形態特征

茄科碧冬茄屬(shu)植(zhi)物。多(duo)年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)草本(ben)，常作一(yi)、二年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)栽培; 株(zhu)高(gao)15～80cm，也有(you)叢生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)匍(pu)匐(fu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing); 葉橢圓或(huo)卵圓形; 播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后當(dang)年(nian)可(ke)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期長(chang)(chang)達數月，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠喇叭狀(zhuang)(zhuang); 花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)形有(you)單(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)、重(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)、瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)緣(yuan)皺褶或(huo)呈不(bu)規(gui)則鋸(ju)齒(chi)等; 花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)色(se)(se)有(you)紅(hong)、白(bai)、粉、紫(zi)及各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)斑(ban)點(dian)、網紋(wen)、條紋(wen)等; 蒴果，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子極小(xiao)，千(qian)粒重(zhong)約(yue)0.1g。園藝品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)極多(duo)，按(an)植(zhi)株(zhu)性(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)分有(you)：高(gao)性(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、矮(ai)性(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、叢生(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、匍(pu)匐(fu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、直立種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；按(an)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)型(xing)分有(you)：大(da)(da)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)（10－15㎝以上）、小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、波狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、鋸(ju)齒(chi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、重(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)、單(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)；按(an)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)色(se)(se)分有(you)：紫(zi)紅(hong)、鮮紅(hong)、桃(tao)紅(hong)、純白(bai)、肉(rou)色(se)(se)及多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)條紋(wen)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（紅(hong)底白(bai)條紋(wen)、淡藍底紅(hong)脈紋(wen)、桃(tao)紅(hong)底白(bai)斑(ban)條等）。商業上常根據花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的大(da)(da)小(xiao)以及重(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)性(xing)將(jiang)矮(ai)牽牛分為(wei)大(da)(da)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、豐(feng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、多(duo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、大(da)(da)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)重(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、重(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)豐(feng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)(lei)、重(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)多(duo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)(lei)和(he)其他(ta)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(不(bu)屬(shu)于以上類(lei)(lei)型(xing)的均(jun)歸(gui)為(wei)其他(ta)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)）。喜溫暖和(he)陽光(guang)充足的環境(jing)。不(bu)耐(nai)霜凍，怕雨(yu)澇(lao)。它生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)適溫為(wei)13℃至(zhi)18℃，冬季溫度在4℃至(zhi)10℃，如低于4℃，植(zhi)株(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)停止。夏季能耐(nai)35℃以上的高(gao)溫。夏季生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺期，需充足水(shui)(shui)(shui)分，特(te)別(bie)在夏季高(gao)溫季節，應(ying)在早、晚澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)，保持盆(pen)土(tu)濕(shi)潤(run)。但梅雨(yu)季節，雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)多(duo)，對矮(ai)牽牛生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)十(shi)分不(bu)利，盆(pen)土(tu)過濕(shi)，莖葉容易徒長(chang)(chang)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)多(duo)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)朵易褪色(se)(se)或(huo)腐爛。盆(pen)土(tu)若長(chang)(chang)期積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，則爛根死亡，所以盆(pen)栽矮(ai)牽牛宜用疏(shu)松肥沃和(he)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)良好(hao)的砂壤土(tu)。屬(shu)長(chang)(chang)日照(zhao)植(zhi)物，生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期要求陽光(guang)充足，在正常的光(guang)照(zhao)條件下(xia)，從播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)約(yue)需100天左右。冬季大(da)(da)棚內(nei)栽培矮(ai)牽牛時，在低溫短日照(zhao)條件下(xia)，莖葉生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)很(hen)(hen)茂盛，但著花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)很(hen)(hen)難，當(dang)春季進入長(chang)(chang)日照(zhao)下(xia)，很(hen)(hen)快就從莖葉頂(ding)端分化(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蕾。

生長環境

喜溫(wen)(wen)暖和陽光充足的(de)環境。不耐霜凍，怕(pa)雨(yu)澇。它生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)適溫(wen)(wen)為13～18℃，冬(dong)季(ji)溫(wen)(wen)度在(zai)4～10℃，如低于(yu)4℃，植株生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)停(ting)止(zhi)。夏(xia)季(ji)能耐35℃以(yi)上的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)。夏(xia)季(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)旺期，需(xu)充足水分，特別在(zai)夏(xia)季(ji)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)季(ji)節(jie)，應(ying)在(zai)早、晚(wan)澆(jiao)水，保持盆土(tu)濕(shi)(shi)潤。但(dan)梅雨(yu)季(ji)節(jie)，雨(yu)水多，對矮(ai)牽(qian)牛(niu)(niu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)十分不利，盆土(tu)過濕(shi)(shi)，莖葉(xie)容易(yi)徒(tu)長(chang)，花(hua)期雨(yu)水多，花(hua)朵易(yi)褪色或腐爛。盆土(tu)若長(chang)期積水，則爛根死亡，所以(yi)盆栽(zai)矮(ai)牽(qian)牛(niu)(niu)宜用疏松肥沃(wo)和排水良好的(de)砂壤土(tu)。

屬長日照(zhao)植物(wu)，生長期要求陽光充足，在(zai)正常的光照(zhao)條(tiao)(tiao)件下，從(cong)播種至開花約(yue)需100天左(zuo)右。冬(dong)季(ji)大棚(peng)內(nei)栽培矮牽(qian)牛(niu)時，在(zai)低溫短日照(zhao)條(tiao)(tiao)件下，莖葉生長很茂盛，但著花很難，當春季(ji)進(jin)入(ru)長日照(zhao)下，很快就從(cong)莖葉頂端分化花蕾。

分布范圍

本種(zhong)(zhong)是一個雜交(jiao)種(zhong)(zhong)，它是由 P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz et Thell.（=P. violacea Lindl.）和 P. axillaris (Lam.) Britton 二種(zhong)(zhong)雜交(jiao)培(pei)育的(de)。在世(shi)界各國(guo)(guo)花(hua)園中普遍栽(zai)培(pei)。我國(guo)(guo)南北(bei)城市公園中普遍栽(zai)培(pei)觀賞。矮牽牛原產(chan)南美阿根廷(ting)。現(xian)世(shi)界各地廣泛栽(zai)培(pei)。

主要價值

觀賞價值

花(hua)大而多，開花(hua)繁盛，花(hua)期長，色(se)彩(cai)豐富，是優(you)良的花(hua)壇和種植缽(bo)花(hua)卉(hui)，也(ye)可自然(ran)式(shi)叢植，還可作(zuo)為切花(hua)。氣候適宜或溫室(shi)栽培可四季(ji)開花(hua)。可以廣泛用于(yu)花(hua)壇布置，花(hua)槽(cao)配置，景點擺設，窗臺點綴，家庭裝飾(shi)。