芒果视频

墓地介紹

一、固原北朝、隋唐墓地的(de)歷史文化內涵(han)

固原北(bei)(bei)朝(chao)、隋唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地的(de)建造時間為公(gong)元(yuan)6～7世紀,歷(li)經北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)、隋、唐(tang)三個王(wang)朝(chao)。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地的(de)考古發(fa)掘始于(yu)1982年,到2004年共(gong)發(fa)掘北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)及隋唐(tang)時期大、中(zhong)、小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬50余座(zuo),其(qi)中(zhong)著名的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬有北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)3座(zuo)、隋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)1座(zuo)、唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6座(zuo)。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出土了大量蜚聲中(zhong)外的(de)反映絲綢之路文(wen)(wen)化交流與(yu)民族(zu)(zu)遷徙的(de)珍貴文(wen)(wen)物,典型器(qi)物有鎦金銀瓶、玻璃碗(wan)、金戒指、鐵(tie)刀、東羅(luo)(luo)馬金幣、薩珊銀幣、寶(bao)石印章(zhang)、瓷器(qi)、銅(tong)器(qi)、壁畫等,還(huan)有能夠體現墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主人身世的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志及其(qi)兩具歐羅(luo)(luo)巴人即(ji)白種人的(de)骨架。出土文(wen)(wen)物內涵豐富、博大精(jing)深,具有不可比擬的(de)歷(li)史、考古、民族(zu)(zu)與(yu)藝術研究價值。

公(gong)元(yuan)4～7世紀是沙漠綠(lv)洲絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮昌(chang)盛(sheng)時期,長(安)―涼(liang)(州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)路(lu)(lu)(lu)途(tu)經(jing)(jing)寧(ning)夏境內190多(duo)(duo)公(gong)里,形成了(le)(le)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“蕭關古道(dao)”,而(er)固原(yuan)(yuan)就是古道(dao)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉重(zhong)鎮,貢使、商(shang)賈(jia)、僧侶(lv)往來頻繁(fan)、絡繹不絕,諸多(duo)(duo)民族(zu)遷徙(xi)、文化交(jiao)流、宗教(jiao)傳(chuan)播多(duo)(duo)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)此。固原(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)朝(chao)、隋唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地中(zhong)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)(duo)中(zhong)西亞器物(wu)(wu)和(he)受其(qi)風格影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器物(wu)(wu),如13枚薩珊金銀(yin)幣(bi)及其(qi)仿制品(pin),展現(xian)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)希臘、羅馬文化藝術風格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)克特(te)(te)(te)(te)里亞金屬制品(pin)――鎦金銀(yin)瓶,來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)伊朗高(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)薩珊玻璃(li)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凸釘裝飾玻璃(li)碗,微雕(diao)生(sheng)(sheng)命樹母題(ti)并刻有(you)中(zhong)古波斯銘(ming)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶石印章等,以(yi)及手(shou)握或(huo)口(kou)含金銀(yin)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬俗,證實(shi)了(le)(le)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)沿(yan)線(xian)(xian)文化傳(chuan)播的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)盛(sheng)和(he)文化交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發達。尤其(qi)是出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7盒史氏(shi)與安氏(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi),記載了(le)(le)隋唐(tang)間活(huo)動于(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)亞索格底亞那的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)即“昭武九姓(xing)”人(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史氏(shi)流寓原(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)。粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)擅長經(jing)(jing)商(shang)而(er)聞名于(yu)(yu)(yu)世,公(gong)元(yuan)3~8世紀,他(ta)們沿(yan)著(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)從(cong)撒馬爾干到長安一線(xian)(xian)建(jian)立了(le)(le)諸多(duo)(duo)商(shang)貿點(dian)和(he)定居(ju)(ju)聚落(luo),操縱著(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國際商(shang)貿活(huo)動。有(you)些也(ye)躋身于(yu)(yu)(yu)官宦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列,生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在原(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)(te)史姓(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)就是“因宦徙(xi)居(ju)(ju)”,他(ta)們均擔(dan)任(ren)原(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)上(shang)層官員。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現(xian),證明(ming)了(le)(le)這里是絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)沿(yan)線(xian)(xian)粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在中(zhong)國境內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要聚居(ju)(ju)點(dian),也(ye)為(wei)研(yan)究(jiu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)沿(yan)線(xian)(xian)粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)華(hua)化和(he)民族(zu)交(jiao)流提供了(le)(le)實(shi)物(wu)(wu)資料。經(jing)(jing)鑒定,唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)具(ju)人(ren)(ren)(ren)骨架頭骨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顱面形態具(ju)有(you)白種人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)(te)征(zheng),史籍中(zhong)關于(yu)(yu)(yu)粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面貌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記述有(you)歐羅巴(ba)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種特(te)(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)。依據(ju)體質人(ren)(ren)(ren)類學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)結果,把歐羅巴(ba)人(ren)(ren)(ren)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最東界從(cong)新疆東部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哈密地區(qu)(qu)推進到了(le)(le)寧(ning)夏南部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固原(yuan)(yuan)地區(qu)(qu),具(ju)有(you)特(te)(te)(te)(te)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義,進一步說明(ming)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)原(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性。

北(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi),固(gu)原(yuan)是著名的北(bei)方軍(jun)鎮之(zhi)一,這時(shi)(shi)又逢絲綢(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)興旺(wang)和(he)暢通的重(zhong)要(yao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)。固(gu)原(yuan)西南郊成為古人埋葬(zang)的理想之(zhi)地,不乏高(gao)官在(zai)這里營造(zao)大(da)(da)型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)。迄今已(yi)發掘北(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)十幾座,其中(zhong)北(bei)周(zhou)大(da)(da)型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)3座,即(ji)柱國(guo)大(da)(da)將軍(jun)、原(yuan)州刺史(shi)李(li)賢(xian)夫婦合葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),原(yuan)、鹽(yan)、靈、會(hui)、交五州諸(zhu)軍(jun)事(shi)、原(yuan)州刺史(shi)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),柱國(guo)大(da)(da)將軍(jun)田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這3座權臣的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)呈東西一線并列分布,自(zi)李(li)賢(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)到(dao)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)距(ju)離為1.72公(gong)里,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)到(dao)田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)距(ju)離為0.67公(gong)里。營造(zao)時(shi)(shi)間前后相距(ju)10年,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)于北(bei)周(zhou)保定五年(565),李(li)賢(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)于北(bei)周(zhou)天(tian)和(he)四年(569),田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)于北(bei)周(zhou)建德四年(575)。這些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)出土(tu)了(le)大(da)(da)批蜚聲中(zhong)外的文(wen)(wen)物(wu),尤以(yi)鎦(liu)金銀(yin)壺、凸釘(ding)裝(zhuang)飾玻(bo)璃碗(wan)等(deng)國(guo)寶級文(wen)(wen)物(wu)而著稱。

隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)時期的著(zhu)名墓(mu)葬主要有粟特人(ren)史(shi)姓墓(mu)葬6座(zuo),即大(da)(da)(da)(da)隋(sui)正議大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫右領軍(jun)驃騎(qi)將(jiang)軍(jun)史(shi)射勿墓(mu)(隋(sui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)業五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)609年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)故左親衛史(shi)道洛墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)顯慶三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)658年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)故朝請大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫平(ping)涼郡都尉史(shi)索巖與夫人(ren)安娘合(he)葬墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)麟德(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)664年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)游(you)擊將(jiang)軍(jun)、虢州刺史(shi)、直中(zhong)書(shu)省史(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)總章二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)669年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)司馭(yu)寺右十七監史(shi)鐵棒墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)咸亨元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)670年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)給事郎蘭池正監史(shi)道德(de)墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)儀風三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)678年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))。還有一座(zuo)非史(shi)姓的大(da)(da)(da)(da)周處士梁元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)珍墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)圣歷二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)699年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))。另外(wai),南塬上的諸(zhu)多唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)代中(zhong)、小型墓(mu)葬,其中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)M29中(zhong)的兩具人(ren)骨架,為(wei)男女合(he)葬,經人(ren)骨鑒(jian)定(ding),均為(wei)白種(zhong)人(ren)。

固原(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)朝(chao)、隋(sui)唐墓地具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)深刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)內(nei)涵,見(jian)證(zheng)了絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流。南北(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)興盛期(qi),大量帶有(you)(you)(you)或(huo)受中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)與波斯風格影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)方文(wen)化(hua)向東(dong)傳播,而原(yuan)(yuan)州及(ji)固原(yuan)(yuan)正處(chu)于這條(tiao)傳播路(lu)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心位置,原(yuan)(yuan)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)發現把地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海、伊(yi)(yi)朗高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)、蒙古(gu)高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)、黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)、朝(chao)鮮半(ban)島、日本海島緊密聯系(xi)(xi)起來(lai)。戎裝甲(jia)胄(zhou)、佩(pei)刀(dao)(dao)、金(jin)銀玻璃器皿、貨幣(bi)等中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)文(wen)物在北(bei)魏、北(bei)周墓葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu),便是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)據。這些隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),部分器物來(lai)自(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)和波斯地區,或(huo)受其(qi)文(wen)化(hua)影響(xiang)。北(bei)周李(li)賢夫(fu)婦墓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)4件器物來(lai)自(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)。鎦金(jin)銀壺是(shi)(shi)(shi)一件具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)薩(sa)珊風格的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)品,是(shi)(shi)(shi)希臘化(hua)對(dui)巴克特利(li)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)地區影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產物;凸釘裝飾玻璃碗是(shi)(shi)(shi)典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)薩(sa)珊朝(chao)制(zhi)品,其(qi)上(shang)(shang)凸起的(de)(de)(de)(de)凹球(qiu)面(mian)裝飾在帕提亞(ya)(ya)(ya)、薩(sa)珊時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伊(yi)(yi)朗高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)一度很流行(xing);鑲寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)金(jin)戒指(zhi),戒面(mian)藍色寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)微雕(diao)手執弧形花環的(de)(de)(de)(de)裸體(ti)人物,其(qi)母題來(lai)自(zi)(zi)薩(sa)珊,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)產地是(shi)(shi)(shi)薩(sa)珊或(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)某地;銀裝鐵刀(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)佩(pei)系(xi)(xi)方法,是(shi)(shi)(shi)公元(yuan)5世紀時(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)爾其(qi)斯坦發明,約在公元(yuan)6世紀傳到我(wo)國,并逐步取代傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)式佩(pei)系(xi)(xi)法,后又經過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳入日本。另外(wai),李(li)賢墓、宇文(wen)猛墓、田(tian)弘墓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)(ju)裝甲(jia)騎俑(yong)和武士(shi)俑(yong)、吹奏樂俑(yong)及(ji)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伎樂壁畫,反映出(chu)來(lai)自(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)樂舞的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。墓葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)羅馬(ma)金(jin)銀幣(bi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)又一重要實物見(jian)證(zheng)。

隋(sui)(sui)唐間(jian)是絲(si)(si)(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)繁榮(rong)昌盛時(shi)期(qi),隋(sui)(sui)唐墓(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)批反(fan)映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),再現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)固(gu)原的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)路(lu)(lu)(lu)重(zhong)鎮地(di)位(wei)。史(shi)射勿墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)枚金(jin)戒指(zhi)(zhi),正中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原鑲有(you)寶(bao)石(shi),這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑲寶(bao)石(shi)戒指(zhi)(zhi)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)傳(chuan)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)。史(shi)訶耽墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)藍色寶(bao)石(shi)印章(zhang),在寶(bao)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)雕刻圖案的(de)(de)(de)做法,流(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)于(yu)傳(chuan)入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)方(fang)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),其上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)銘文(wen)屬古(gu)波(bo)斯(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)帕勒維文(wen),是薩(sa)珊(shan)王朝的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)祈禱文(wen)。出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)門門額刻有(you)聯(lian)珠紋,內(nei)填(tian)怪獸,聯(lian)珠紋起源(yuan)于(yu)薩(sa)珊(shan),在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)區流(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)后東漸傳(chuan)入(ru)我國(guo),在我國(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)有(you)限,初唐以后即衰落。史(shi)道德墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)覆(fu)面(mian),獸面(mian)金(jin)飾、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)紋圓(yuan)形金(jin)飾等器(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),均表現(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)風(feng)格。覆(fu)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)與(yu)波(bo)斯(si)(si)和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)覆(fu)面(mian)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)有(you)著千絲(si)(si)(si)(si)萬縷的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系(xi),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)額飾上(shang)(shang)(shang)半月(yue)形間(jian)托一(yi)(yi)圓(yuan)形,圓(yuan)形或(huo)表示(shi)太(tai)陽(yang),與(yu)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)崇拜日月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)有(you)關。墓(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)口(kou)含金(jin)幣的(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)區有(you)著密切聯(lian)系(xi)。東羅(luo)馬(ma)(ma)金(jin)幣出(chu)(chu)土時(shi)均放(fang)置(zhi)在墓(mu)主人(ren)(ren)頭部,史(shi)道德墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)幣含在口(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口(kou)含金(jin)幣的(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)葬(zang)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)與(yu)古(gu)希(xi)(xi)臘(la)神話有(you)著聯(lian)系(xi)。據說,人(ren)(ren)去(qu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后要(yao)到遙遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)獄(yu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界,靈魂要(yao)由赫爾(er)墨斯(si)(si)領至(zhi)冥(ming)界的(de)(de)(de)門口(kou),再由卡戎用渡(du)船運過斯(si)(si)蒂克斯(si)(si)河(he),人(ren)(ren)們要(yao)付給(gei)卡戎擺渡(du)錢,而希(xi)(xi)臘(la)人(ren)(ren)把這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)錢置(zhi)于(yu)死(si)者的(de)(de)(de)口(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),后來羅(luo)馬(ma)(ma)人(ren)(ren)沿(yan)襲了(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)。20世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紀后半期(qi)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)區發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)從公元1～8世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)墓(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),都見有(you)死(si)者口(kou)含或(huo)手握金(jin)銀幣的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象,而在古(gu)希(xi)(xi)臘(la)墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)含幣的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)比中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)區要(yao)早的(de)(de)(de)多(duo),約從公元前5至(zhi)4世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紀開始。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)境內(nei)古(gu)代乃至(zhi)近現(xian)(xian)代均流(liu)(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)有(you)死(si)者口(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含玉或(huo)含珠的(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)(su)(su),但(dan)沒(mei)有(you)死(si)者口(kou)含錢幣的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)。固(gu)原史(shi)系(xi)家族墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)(su)(su),無(wu)疑(yi)是他們保(bao)留(liu)祖上(shang)(shang)(shang)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)葬(zang)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)。不(bu)(bu)難看(kan)出(chu)(chu),從北(bei)朝至(zhi)隋(sui)(sui)唐間(jian),隨著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達(da),絲(si)(si)(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)商賈絡(luo)繹不(bu)(bu)絕(jue),各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)(su)、遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)源(yuan)源(yuan)不(bu)(bu)斷流(liu)(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),固(gu)原作為絲(si)(si)(si)(si)路(lu)(lu)(lu)關隘要(yao)塞重(zhong)鎮,發(fa)現(xian)(xian)諸多(duo)反(fan)映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)就是自(zi)然(ran)之(zhi)事了(le)(le)。尤其史(shi)系(xi)家族本(ben)身(shen)作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)粟特人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)后裔,又(you)是絲(si)(si)(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)權臣,充當(dang)經貿往來、文(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)媒介是情理所在,從另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)也證實了(le)(le)隋(sui)(sui)唐間(jian)發(fa)達(da)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)。

二、固原北(bei)朝、隋唐墓地的普(pu)遍(bian)價值(zhi)

固原北(bei)朝、隋(sui)(sui)唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)彰顯(xian)了(le)(le)(le)人(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)造精神,體現了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造塋(ying)理念(nian)。古人(ren)選擇地(di)勢平坦、視(shi)野開闊(kuo)、背山面(mian)(mian)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想之地(di)作為(wei)死者靈魂(hun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安息(xi)之所。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)背靠(kao)白馬山,面(mian)(mian)臨(lin)清水(shui)河,塬地(di)開闊(kuo),環(huan)境優(you)美,符合中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)堪輿學中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風水(shui)觀。大型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)建,盛行(xing)長(chang)(chang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、多(duo)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)(jing),出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸多(duo)壁畫,鎮(zhen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)俑(yong)、出行(xing)儀仗俑(yong)、侍仆舞樂俑(yong)、庖櫥用具(ju)等(deng)器物,一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)象征墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)模(mo)仿主人(ren)生(sheng)前居(ju)所的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完備形式,體現多(duo)進院(yuan)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風格(ge),另一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)說明死者靈魂(hun)仍然能夠(gou)享受(shou)生(sheng)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲食起居(ju)與(yu)榮華富(fu)貴(gui)。這正是(shi)(shi)古人(ren)視(shi)死如生(sheng)美好(hao)愿望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真實反映(ying)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)大型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)流(liu)行(xing)長(chang)(chang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、多(duo)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,無論是(shi)(shi)庶人(ren)還是(shi)(shi)品官,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)3～7個不(bu)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)(jing),這種(zhong)現象在同一墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)出現,十分(fen)罕見。而該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現,與(yu)這里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質條件密切相關,充(chong)分(fen)考(kao)慮(lv)了(le)(le)(le)黃土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)陷性特征。在營造墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)時(shi)(shi)(shi),容易(yi)塌(ta)陷,不(bu)適宜構(gou)筑(zhu)長(chang)(chang)坡(po)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao),所以(yi)在長(chang)(chang)斜坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)上(shang)開鑿天(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)(jing),以(yi)滿足(zu)古人(ren)在構(gou)建大規模(mo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮儀需要。長(chang)(chang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、多(duo)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形式,是(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間演變與(yu)創(chuang)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。另外,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明顯(xian)特征就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)與(yu)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)(jing)上(shang)寬(kuan)下窄,這樣既便于施工,節(jie)省勞動(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間,又有(you)(you)(you)利于穩定(ding)結構(gou),反映(ying)了(le)(le)(le)隋(sui)(sui)唐間人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang)思想。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)大型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度距(ju)地(di)表均有(you)(you)(you)10尺(chi)(chi)(chi)左(zuo)右(you),符合隋(sui)(sui)唐間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造塋(ying)制度。隋(sui)(sui)唐時(shi)(shi)(shi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)距(ju)地(di)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)淺,皆有(you)(you)(you)丈尺(chi)(chi)(chi),并規定(ding)若干吉(ji)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)發掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隋(sui)(sui)唐時(shi)(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8座(zuo)大型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang),有(you)(you)(you)4座(zuo)深(shen)度屬吉(ji)尺(chi)(chi)(chi),有(you)(you)(you)4座(zuo)非(fei)吉(ji)尺(chi)(chi)(chi),但誤差均在1尺(chi)(chi)(chi)以(yi)下,若考(kao)慮(lv)換算(suan)誤差、水(shui)土(tu)流(liu)失(shi)等(deng)因素,埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang)深(shen)度應該是(shi)(shi)按照堪輿吉(ji)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)而衡定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

固(gu)原北(bei)朝、隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地體現了(le)4～7世(shi)紀絲(si)(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)繁盛時期寧夏段上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)西文化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流、商(shang)業貿(mao)易(yi)、粟特(te)民(min)族徙居(ju)與(yu)(yu)融合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實,對研究中(zhong)(zhong)古(gu)時期絲(si)(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)沿線寧夏段發達(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)、商(shang)業貿(mao)易(yi)及粟特(te)人(ren)甚至(zhi)歐羅巴(ba)人(ren)華化(hua)(hua)產生了(le)最重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響,展示了(le)文化(hua)(hua)與(yu)(yu)民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元性。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發掘,在(zai)學術界(jie)與(yu)(yu)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)界(jie)產生了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)影(ying)響。這些大(da)(da)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主人(ren)具(ju)有較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會地位,是(shi)(shi)統(tong)治(zhi)王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權臣,曾在(zai)絲(si)(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)沿線重(zhong)(zhong)鎮(zhen)擔(dan)任要(yao)職,對確(que)保絲(si)(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暢通無(wu)阻發揮過重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)作用(yong),可以說,他們是(shi)(shi)著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)(si)路(lu)(lu)人(ren)物(wu)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)中(zhong)(zhong)、西亞文物(wu)絢(xuan)麗多(duo)彩、內(nei)(nei)(nei)涵豐富(fu)(fu)(fu)、風(feng)格獨特(te)、精(jing)美無(wu)比,再現了(le)絲(si)(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)一(yi)(yi)線文化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流由西向(xiang)東逐(zhu)漸傳播的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)以及對絲(si)(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)沿線商(shang)業貿(mao)易(yi)所(suo)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)影(ying)響。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)了(le)大(da)(da)批(pi)珍貴壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),是(shi)(shi)北(bei)朝隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)間(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)發現。北(bei)周(zhou)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)李賢夫婦合(he)(he)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道、過洞、天(tian)井(jing)、甬道、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室繪(hui)有手持或肩(jian)扛儀刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)士、門樓、侍女等(deng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),宇文猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)僅存(cun)第(di)五天(tian)井(jing)東一(yi)(yi)幅(fu)武(wu)(wu)士圖,田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室及甬道繪(hui)有壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),隋(sui)(sui)史(shi)射(she)勿(wu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道、天(tian)井(jing)、過洞和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室繪(hui)制手持儀刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)士、手持笏板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文官(guan)、門樓、侍女等(deng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),唐(tang)史(shi)索巖墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)保存(cun)有第(di)五過洞上方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)幅(fu)朱雀圖。這些壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)豐富(fu)(fu)(fu)、繪(hui)制水平較高,尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)北(bei)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),人(ren)物(wu)面部(bu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)與(yu)(yu)敦煌西魏(wei)北(bei)周(zhou)窟(ku)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)像面部(bu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)近似,說明當時原州與(yu)(yu)敦煌地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)集團(tuan)之(zhi)間(jian)存(cun)在(zai)著某種交(jiao)流,并填補了(le)西魏(wei)至(zhi)北(bei)周(zhou)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空白(bai),是(shi)(shi)北(bei)朝畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)發現,具(ju)有十(shi)分重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。隋(sui)(sui)史(shi)射(she)勿(wu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)座大(da)(da)型壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),為隋(sui)(sui)代(dai)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)所(suo)稀見(jian),豐富(fu)(fu)(fu)了(le)這個(ge)時期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong),藝(yi)術價值(zhi)極(ji)高。

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)發現了(le)隋唐(tang)(tang)時期“昭(zhao)武九姓(xing)”之(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)系(xi)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)家(jia)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang),出(chu)土(tu)7盒墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)《隋正議(yi)大夫(fu)右(you)領軍驃(piao)騎將軍史(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)故左親(qin)衛史(shi)道(dao)洛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)故朝請大夫(fu)平(ping)涼(liang)郡(jun)都(dou)尉史(shi)索巖夫(fu)婦墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)游擊將軍、虢(guo)州刺史(shi)、直中(zhong)(zhong)書省史(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)司馭寺右(you)十七監史(shi)鐵棒墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)給(gei)事郎蘭池正監史(shi)道(dao)德墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》,反映了(le)絲綢之(zhi)路(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)民族(zu)遷(qian)徙與(yu)交(jiao)融(rong)(rong)。這些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)具有(you)極高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)料(liao)價(jia)值(zhi),不僅記載了(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)平(ping)事跡,而且從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)記載分析可知(zhi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)屬(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)亞粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)僑(qiao)民,即(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)亞“昭(zhao)武九姓(xing)”之(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)姓(xing),他們是(shi)沿(yan)著絲綢之(zhi)路(lu)一線逐步遷(qian)徙落籍固(gu)原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de),并擔任地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)級(ji)官職。更重要的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),這為研究(jiu)當時落籍固(gu)原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)系(xi)家(jia)族(zu)及粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)東遷(qian)后的(de)(de)(de)許(xu)多(duo)歷史(shi)問題提供了(le)實物資料(liao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)還有(you)諸多(duo)下(xia)層(ceng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士的(de)(de)(de)無墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)記載的(de)(de)(de)小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang),體現了(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)擁有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣性。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)展(zhan)示的(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)(zang)俗,不論是(shi)上層(ceng)達官,還是(shi)下(xia)層(ceng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士,也不分中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)漢民族(zu)與(yu)外國(guo)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)僑(qiao)民,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形制(zhi)均使用墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)洞室(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),一律實行土(tu)葬(zang)(zang),葬(zang)(zang)俗完(wan)全本土(tu)化,充分說(shuo)明了(le)不同人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種在同一地(di)(di)(di)區生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)趨同化,也表(biao)現出(chu)了(le)文(wen)化從多(duo)元向一體交(jiao)融(rong)(rong)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。

固(gu)原(yuan)北(bei)朝(chao)、隋(sui)(sui)唐墓(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)深厚(hou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)內(nei)涵,為(wei)(wei)曾(ceng)(ceng)經發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明和(he)已經消逝的(de)(de)(de)粟(su)特民(min)(min)族及(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳統提(ti)供了(le)(le)特殊見證。恢弘龐雜、貫通(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu),已被現代文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明程度更(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)柏油坦蕩(dang)之(zhi)路(lu)取代,昔日駝鈴聲聲的(de)(de)(de)商隊(dui)不(bu)復存在(zai),取而(er)代之(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)疾馳(chi)往(wang)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)各種車輛。只有沿線遺留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)古跡(ji)、遺址、城(cheng)垣、墓(mu)(mu)地(di)見證著(zhu)絲(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)輝(hui)煌與(yu)偉大,訴(su)說著(zhu)絲(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)上曾(ceng)(ceng)經發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)切。該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)便是(shi)一(yi)例(li),靜謐的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)地(di),拂去歷史的(de)(de)(de)塵封,揭開(kai)神秘的(de)(de)(de)面紗,顯示出(chu)了(le)(le)絲(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)上發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)、商業(ye)貿(mao)易與(yu)民(min)(min)族遷(qian)徙融合(he)的(de)(de)(de)事實(shi),為(wei)(wei)北(bei)朝(chao)隋(sui)(sui)唐間(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)、人種的(de)(de)(de)多樣性和(he)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)華化(hua)提(ti)供了(le)(le)獨特而(er)又特殊的(de)(de)(de)見證。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),尤其是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),反映出(chu)絲(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)上商貿(mao)的(de)(de)(de)繁榮,使(shi)得中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)亞各種奢侈品源源不(bu)斷(duan)運(yun)來(lai),并留(liu)在(zai)了(le)(le)絲(si)路(lu)重鎮(zhen)固(gu)原(yuan),有些伴隨著(zhu)主(zhu)人到了(le)(le)靈魂(hun)世界,仍相廝守。同時,該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境內(nei)發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)規模最大的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞粟(su)特人墓(mu)(mu)葬群(qun),不(bu)啻為(wei)(wei)粟(su)特人創造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明和(he)已經消亡的(de)(de)(de)粟(su)特人提(ti)供了(le)(le)特殊見證。隋(sui)(sui)唐時期,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)史籍把活動于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞地(di)區阿姆(mu)河(he)與(yu)錫爾河(he)之(zhi)間(jian)索格底亞那地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)粟(su)特人統稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“昭武九(jiu)姓”,即康國(guo)(guo)(guo)、何國(guo)(guo)(guo)、米國(guo)(guo)(guo)、史國(guo)(guo)(guo)、曹國(guo)(guo)(guo)、石國(guo)(guo)(guo)、安(an)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、火尋、戊地(di)九(jiu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。流(liu)寓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)粟(su)特人,均(jun)以(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)姓,素以(yi)善(shan)于(yu)經商著(zhu)稱(cheng)于(yu)世,利(li)之(zhi)所在(zai),不(bu)遠千里,他們通(tong)過絲(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)來(lai)往(wang)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)間(jian),進行國(guo)(guo)(guo)際商貿(mao)活動,且擔當(dang)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)傳播者(zhe)。固(gu)原(yuan)發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)史系(xi)家族墓(mu)(mu)葬便屬(shu)“昭武九(jiu)姓”之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)史姓。墓(mu)(mu)葬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)志及(ji)相關(guan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),是(shi)研究(jiu)史系(xi)家族以(yi)及(ji)其他外國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑民(min)(min)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境內(nei)生(sheng)活狀況的(de)(de)(de)珍貴實(shi)物(wu)資料。