芒果视频

古墓介紹

南(nan)(nan)(nan)寶力(li)皋吐(tu)(tu)聚(ju)(ju)落(luo)遺(yi)址(zhi)，位于通遼(liao)市扎魯特旗東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)約(yue)40公里，東(dong)北距道老杜蘇木(mu)10公里，南(nan)(nan)(nan)距南(nan)(nan)(nan)寶力(li)皋吐(tu)(tu)村約(yue)2公里，這里地(di)處松(song)遼(liao)分水嶺(ling)，北依大興安(an)嶺(ling)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)望(wang)科爾(er)沁沙(sha)地(di)和(he)(he)西(xi)遼(liao)河平(ping)原，東(dong)與松(song)嫩平(ping)原相通，西(xi)及西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)與西(xi)拉沐(mu)淪河流域相連，是(shi)大興安(an)嶺(ling)南(nan)(nan)(nan)麓草原與科爾(er)沁沙(sha)地(di)的(de)交會(hui)地(di)帶(dai)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)寶力(li)皋吐(tu)(tu)聚(ju)(ju)落(luo)遺(yi)存由多個墓(mu)地(di)和(he)(he)遺(yi)址(zhi)組成，它們(men)坐落(luo)在南(nan)(nan)(nan)寶力(li)皋吐(tu)(tu)村西(xi)的(de)高地(di)之上，呈(cheng)西(xi)北-東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)向一線排列。

2006～2008年(nian)，內蒙古自治(zhi)區文物(wu)考古研究(jiu)所會同科爾(er)沁博物(wu)館、扎魯特(te)旗文管(guan)所對遺(yi)址(zhi)進行(xing)了搶救性(xing)發掘，揭露(lu)面積11900平(ping)方(fang)米，清(qing)理墓葬395座、灰溝2條、灰坑37座，出土各類陶器(qi)、石（玉(yu)）器(qi)、骨、蚌器(qi)等一千五百余件。2013年(nian)，該遺(yi)址(zhi)被國務院(yuan)公(gong)布(bu)為第七批(pi)全國重(zhong)點文物(wu)保護單位。

墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)均為(wei)長方形土坑豎穴墓(mu)(mu)，開口于表(biao)(biao)土層(ceng)下。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)深淺不(bu)一(yi)，距地表(biao)(biao)最深1.3米，淺者僅0.3米。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)規模參差不(bu)齊(qi)，個別墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)發現(xian)有(you)(you)頭(tou)龕(kan)或(huo)腳龕(kan)，但少有(you)(you)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品。墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)填土為(wei)沙質黑褐色土，十分堅硬(ying)，內(nei)含少量細石(shi)器、碎(sui)陶(tao)片。墓(mu)(mu)向(xiang)皆為(wei)西北-東南向(xiang)，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式常見仰身(shen)直肢單人葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，少側身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)、俯身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，不(bu)見屈肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，極少雙人或(huo)三人合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)，少數(shu)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)沒有(you)(you)發現(xian)人骨，個別墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)明(ming)顯(xian)為(wei)兩(liang)次葬(zang)(zang)(zang)、亂葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，同時發現(xian)有(you)(you)火燒墓(mu)(mu)。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品一(yi)般(ban)置于頭(tou)頂部或(huo)肩部頭(tou)兩(liang)側，亦有(you)(you)少量置于腰或(huo)兩(liang)臂外側。

墓(mu)地(di)出土(tu)(tu)大量(liang)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)，包括陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）及骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量(liang)最大。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)筒(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罐(guan)、雙耳壺(hu)、尊、缽、豆以及異形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（人(ren)物、動(dong)物造型(xing)陶(tao)壺(hu)）。最常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)合是(shi)筒(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罐(guan)和(he)(he)雙耳壺(hu)或(huo)(huo)疊(die)唇弧腹罐(guan)。彩陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)雙耳壺(hu)、龜(gui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)壺(hu)等(deng)，多(duo)見黑彩幾何(he)紋(wen)、平行(xing)直線(xian)、動(dong)植物紋(wen)等(deng)。墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)內出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一件(jian)(jian)(jian)陶(tao)刺(ci)猬形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，整(zheng)個(ge)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)造型(xing)生動(dong)可(ke)愛，刺(ci)猬面(mian)部(bu)采(cai)用雕(diao)塑手法，雙耳外突、眼(yan)鼻內凹(ao)，巧妙地(di)將刺(ci)猬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓嘴作(zuo)為(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)口，周(zhou)身(shen)(shen)采(cai)用連續刻劃折線(xian)體現(xian)刺(ci)猬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滿身(shen)(shen)芒刺(ci)，應該為(wei)玩具(ju)或(huo)(huo)飾(shi)品(pin)。陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)三樽(zun)陶(tao)龜(gui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)壺(hu)、紅陶(tao)黑漆彩陶(tao)等(deng)，屬(shu)首次出土(tu)(tu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分為(wei)打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)磨(mo)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)于(yu)磨(mo)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)規(gui)整(zheng)，琢制(zhi)精細(xi)。打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)為(wei)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆和(he)(he)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，另有(you)少(shao)量(liang)打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)。磨(mo)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨(mo)盤和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨(mo)棒等(deng)大型(xing)生產工具(ju)。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)出土(tu)(tu)有(you)大量(liang)松石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，如斧(fu)、錛、管狀(zhuang)珠、環(huan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)墜(zhui)、片(pian)(pian)狀(zhuang)墜(zhui)以及環(huan)、璜等(deng)飾(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)眾(zhong)多(duo)出土(tu)(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，一件(jian)(jian)(jian)青石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵引人(ren)注目，該骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵為(wei)五角(jiao)蒺藜形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。此(ci)前所知骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵最早(zao)出現(xian)在(zai)東漢(han)以后，南寶(bao)力皋(gao)吐遺(yi)址出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵使這(zhe)種兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)年代向前推了幾千年。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄刀為(wei)主，尚有(you)少(shao)量(liang)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)錐、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管，蚌(bang)類隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)大多(duo)朽蝕，見有(you)少(shao)量(liang)蚌(bang)環(huan)、蚌(bang)珠等(deng)。在(zai)南寶(bao)力皋(gao)吐古墓(mu)群遺(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)，共發(fa)現(xian)四個(ge)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)角(jiao)質冠(guan)飾(shi)，出土(tu)(tu)時發(fa)現(xian)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)很緊密地(di)套箍(gu)在(zai)遺(yi)骸頭顱(lu)上，帽子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)十分明顯。經檢測(ce)發(fa)現(xian)，組(zu)成(cheng)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)剖割(ge)成(cheng)弧形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)條(tiao)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型(xing)動(dong)物肋骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、獠牙(ya)或(huo)(huo)犄(ji)角(jiao)，每(mei)個(ge)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)片(pian)(pian)兩端都有(you)孔(kong)眼(yan)，顯然是(shi)繩索穿綴用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)片(pian)(pian)長短、弧度非常講(jiang)究(jiu)，每(mei)頂冠(guan)由十五六片(pian)(pian)組(zu)成(cheng)，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)條(tiao)表面(mian)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)還(huan)覆(fu)蓋過獸皮(pi)或(huo)(huo)編織物。這(zhe)些骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國目前發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代唯(wei)一能(neng)(neng)被稱(cheng)為(wei)“冠(guan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飾(shi)物。發(fa)現(xian)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)三座位于(yu)墓(mu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心位置，隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)均非常豐(feng)富，包括陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)佩(pei)戴(dai)(dai)于(yu)墓(mu)主人(ren)頭部(bu)，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)象征著其(qi)特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)份和(he)(he)地(di)位。此(ci)外，佩(pei)戴(dai)(dai)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)均為(wei)仰(yang)身(shen)(shen)直肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼保(bao)存完好，應該是(shi)營(ying)養狀(zhuang)況(kuang)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)年人(ren)。另一件(jian)(jian)(jian)精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)梗(geng)雙玉(yu)刃(ren)短劍(jian)用骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)作(zuo)劍(jian)身(shen)(shen)，玉(yu)為(wei)刃(ren)，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)青銅短劍(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前身(shen)(shen)。

在南寶力皋吐聚落遺存中還發現了一(yi)些(xie)房址。房址平(ping)面呈“凸”字(zi)形(xing)(xing)，表土層下開口，呈方形(xing)(xing)或長方形(xing)(xing)，為半(ban)地穴式(shi)，進深與間寬(kuan)沒有(you)(you)規律，或進深大(da)，或間寬(kuan)大(da)。面積一(yi)般為 10平(ping)方米(mi)左右，大(da)者(zhe)近(jin)15平(ping)方米(mi)。墻壁保存較好，居(ju)住面及部(bu)分墻面涂抹有(you)(you)細白(bai)黏土，圓形(xing)(xing)灶(zao)多(duo)位于居(ju)住面中部(bu)近(jin)門道處，槽(cao)狀(zhuang)狹長門道為斜(xie)坡式(shi)。柱洞多(duo)位于墻壁下，數(shu)量(liang)不等，多(duo)者(zhe)十余個，少者(zhe)六七個。房址內出土遺物(wu)較多(duo)，包括陶器(qi)、石(shi)（玉(yu)）器(qi)和(he)骨(gu)蚌(bang)器(qi)，其中陶器(qi)數(shu)量(liang)最多(duo)，器(qi)形(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)筒形(xing)(xing)罐、壺、盆等。出土的(de)石(shi)器(qi)多(duo)磨(mo)制(zhi)，器(qi)形(xing)(xing)規整精(jing)細，多(duo)見(jian)(jian)斧、鑿。少量(liang)打制(zhi)石(shi)器(qi)見(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)石(shi)片、石(shi)鏟和(he)刮削器(qi)，另見(jian)(jian)極少打制(zhi)石(shi)耜(si)。石(shi)器(qi)中還出土有(you)(you)少量(liang)玉(yu)器(qi)，如斧、片狀(zhuang)墜以及璜等飾件。骨(gu)蚌(bang)器(qi)亦有(you)(you)相當(dang)數(shu)量(liang)，但多(duo)已經粉化，見(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)刀(dao)、鏟及裝飾品。

南(nan)寶力(li)皋(gao)吐聚(ju)落(luo)(luo)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)是迄(qi)今為止(zhi)內蒙(meng)古東(dong)部(bu)乃(nai)至整個東(dong)北地(di)區發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)規模(mo)最大(da)、獲取(qu)遺(yi)(yi)物最為豐富、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)面貌(mao)極其獨(du)特的(de)(de)一處新石器時代晚期的(de)(de)大(da)型聚(ju)落(luo)(luo)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)。遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)中各墓地(di)的(de)(de)墓葬(zang)形(xing)制相同(tong)，葬(zang)式、墓向統一，墓內出土陶器風格(ge)特征一致，且無打破關系，因此當屬于(yu)同(tong)一種文(wen)化(hua)(hua)種群的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)，年代距今約5000～4500 年。南(nan)寶力(li)皋(gao)吐聚(ju)落(luo)(luo)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)出土遺(yi)(yi)物品種之(zhi)多，數量之(zhi)大(da)，在以往的(de)(de)考(kao)古發現(xian)(xian)里是不多見(jian)的(de)(de)，尤其是完整的(de)(de)骨冠、管狀器、帶有護刃(ren)的(de)(de)骨梗(geng)石刃(ren)刀(dao)等均為首次發現(xian)(xian)。大(da)量復合工具的(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)，為我(wo)們(men)了(le)解科(ke)爾沁(qin)(qin)草原(yuan)史前(qian)的(de)(de)生業形(xing)態，探尋科(ke)爾沁(qin)(qin)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)源流提供(gong)了(le)珍貴的(de)(de)實物資(zi)料。

該考古發(fa)掘項目(mu)被評(ping)為“2007年(nian)中國六大考古新發(fa)現”，并(bing)得(de)“2007~2008年(nian)度田野考古獎(jiang)三等獎(jiang)”。