廟(miao)子(zi)溝遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)烏蘭(lan)察布(bu)市察哈爾右翼前旗(qi)新風(feng)鄉廟(miao)子(zi)溝村南。從1985年至1987年先后三次對此遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)行發掘清理,發現(xian)房子(zi)50余座、灰坑和(he)(he)窖穴130多座、墓葬40坐。出(chu)土遺(yi)物(wu)很豐富,有陶器(qi)、骨器(qi)和(he)(he)石器(qi)共千余件,此外還有部分動(dong)物(wu)骨、角等,是相當仰韶文化晚期的聚(ju)落遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi),遺(yi)物(wu)經碳十四測定,約距(ju)今5,500年。
這(zhe)里水(shui)土流失(shi)嚴重,遺跡(ji)多已暴(bao)露在地(di)(di)表,未(wei)見打破(po)和(he)疊壓(ya)關系,遺跡(ji)建在生土上(shang),文(wen)(wen)化(hua)內涵比較單(dan)純,遺物具(ju)(ju)有(you)鮮明(ming)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)特征(zheng),代表了內蒙(meng)古(gu)自(zi)治區中南部岱海地(di)(di)區相當(dang)(dang)仰韶文(wen)(wen)化(hua)晚期的(de)(de)原始文(wen)(wen)化(hua),同時又明(ming)顯看(kan)出這(zhe)里的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)與(yu)中原地(di)(di)區和(he)燕山(shan)以(yi)北(bei)等地(di)(di)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)關系密切,廟(miao)子(zi)溝(gou)(gou)遺存具(ju)(ju)有(you)海生不浪文(wen)(wen)化(hua)因(yin)素,應(ying)屬海生不浪文(wen)(wen)化(hua),然而廟(miao)子(zi)溝(gou)(gou)遺存又與(yu)阿善遺址(zhi)和(he)白泥窯子(zi)遺址(zhi)同期文(wen)(wen)化(hua)之間(jian)又有(you)差異(yi),當(dang)(dang)屬同一文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)不同文(wen)(wen)化(hua)類型。廟(miao)子(zi)溝(gou)(gou)遺址(zhi)的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)和(he)發(fa)掘,不僅更(geng)證(zheng)實了海生不浪文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)存在,而且也證(zheng)實了海生不浪文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)復雜性(xing),學術界(jie)對此很關注(zhu)。
經(jing)過考古(gu)(gu)(gu)工作者10多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)艱苦工作,內(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)(gu)廟(miao)子(zi)溝文化遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發掘(jue)整理工作于2002年完(wan)成。廟(miao)子(zi)溝遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位于內(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)(gu)自治區(qu)烏蘭察(cha)布盟察(cha)右前旗新風鄉(xiang),是目(mu)前內(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)(gu)中南部地區(qu)發掘(jue)面積大、遺(yi)(yi)跡保存完(wan)整、出土(tu)遺(yi)(yi)物豐富的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這處距今約5500年的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始(shi)村落遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是于1985年10月(yue)發現的(de)(de)(de),經(jing)發掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)村南遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地點面積約近3萬平方米(mi),共發掘(jue)出房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)51座(zuo),灰坑、窖穴132個,墓葬43座(zuo),出土(tu)及復原(yuan)各類(lei)陶(tao)器700余件(jian),其它(ta)比較(jiao)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)器、玉(yu)器、骨角器、蚌器和裝(zhuang)飾品(pin)達千余件(jian),反(fan)映了一種(zhong)以原(yuan)始(shi)鋤耕農(nong)業為基礎,漁獵經(jing)濟(ji)占一定比重的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)形(xing)態。廟(miao)子(zi)溝文化遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出土(tu)了大批石(shi)環(huan)類(lei)飾品(pin)。
廟子(zi)(zi)(zi)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)遺址的(de)房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)均為(wei)半地穴式(shi),多(duo)為(wei)方形(xing)(xing)或長方形(xing)(xing),也有(you)(you)梯形(xing)(xing),居住面用泥(ni)抹,多(duo)數經燒烤。室內大(da)多(duo)設有(you)(you)雙灶,前(qian)為(wei)圓形(xing)(xing)坑灶,后為(wei)方形(xing)(xing)地面灶。多(duo)數為(wei)凸出(chu)的(de)斜(xie)坡或臺階式(shi)門(men)道(dao),門(men)設在(zai)前(qian)墻(qiang)中間。房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)內外(wai)均有(you)(you)窖穴、灰坑。窖穴有(you)(you)圓形(xing)(xing)、方形(xing)(xing)、橢圓形(xing)(xing),都(dou)是豎穴。居住遺址的(de)選(xuan)擇與白(bai)泥(ni)窯子(zi)(zi)(zi)第二種文(wen)化(hua)相同,在(zai)白(bai)泥(ni)窯子(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)廟子(zi)(zi)(zi)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)附近相同文(wen)化(hua)的(de)大(da)壩溝(gou)(gou)(gou)遺址,均有(you)(you)壕溝(gou)(gou)(gou)環繞居住址,而廟子(zi)(zi)(zi)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)遺址可能因水土(tu)流失(shi)嚴重而未發(fa)現有(you)(you)壕溝(gou)(gou)(gou)。每座房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)窖穴和(he)居住面上,均有(you)(you)成(cheng)套的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產工具(ju)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活用具(ju)等(deng),說明(ming)每座房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)已(yi)構成(cheng)一個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)單(dan)元,已(yi)是以個(ge)體家庭為(wei)單(dan)位(wei)從(cong)事生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活。
生產工(gong)具是磨(mo)制石(shi)器(qi)(qi)、打制石(shi)器(qi)(qi)和(he)細(xi)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)共(gong)存,并有(you)骨、角器(qi)(qi)和(he)陶制工(gong)具。石(shi)器(qi)(qi)種類很多,有(you)鏟(chan)、刀(dao)、錛(ben)、鑿、斧、鉆、磨(mo)盤(pan)、磨(mo)棒(bang)、砍砸器(qi)(qi)、球(qiu)、臺(tai)體狀(zhuang)凹形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)等(deng),細(xi)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)有(you)刮(gua)削器(qi)(qi)、尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)、鏃以(yi)及(ji)石(shi)核、石(shi)葉(xie)、石(shi)片等(deng)。陶制工(gong)具有(you)大量的鏟(chan)、刀(dao)和(he)少量陶紡輪(lun)。骨器(qi)(qi)有(you)錐、針、鏃、匕(bi)、嵌石(shi)刃刀(dao)、嵌石(shi)刃劍、槽形(xing)(xing)尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)和(he)亞形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。其(qi)中窄首寬刃石(shi)斧、雙孔或(huo)兩(liang)側缺(que)口刀(dao)、梯形(xing)(xing)小石(shi)錛(ben)、月牙(ya)形(xing)(xing)磨(mo)棒(bang)、橢圓形(xing)(xing)凹體磨(mo)盤(pan)、臺(tai)體狀(zhuang)凹形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)以(yi)及(ji)嵌石(shi)刃骨刀(dao)和(he)骨制亞形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)等(deng),均具有(you)特色,為典形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)物。
陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)以(yi)泥質陶(tao)(tao)為主,此外(wai)還有(you)(you)夾砂(sha)和砂(sha)質陶(tao)(tao),均為手制。陶(tao)(tao)色(se)繁雜,有(you)(you)褐、灰(hui)、紅、黃(huang)、黑(hei)、白(bai)等色(se)。泥質陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)表多素面磨光或施籃(lan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。加(jia)砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)主體(ti)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)以(yi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為主,另外(wai)還有(you)(you)方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)與線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),配合主體(ti)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)的有(you)(you)附加(jia)堆紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、壓印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、連點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)較發(fa)(fa)達(da),彩(cai)色(se)多樣(yang),有(you)(you)紅、褐、黑(hei)、紫、赭(zhe)等色(se),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)更是(shi)(shi)(shi)繁縟多種,有(you)(you)方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、鱗紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、渦(wo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、鋸(ju)齒紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、草葉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)及曲線、垂弧、直線、三(san)角、橢(tuo)圓點等幾何圖案(an)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi),常見(jian)內(nei)彩(cai)和復(fu)彩(cai)。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)器(qi)耳發(fa)(fa)達(da),多為環(huan)狀耳。器(qi)形(xing)種類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)侈(chi)沿鼓腹(fu)罐(guan)、大口罐(guan)、筒(tong)形(xing)罐(guan)、小(xiao)口雙(shuang)耳罐(guan)、喇(la)叭口尖底瓶(ping)、曲腹(fu)盆、折腹(fu)盆、曲腹(fu)缽、折腹(fu)缽、漏(lou)斗、器(qi)蓋、小(xiao)杯、偏(pian)口壺等。從陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)可以(yi)看出廟子溝(gou)遺存接收周邊文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的影(ying)響(xiang),筒(tong)形(xing)罐(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)受(shou)前紅山文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、紅山文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)影(ying)響(xiang),從東(dong)(dong)傳來(lai),故自東(dong)(dong)向(xiang)西遞減(jian),到(dao)鄂爾多斯。而喇(la)叭口尖底瓶(ping)卻是(shi)(shi)(shi)受(shou)中原仰韶文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的廟底溝(gou)類(lei)(lei)型文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)影(ying)響(xiang),故由西向(xiang)東(dong)(dong)漸少,到(dao)岱海、黃(huang)旗海兩湖地帶未見(jian)。出土物中還有(you)(you)簪、項鏈(lian)、陶(tao)(tao)環(huan)、石環(huan)、玉佩(pei)、蚌螺串(chuan)飾(shi)(shi)等裝飾(shi)(shi)品。
廟(miao)子溝遺(yi)(yi)存是具有(you)(you)(you)地域特(te)征的文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),有(you)(you)(you)別于周邊(bian)地區同(tong)時期考古學文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類型。廟(miao)子溝遺(yi)(yi)址在(zai)內蒙古中(zhong)南部海生不(bu)(bu)浪文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存中(zhong),目前發掘面(mian)積(ji)較(jiao)大,遺(yi)(yi)跡和(he)出土文(wen)(wen)物(wu)也較(jiao)豐(feng)富,文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內涵(han)較(jiao)單純,在(zai)海生不(bu)(bu)浪文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)頗具代表性,但(dan)又與阿善(shan)二期文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、白(bai)泥窯子第二種文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)又有(you)(you)(you)些差(cha)異(yi),當屬(shu)同(tong)類文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)區域類型的文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。
海生(sheng)不浪(lang)文(wen)化遺存(cun)未發(fa)現(xian)墓地,但在(zai)廟子(zi)溝(gou)遺址居住(zhu)址內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)窖穴、灶坑(keng)和居住(zhu)面均發(fa)現(xian)有(you)死(si)者(zhe),在(zai)房子(zi)附(fu)近的(de)長(chang)方形坑(keng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)發(fa)現(xian)有(you)多(duo)(duo)(duo)人(ren)(ren)、雙人(ren)(ren)和單(dan)人(ren)(ren)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)葬,多(duo)(duo)(duo)人(ren)(ren)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)葬中有(you)兒童和成人(ren)(ren),在(zai)房子(zi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)圓形窖穴內(nei)(nei)(nei)均為單(dan)人(ren)(ren)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)葬,許多(duo)(duo)(duo)未成年(nian)個體多(duo)(duo)(duo)在(zai)室內(nei)(nei)(nei)灶坑(keng)里或居住(zhu)面上(shang),死(si)者(zhe)的(de)頭向不定,多(duo)(duo)(duo)側身屈肢(zhi),兒童和女(nv)性死(si)者(zhe)有(you)的(de)佩帶環飾(shi)(shi)和蚌螺類裝飾(shi)(shi)品,從這(zhe)些現(xian)象來看多(duo)(duo)(duo)數死(si)者(zhe)屬于非正常死(si)亡(wang)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)葬,這(zhe)還有(you)待進一步研究。
內蒙古廟子溝遺址為(wei)人(ren)們了解(jie)新石器(qi)時代晚期內蒙古地區的(de)文(wen)化提供(gong)了大量的(de)史料(liao)基礎(chu),而且它突然消(xiao)失的(de)文(wen)明(ming)更引起了考古工作(zuo)者的(de)興(xing)趣。
從(cong)廟(miao)子溝遺存(cun)來看,廟(miao)子溝的先民們當時是以從(cong)事原始(shi)農(nong)業(ye)為主(zhu),同時飼養有豬(zhu)、羊、牛、狗等家畜動物,也捕(bu)獵(lie)鹿、狍、獐、虎(hu)、野山羊、羚羊等野生動物以及魚、龜、鳥類等。