(lie)(lie)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、盤星(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、新月藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、針桿(gan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、舟(zhou)形(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、菱形(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、黃(huang)絲藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao);水庫中(zhong)優勢種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)的(de)微囊(nang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、魚腥(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、顫藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)的(de)盤腥(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、柵列(lie)(lie)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、新月藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)的(de)針桿(gan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、舟(zhou)形(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),黃(huang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)的(de)黃(huang)綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)的(de)裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)。
82—83年(nian)(nian)水庫的(de)浮游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)種類(lei)(lei)共有57種,常見種(屬)有草履蟲(chong)(chong)、多毛榴彈蟲(chong)(chong)、萼(e)花臂(bei)尾輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)、壺狀臂(bei)尾輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)、矩形龜甲輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)、前(qian)節晶囊(nang)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)、蓋(gai)氏(shi)晶囊(nang)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)、針(zhen)族多枝(zhi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)、邁氏(shi)三(san)枝(zhi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)、長三(san)枝(zhi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong),87—89年(nian)(nian)調查與82—83年(nian)(nian)趨(qu)勢基本一致(zhi),以輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)為(wei)絕(jue)對優(you)勢,甲殼(ke)類(lei)(lei)十分稀少。在整個(ge)水庫生態類(lei)(lei)群中,底(di)棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)是最貧(pin)乏的(de)一類(lei)(lei),僅11種,包(bao)括(kuo)4種寡毛類(lei)(lei)和7種搖(yao)蚊(wen)幼蟲(chong)(chong),羽搖(yao)蚊(wen)為(wei)常見種,軟(ruan)體動(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)空殼(ke)多見,如小土蝸、卵蘿卜小螺(luo)、凸旋(xuan)螺(luo)等。
浮游(you)植物(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)的年內(nei)變化呈(cheng)現出(chu)兩(liang)個高(gao)峰與兩(liang)個低(di)(di)峰,第(di)一高(gao)峰在(zai)6月(yue),第(di)二高(gao)峰在(zai)10月(yue),而(er)且種(zhong)類(lei)數兩(liang)個峰值基(ji)本相等,第(di)一低(di)(di)峰在(zai)8月(yue),第(di)二低(di)(di)峰在(zai)3月(yue),浮游(you)動物(wu)與底棲動物(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)組(zu)成的季節性變化不大。