灌(guan)木,高1-2米;嫩枝有(you)灰白色柔毛。
葉(xie)對(dui)生,革質,葉(xie)片橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形或(huo)(huo)倒(dao)卵(luan)形,長3-8厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬1-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi),先端圓(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)(huo)鈍,常微凹入(ru),有(you)時(shi)稍尖,基(ji)部闊楔形,上面(mian)初時(shi)有(you)毛(mao),以后(hou)變無毛(mao),發亮,下(xia)面(mian)有(you)灰色茸(rong)毛(mao),離(li)(li)基(ji)三(san)出脈(mo)(mo),直達先端且相結合,邊脈(mo)(mo)離(li)(li)邊緣3-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),中脈(mo)(mo)有(you)側(ce)脈(mo)(mo)4-6對(dui),網脈(mo)(mo)明顯;葉(xie)柄長4-7毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)長(chang)梗,常(chang)單生,紫紅色(se),直徑2-4厘(li)米;萼管倒(dao)卵形(xing)(xing),長(chang)6毫米,有(you)灰茸毛(mao),萼裂片5,近圓形(xing)(xing),長(chang)4-6毫米,宿(su)存;花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣5,倒(dao)卵,形(xing)(xing),長(chang)1.3-2厘(li)米;雄蕊(rui)紅色(se),長(chang)7-8毫米;子(zi)房下位,3室,花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱長(chang)1厘(li)米。漿果卵狀壺形(xing)(xing),長(chang)1.5-2厘(li)米,寬(kuan)1-1.5厘(li)米,熟時紫黑色(se);種(zhong)子(zi)每室2列(lie)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)4-5月。
產(chan)中國臺(tai)灣、福建、廣東(dong)、廣西(xi)、云(yun)南(nan)、貴州及湖南(nan)最南(nan)部。生(sheng)于(yu)丘(qiu)陵坡地,為酸性土指示植(zhi)物。分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)中南(nan)半島、菲律(lv)賓、日本、印度、斯里蘭卡、馬來西(xi)亞及印度尼西(xi)亞等地。
生(sheng)于紅(hong)黃壤土丘陵上、兩廣(guang)地區(qu)極為常見。
播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前首先(xian)要對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)進行挑選,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)選得好(hao)不好(hao),直接(jie)關系到(dao)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能否成(cheng)功(gong)。最(zui)好(hao)是(shi)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)當年采(cai)收的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)保(bao)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)越長,其(qi)發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)率(lv)越低。選用(yong)(yong)(yong)籽(zi)粒(li)飽滿、沒有殘缺或(huo)畸形、沒有病(bing)蟲害的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。家庭對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)消(xiao)毒常用(yong)(yong)(yong)60℃左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)水(shui)(shui)(shui)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)刻鐘(zhong),然后再用(yong)(yong)(yong)溫熱(re)(re)水(shui)(shui)(shui)催芽(ya)(ya)12-24小(xiao)時(shi)。對播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基質進行消(xiao)毒,最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法就是(shi)把(ba)它放(fang)到(dao)鍋(guo)里炒熱(re)(re),什(shen)么病(bing)蟲都能燙死。用(yong)(yong)(yong)溫熱(re)(re)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(溫度(du)和洗臉水(shui)(shui)(shui)差不多(duo))把(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)浸(jin)泡12-24個(ge)小(xiao)時(shi),直到(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)并膨脹起(qi)來(lai)。對于(yu)(yu)很常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)容易發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),這項工作可以不做。對于(yu)(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)手或(huo)其(qi)它工具難以夾(jia)起(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),可以把(ba)牙簽的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)端用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)沾濕(shi),把(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)粒(li)一(yi)(yi)粒(li)地(di)粘放(fang)在基質的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面上,覆(fu)蓋基質1公分(fen)厚,然后把(ba)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)盆(pen)放(fang)入水(shui)(shui)(shui)中,水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)為花(hua)盆(pen)高度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/2-2/3,讓水(shui)(shui)(shui)慢慢地(di)浸(jin)上來(lai)(這個(ge)方法稱為"盆(pen)浸(jin)法");對于(yu)(yu)能用(yong)(yong)(yong)手或(huo)其(qi)它工具夾(jia)起(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粒(li)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),直接(jie)把(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)放(fang)到(dao)基質中,按3×5公分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)距點播(bo)。
播(bo)后(hou)(hou)覆(fu)(fu)蓋基質(zhi),覆(fu)(fu)蓋厚度(du)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粒的2-3倍。播(bo)后(hou)(hou)可用噴霧器、細孔花灑把(ba)(ba)(ba)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基質(zhi)質(zhi)淋濕(shi)(shi),以后(hou)(hou)當盆土(tu)略(lve)干時(shi)再淋水,仍要注意澆水的力度(du)不(bu)能太大(da),以免把(ba)(ba)(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子沖起來(lai);在(zai)深秋、早春季或冬季播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),遇到寒潮低溫時(shi),可以用塑(su)料(liao)薄(bo)膜把(ba)(ba)(ba)花盆包起來(lai),以利(li)保溫保濕(shi)(shi);幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)后(hou)(hou),要及時(shi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)薄(bo)膜揭開,并在(zai)每天上午的9:30之(zhi)前,或者在(zai)下午的3:30之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)讓幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)接受太陽的光(guang)照,否則幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)會生長得非常(chang)柔弱;大(da)多數(shu)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子出(chu)(chu)齊后(hou)(hou),需(xu)要適當地間苗(miao)(miao)(miao):把(ba)(ba)(ba)有(you)病的、生長不(bu)健康的幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)拔(ba)掉,使(shi)留下的幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)相互之(zhi)間有(you)一定的空間;當大(da)部分的幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)長出(chu)(chu)了3片(pian)或3片(pian)以上的葉(xie)子后(hou)(hou)就可以移栽。
進(jin)行嫩枝扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)時,在(zai)春(chun)末至(zhi)早(zao)(zao)秋植株生長(chang)旺盛時,選用當年(nian)生粗壯(zhuang)枝條作為插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)。把(ba)枝條剪下(xia)后,選取(qu)壯(zhuang)實的(de)(de)部位,剪成5-15公(gong)分(fen)長(chang)的(de)(de)一段,每段要(yao)帶3個以上的(de)(de)葉(xie)節。剪取(qu)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)時需要(yao)注意的(de)(de)是,上面的(de)(de)剪口(kou)(kou)在(zai)最上一個葉(xie)節的(de)(de)上方大約(yue)1公(gong)分(fen)處平(ping)剪,下(xia)面的(de)(de)剪口(kou)(kou)在(zai)最下(xia)面的(de)(de)葉(xie)節下(xia)方大約(yue)為0.5公(gong)分(fen)處斜(xie)剪,上下(xia)剪口(kou)(kou)都要(yao)平(ping)整(刀要(yao)鋒利)。進(jin)行硬枝扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)時,在(zai)早(zao)(zao)春(chun)氣溫回(hui)升后,選取(qu)的(de)(de)健壯(zhuang)枝條做插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)。每段插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)通常保留3-4個節,剪取(qu)的(de)(de)方法同嫩枝扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)。
初(chu)秋,是桃金娘(niang)果熟(shu)時(shi)(shi)節(jie)。其果先青而(er)黃,黃而(er)赤,赤而(er)紫。掛果累累,像一(yi)個個縮小版的酒杯,果中有芯(xin),很(hen)象一(yi)條蟲子,芯(xin)外(wai)多(duo)籽(zi),味道異常(chang)甜(tian)美。崗稔熟(shu)得紫色的時(shi)(shi)候最好吃,生(sheng)津止渴(ke),回味甘甜(tian),舌頭牙齒(chi)也會(hui)被染成紫黑色。而(er)棯子多(duo)吃了時(shi)(shi)一(yi)定要(yao)喝一(yi)碗鹽水,否(fou)則次日會(hui)大便困難(nan)。
桃金(jin)娘(niang)株形緊湊,四季常青,花先白(bai)后紅,紅白(bai)相映,十(shi)分艷麗,花期也較長(chang)。果色鮮紅轉為醬(jiang)紅,均可觀賞(shang),園林綠化中可用其叢植、片植或(huo)孤(gu)植點綴綠地,可收到較好的效果。
桃金娘(niang)生(sheng)長迅速,耐貧瘠,抗逆性強,株形(xing)緊湊,四(si)季常青。株高1-2m,幼枝(zhi)有(you)短絨(rong)毛。葉對(dui)生(sheng),革(ge)質,橢圓形(xing)或(huo)(huo)倒卵形(xing)。聚傘花(hua)(hua)序腋生(sheng),有(you)花(hua)(hua)3-5朵,花(hua)(hua)瓣5片(pian),倒卵形(xing),花(hua)(hua)先白后紅(hong)、玫(mei)瑰紅(hong)、紫紅(hong)色,同株花(hua)(hua)色變化大,紅(hong)白相問,艷麗秀美,甚為顯目,引人入(ru)勝,花(hua)(hua)陸續開放,花(hua)(hua)期可達2個多月。枝(zhi)干韌性強,可以制作盆(pen)景或(huo)(huo)在庭園中叢植(zhi)或(huo)(huo)片(pian)植(zhi),是具有(you)良好(hao)的綠化美化效(xiao)果的野(ye)生(sheng)花(hua)(hua)卉,已逐漸(jian)被(bei)部分城市列(lie)入(ru)園林植(zhi)物觀賞花(hua)(hua)卉名錄。
桃金娘(niang)的根(gen)含(han)酚類、鞣質等(deng),有(you)治慢性痢疾(ji)、風(feng)濕、肝炎及降血(xue)脂(zhi)等(deng)功效。
出處:《綱目(mu)拾遺》:粵(yue)志,草花之(zhi)(zhi)以娘名(ming)者,有桃(tao)(tao)金(jin)娘,叢生野間,似梅而(er)微銳(rui),似桃(tao)(tao)而(er)色倍赬,中莖純紫,絲綴深黃如金(jin)粟(su),名(ming)桃(tao)(tao)金(jin)娘。八九月實熟青紺(gan),若(ruo)牛(niu)乳狀(zhuang)。產(chan)桂(gui)林,今廣州亦多有之(zhi)(zhi)。所(suo)述原植物(wu)與今桃(tao)(tao)金(jin)娘相(xiang)同。
別名(ming):金絲(si)桃、山稔(ren)(ren)子、山菍、多(duo)蓮、豆稔(ren)(ren)干、稔(ren)(ren)果、多(duo)奶(nai)、山多(duo)奶(nai)、蘇園(yuan)子、石榴子、白碾(nian)子、崗稔(ren)(ren)、水刀蓮、烏肚子、當(dang)梨子、哆哞仔、稔(ren)(ren)子;崗棯花(廣州空(kong)軍《常用中草藥手冊(ce)》)。
藥材基源:為桃金(jin)(jin)娘科(ke)植物桃金(jin)(jin)娘的果(guo)實。
采收(shou)儲(chu)藏(zang):于秋季果實成(cheng)熟時采收(shou),曬干。
性味:味甘;澀;性平
歸(gui)經(jing)(jing):歸(gui)肝;脾經(jing)(jing), 歸(gui)肺(fei)經(jing)(jing)
功能主治:養(yang)血(xue)(xue)止血(xue)(xue);澀腸(chang)固(gu)精(jing)。主血(xue)(xue)虛體弱;吐血(xue)(xue);鼻衄;勞傷咳血(xue)(xue);便血(xue)(xue);崩(beng)漏(lou);遺精(jing);帶下(xia);痢(li)疾;脫肛;燙傷;外傷出(chu)血(xue)(xue)。收斂止血(xue)(xue)。
根(gen):祛風活絡,收(shou)斂(lian)止瀉。用于急、慢性腸胃炎,胃痛,消化(hua)不良,肝(gan)炎,痢疾,風濕性關(guan)節(jie)炎,腰肌勞損,功能性子宮出(chu)血,脫(tuo)肛;外用治(zhi)燒燙傷。根(gen)含酚(fen)類、鞣質(zhi)等(deng),有治(zhi)慢性痢疾、風濕、肝(gan)炎及降(jiang)血脂(zhi)等(deng)功效。
葉(xie):收斂止(zhi)瀉,止(zhi)血。用于(yu)急性(xing)胃腸炎,消化不良,痢疾:外(wai)用治外(wai)傷出血。
果:補血,滋養,安胎。用于貧血,病后體虛(xu),神經衰弱,耳鳴(ming),遺精。