芒果视频

發現

當地農民在此發現了一座木(mu)槨墓（編號(hao)為M1），經專業(ye)人員(yuan)清理出銅器20余件，為春秋時期遺物。墓之(zhi)附近還(huan)發現過數量不少的馬銜(xian)鑣之(zhi)類的車馬器。

出土文物

嘴子前墓群部分出土文物

墓葬未(wei)經(jing)盜擾，出(chu)土器(qi)(qi)物頗豐，多達240余(yu)(yu)件(jian)。其中銅器(qi)(qi)60余(yu)(yu)件(jian)、漆木器(qi)(qi)40余(yu)(yu)件(jian)、玉器(qi)(qi)和石器(qi)(qi)10余(yu)(yu)件(jian)，其他為陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)。

隨(sui)葬(zang)器物(wu)中(zhong)以青(qing)銅禮(li)器組合(he)較為顯眼，有七(qi)(qi)鼎(ding)，一(yi)套編(bian)鐘（由七(qi)(qi)件(jian)甬鐘組成）、壺、盤、匜等。七(qi)(qi)鼎(ding)乃諸侯(hou)的(de)(de)禮(li)數，此(ci)墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)七(qi)(qi)鼎(ding)并非(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)格意義上的(de)(de)列(lie)鼎(ding)，在當(dang)時重諸侯(hou)輕(qing)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)和風行厚葬(zang)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，一(yi)些貴族以越禮(li)的(de)(de)方式(shi)進(jin)行自我標(biao)榜自我滿(man)足的(de)(de)現象十分(fen)常見，如諸侯(hou)用天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)之禮(li)、卿大夫用諸侯(hou)之禮(li)。嘴(zui)子(zi)(zi)前(qian)四號墓(mu)(mu)用七(qi)(qi)鼎(ding)大概正是(shi)(shi)(shi)基于此(ci)種形(xing)勢，以不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)標(biao)準的(de)(de)列(lie)鼎(ding)來張(zhang)揚自己的(de)(de)虛榮心(xin)，并且在出土的(de)(de)遺物(wu)中(zhong)見有正、背(bei)面均鎏(liu)金的(de)(de)革甲飾(shi)片(pian)。鎏(liu)金工藝(yi)并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)單(dan)純的(de)(de)裝飾(shi)藝(yi)術，它能象征權勢，不(bu)(bu)過還得有相當(dang)級別才能用，除(chu)非(fei)墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)僭越用禮(li)。那么(me)M4墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以何(he)種資本來夸張(zhang)自己的(de)(de)呢？不(bu)(bu)妨來看看他的(de)(de)身份如何(he)。

M4中出有兩件帶(dai)銘(ming)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，其一(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)銅(tong)(tong)盂，刻銘(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“所為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下□盂”。其義已為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)學者所考，?釋作(zuo)“圣”字，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)名(ming)；即進(jin)(jin)獻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意；為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)即“媯(gui)”了，是(shi)(shi)(shi)諸侯陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姓(xing)；即“寢(qin)(qin)”字，下寢(qin)(qin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)宮室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)，盂為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)。整句話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)，圣進(jin)(jin)獻媯(gui)氏(shi)下寢(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盂。另一(yi)銅(tong)(tong)甗(yan)也(ye)有銘(ming)文(wen)，四行(xing)十七(qi)字，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“（陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)）樂君?，乍（作(zuo)）其旅獻（甗(yan)）用(yong)□眉壽 無(wu)疆(jiang)永(yong)用(yong)止(zhi)”。第(di)一(yi)行(xing)中“樂君”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食邑于樂（地(di)名(ming)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)夫(fu)，“?”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)名(ming)，即作(zuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)者。第(di)二(er)行(xing)意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甗(yan)。第(di)三(san)、四行(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)套話(hua)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吉祥用(yong)語。此兩件器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)均與(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有關(guan)，盂銘(ming)中有陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”（媯(gui)），甗(yan)銘(ming)則(ze)有“?”（陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)）。據史(shi)載，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)處河南淮水流域，齊桓公(gong)時期，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)亂，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公(gong)子完(wan)逃亡(wang)至東(dong)方齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)避難，齊桓公(gong)收留了他(ta)并任他(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)職，于是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)不(bu)再稱本(ben)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)故號，“改陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)田(tian)氏(shi)”。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后裔在(zai)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)日益權重，傳至第(di)七(qi)代(dai)田(tian)常，已位至齊相，權傾朝(chao)野，第(di)十代(dai)田(tian)和，直接廢了齊王(wang)，自(zi)立為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)齊王(wang)，姜齊亡(wang)，田(tian)齊立。由(you)其發家(jia)史(shi)可以(yi)看出田(tian)氏(shi)代(dai)齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)在(zai)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)張狂氣(qi)勢。海(hai)陽(yang)地(di)處膠東(dong)半島，而第(di)七(qi)代(dai)田(tian)常曾(ceng)將整個膠東(dong)半島劃作(zuo)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)邑，他(ta)雖(sui)身(shen)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都，但(dan)必定遷自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)家(jia)族(zu)去(qu)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)邑，海(hai)陽(yang)嘴(zui)子前(qian)(qian)四號墓(mu)出土(tu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)應(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)某(mou)支田(tian)氏(shi)貴族(zu)家(jia)用(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)，墓(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)大(da)(da)概在(zai)生前(qian)(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)方小貴族(zu)，仗本(ben)家(jia)族(zu)在(zai)朝(chao)權勢，厚(hou)葬僭禮(li)而無(wu)所顧(gu)忌(ji)。嘴(zui)子前(qian)(qian)墓(mu)地(di)應(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這支田(tian)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)家(jia)族(zu)墓(mu)地(di)，M1曾(ceng)遭破壞，遺物(wu)(wu)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)流佚(yi)，但(dan)仍出土(tu)一(yi)套7件銅(tong)(tong)編鐘，制作(zuo)較精致，且(qie)在(zai)其附近出土(tu)過車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)具，其級別應(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)M4墓(mu)相近，但(dan)時間(jian)早晚(wan)不(bu)同。M2規模較小，但(dan)仍出土(tu)少許當(dang)時視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

歷史記載

習俗

春秋戰國(guo)之際舊禮(li)日(ri)漸崩(beng)潰，一些新(xin)的(de)(de)跡象出(chu)現(xian)。嘴子前墓葬中(zhong)(zhong)除了(le)禮(li)器(qi)之外(wai)，還(huan)有(you)許(xu)多頗具生活(huo)情(qing)趣(qu)的(de)(de)日(ri)常用(yong)器(qi)，如(ru)一件銅帶鉤(gou)，作一驚立待走的(de)(de)小(xiao)獸形象，十分(fen)逼真可愛。另有(you)許(xu)多漆木器(qi)，有(you)俎、罐、勺和梳子等。這些新(xin)氣息的(de)(de)凸現(xian)與(yu)舊禮(li)制的(de)(de)莊(zhuang)嚴肅穆(mu)相對立，正與(yu)當時社會(hui)上如(ru)火如(ru)荼的(de)(de)改革和開放(fang)氣息相映，一種新(xin)的(de)(de)局(ju)面已經在人們的(de)(de)生活(huo)和埋葬習(xi)俗中(zhong)(zhong)開始出(chu)現(xian)。

貴族墓地

山(shan)東(dong)省海陽市的(de)(de)嘴子前村，是(shi)一(yi)處(chu)(chu)典型的(de)(de)丘陵山(shan)鄉。它的(de)(de)北部是(shi)綿(mian)延起伏的(de)(de)招(zhao)虎山(shan)，往南要經過十(shi)余公里的(de)(de)盤曲山(shan)谷才能到(dao)達(da)半(ban)島(dao)的(de)(de)南海岸。就是(shi)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)地點，卻(que)發現了(le)一(yi)處(chu)(chu)十(shi)分重要的(de)(de)東(dong)周墓群(qun)，幾(ji)次(ci)出土了(le)大批(pi)文物，其數量之(zhi)多，規(gui)格之(zhi)高，在(zai)膠(jiao)東(dong)地區當屬(shu)首(shou)次(ci)。

這(zhe)處(chu)墓群位于嘴子前村東北的一個山(shan)前黃土(tu)臺(tai)地(di)上。這(zhe)里大部(bu)分(fen)被平整成了農田，少部(bu)分(fen)依然是溝(gou)壑縱(zong)橫的高臺(tai)地(di)。農民在這(zhe)里種地(di)取土(tu)，經常可以(yi)發現零星(xing)的銅器如箭(jian)頭、馬銜、車環(huan)之類(lei)，便猜想這(zhe)是一處(chu)古代屯兵之地(di)，于是這(zhe)里的地(di)名便被稱作“養軍場”。

在七(qi)十年(nian)代大規模(mo)整修(xiu)農田時，農民曾在這(zhe)里發現(xian)過一大批(pi)(pi)堆(dui)放(fang)整齊的馬銜(xian)、車器等銅器(這(zhe)批(pi)(pi)器物曾發表(biao)在《文物》1985年(nian)第(di)3期上)。

1978年(nian)初春，該村農民(min)(min)在此掘(jue)毀(hui)(hui)一墓(mu)(編號M1)。墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)重(zhong)槨單棺，木(mu)器、陶(tao)器悉被(bei)丟(diu)棄毀(hui)(hui)壞，僅(jin)銅器被(bei)文物部分追繳(jiao)收回，玉器出土數量較少，據稱均(jun)為管、珠一類的(de)(de)小飾件(jian)(jian)，至(zhi)今尚有(you)部分散(san)存于村民(min)(min)手中(zhong)(zhong)。此次出土的(de)(de)銅器有(you)盤、盆、簋(gui)、壺、、削(xue)、戈、矛(mao)、鏃、編鐘(zhong)等，收集到的(de)(de)一個銅鼎蓋和獸面(mian)紋(wen)的(de)(de)壺耳，紋(wen)飾都很精美(mei)，可惜(xi)這(zhe)些(xie)鼎、壺等十分重(zhong)要的(de)(de)銅器卻至(zhi)今不知下落。出土的(de)(de)編鐘(zhong)共有(you)7件(jian)(jian)，兩件(jian)(jian)大的(de)(de)為鈕(niu)鐘(zhong)，其余小的(de)(de)為甬鐘(zhong)。鈕(niu)鐘(zhong)器形較大，通高43.5厘米，重(zhong)11.6公斤(jin)，氣象莊重(zhong)，紋(wen)飾精美(mei)。

1985年(nian)，海陽縣博(bo)物(wu)館搶(qiang)救清理了(le)一(yi)座墓(mu)，編號為(wei)(wei)M2。出土器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)較少，大(da)(da)部分為(wei)(wei)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)，內中有(you)少數(shu)為(wei)(wei)仿銅(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)，如獸頭匜等(deng)。銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)只出土了(le)3件，鼎、盆。 1994年(nian)，這(zhe)(zhe)里M4的(de)發掘是收獲最(zui)為(wei)(wei)豐富的(de)一(yi)次(ci)。該墓(mu)為(wei)(wei)土壙，因青膏泥的(de)封護作用，墓(mu)內的(de)重槨單棺保護基本完好(hao)，很多漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)、木器(qi)(qi)(qi)如壺、罐、俎(zu)、勺、戈(ge)柄等(deng)也都形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)依(yi)舊，色澤如新。出土器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)總(zong)數(shu)達(da)240余(yu)件，其(qi)中銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)60余(yu)件。主要有(you)鼎7，編鐘(zhong)9，壺、盆、簋各(ge)2，盂(yu)、甗(yan)、匜、各(ge)1。其(qi)它尚(shang)有(you)戈(ge)、劍(jian)等(deng)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)形(xing)(xing)制、紋(wen)飾有(you)的(de)十分精美。一(yi)甗(yan)一(yi)盂(yu)還(huan)有(you)銘文(wen)。其(qi)中盂(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)碩大(da)(da)，通高47厘米，口徑69.5厘米，四只獸頭形(xing)(xing)大(da)(da)耳，通體飾華(hua)麗的(de)龍紋(wen)，是這(zhe)(zhe)批銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中最(zui)為(wei)(wei)精彩的(de)一(yi)件。

由以上出土情(qing)形可(ke)(ke)以看出，嘴子(zi)(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群是(shi)(shi)一處規(gui)格很高的貴族墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地，僅(jin)僅(jin)發現過三(san)個墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，便有兩(liang)座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中使用成套(tao)的編鐘(zhong)(zhong)，且有多重棺槨(guo)以及其(qi)他貴重銅禮器(qi)。《墨子(zi)(zi)·節(jie)葬(zang)(zang)》曾對當時的貴族墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)風習做了如(ru)下描繪：“今(jin)王公大(da)人之(zhi)(zhi)為葬(zang)(zang)埋，……必大(da)棺(棺之(zhi)(zhi)在表(biao)者也。即槨(guo))中棺，革(ge)貴(革(ge)繡也)三(san)操，璧玉即具，戈劍鼎鼓壺濫(鑒)，文(wen)繡素(su)練，大(da)鞅(馬(ma)具)萬領，輿馬(ma)女樂皆具，曰必捶(chui)土余(yu)(使堅實)，差(cha)通壟(做墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道)，雖凡山陵，此(ci)為輟(chuo)民之(zhi)(zhi)事，糜民之(zhi)(zhi)財，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)計也。”《呂氏(shi)春秋》也論(lun)：“國彌(mi)大(da)，家彌(mi)富(fu)，葬(zang)(zang)彌(mi)厚。含珠鱗施，夫玩好貨寶，鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼎壺濫、輿馬(ma)衣被戈劍不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)數(shu)(shu)，諸養生之(zhi)(zhi)具無不(bu)(bu)從(cong)者。題湊之(zhi)(zhi)室，棺槨(guo)數(shu)(shu)襲，積(ji)石積(ji)炭，以環(huan)其(qi)外。”可(ke)(ke)見墓(mu)(mu)(mu)壙規(gui)模，棺槨(guo)重數(shu)(shu)，車馬(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)、鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼎之(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)、器(qi)物數(shu)(shu)量等，均是(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主身份地位的重要表(biao)征(zheng)。對照之(zhi)(zhi)下，嘴子(zi)(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群應該(gai)是(shi)(shi)這樣一處貴族墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地。

膠東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島(dao)，在(zai)先(xian)秦文(wen)(wen)獻中是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)絕(jue)少(shao)被提到的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)，后(hou)代史家，也往(wang)往(wang)以(yi)“萊夷之地(di)”統(tong)而言之。膠東(dong)(dong)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)秦古國(guo)，聲名(ming)最為顯赫的(de)(de)(de)要算是(shi)(shi)萊國(guo)。它(ta)在(zai)周初曾與就封(feng)于(yu)齊的(de)(de)(de)太公呂望(wang)“爭營丘”，可見具有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定勢(shi)力。萊的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)地(di)在(zai)膠東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島(dao)的(de)(de)(de)西北部黃水河流(liu)(liu)域，今龍口市歸(gui)城(cheng)即(ji)為其故(gu)(gu)(gu)都遺址。那里出土有(you)(you)銘(ming)銅器較多，可說是(shi)(shi)嘴子(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)群發現(xian)之前(qian)出土文(wen)(wen)物規(gui)格(ge)最高的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)地(di)點。但歸(gui)城(cheng)是(shi)(shi)人所共知的(de)(de)(de)萊國(guo)故(gu)(gu)(gu)地(di)，而嘴子(zi)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)從未聞有(you)(you)何(he)(he)古國(guo)于(yu)此立(li)國(guo)。齊國(guo)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)莒萊后(hou)，膠東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島(dao)盡(jin)為齊地(di)。但齊之政治中心自在(zai)濰淄流(liu)(liu)域的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)都臨(lin)淄一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)，相比之下，膠東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島(dao)無異是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)遙遠的(de)(de)(de)邊陲之地(di)。這樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)偏僻的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)，緣何(he)(he)能出現(xian)嘴子(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)群這樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)貴族墓(mu)地(di)呢？

嘴子前墓群M4出土(tu)盂、甗上的(de)兩篇銘文，可能(neng)正是回答(da)這個問題的(de)鑰匙。

禮器和兵器

嘴子前墓群出土文物

甗(yan)(yan)銘位(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)甗(yan)(yan)內(nei)壁，系(xi)鑄(zhu)成，四(si)行(xing)共十(shi)七(qi)(qi)字(zi)(zi)：“敶(zhen)(zhen)樂君(jun)豆乍(作(zuo))其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)旅獻(xian)(xian)(甗(yan)(yan))，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽無疆(jiang)(jiang)永用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)止”。由(you)文(wen)意可(ke)知，此(ci)甗(yan)(yan)系(xi)一(yi)位(wei)(wei)陳(chen)氏貴族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。陳(chen)字(zi)(zi)右(you)側有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)@旁，當系(xi)陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)。陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)在(zai)(zai)今河南淮(huai)陽一(yi)帶，以(yi)(yi)往(wang)曾(ceng)多有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)土，傳世(shi)品中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)許多陳(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)見(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)著錄(lu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陳(chen)字(zi)(zi)寫(xie)(xie)法均(jun)與此(ci)甗(yan)(yan)銘無二(er)。齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)一(yi)般均(jun)見(jian)(jian)加土如(ru)“@”者，與陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“敶(zhen)(zhen)”絕不相混。山東肥城縣小(xiao)王(wang)家(jia)1963年曾(ceng)出(chu)陳(chen)壺(hu)等器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)銘曰“敶(zhen)(zhen)侯(hou)作(zuo)@@壺(hu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)萬年永寶(bao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)”，可(ke)知是(shi)陪嫁的(de)(de)(de)@器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，來(lai)(lai)源也(ye)(ye)是(shi)陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。1978年，山東沂水縣劉家(jia)店子(zi)(zi)@國(guo)(guo)(guo)貴族墓(mu)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)套鈴(ling)鐘，共九件(jian)。鐘銘為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“敶(zhen)(zhen)大喪(sang)史中(zhong)高乍(作(zuo))鈴(ling)鐘，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽無疆(jiang)(jiang)，子(zi)(zi)=孫=永寶(bao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)止”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陳(chen)字(zi)(zi)寫(xie)(xie)法，文(wen)體(ti)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)語均(jun)與陳(chen)樂君(jun)甗(yan)(yan)一(yi)致，無疑(yi)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。樂其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)豆，應即器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)邑在(zai)(zai)樂，故稱(cheng)樂君(jun)，豆即其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人不詳，但此(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)陳(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)無疑(yi)。 盂(yu)(yu)(yu)銘在(zai)(zai)口(kou)沿上(shang)(shang)，系(xi)刻成，一(yi)行(xing)共七(qi)(qi)字(zi)(zi)：“圣所獻(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)”。文(wen)意為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞。第一(yi)字(zi)(zi)“圣”，當為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)。第四(si)字(zi)(zi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”即“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”。前述陳(chen)侯(hou)壺(hu)銘中(zhong)此(ci)字(zi)(zi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)女(nv)旁，與盂(yu)(yu)(yu)銘“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”字(zi)(zi)形異(yi)義同(tong)。文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)見(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)這種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)法：“不圖為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)樂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至于(yu)(yu)斯也(ye)(ye)。” 為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，虞舜(shun)(shun)居溈(gui)內(nei)，因以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氏。周(zhou)初封舜(shun)(shun)后(hou)胡公滿(man)于(yu)(yu)陳(chen)以(yi)(yi)奉舜(shun)(shun)祀，后(hou)以(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氏，故《左(zuo)傳·莊(zhuang)公二(er)十(shi)二(er)年》注曰：“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，陳(chen)姓(xing)也(ye)(ye)。”可(ke)知盂(yu)(yu)(yu)銘中(zhong)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”即是(shi)陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姓(xing)，此(ci)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陳(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。銘文(wen)末三字(zi)(zi)“下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)”，表(biao)明此(ci)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)中(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)當為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi)名(ming)稱(cheng)。《周(zhou)禮》記：“宮(gong)(gong)(gong)人掌王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修(xiu)。”《鄭(zheng)注》：“六寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)者，路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)五……，路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)(yi)治事，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)(yi)時燕息焉。”又(you)，《賈疏》：“天子(zi)(zi)六寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，則諸侯(hou)當有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，亦路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)，燕寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)，側室(shi)一(yi)。”《晏子(zi)(zi)春秋·外(wai)篇》中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：“景(jing)(jing)公做路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，曰：‘美哉室(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)誰將有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)乎？”在(zai)(zai)這里，齊景(jing)(jing)公是(shi)出(chu)于(yu)(yu)對(dui)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)運的(de)(de)(de)擔憂而發出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)感嘆，謂其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，不定(ding)由(you)誰來(lai)(lai)取而代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新主。換言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這里提(ti)到的(de)(de)(de)路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，便是(shi)君(jun)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)象征。可(ke)見(jian)(jian)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)，當是(shi)一(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)泛稱(cheng)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)本來(lai)(lai)分(fen)類較繁，加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)別不同(tong)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)稱(cheng)亦異(yi)，可(ke)能對(dui)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)叫法也(ye)(ye)各(ge)各(ge)不一(yi)。除前文(wen)提(ti)到的(de)(de)(de)路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、燕寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，還見(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)外(wai)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《儀禮·喪(sang)服》)、大寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《禮記·檀弓下(xia)》)等，獨不見(jian)(jian)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)。推測其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)位(wei)(wei)當低于(yu)(yu)路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)或大寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，但總是(shi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，往(wang)往(wang)與“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”字(zi)(zi)連稱(cheng)。如(ru)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)，銅(tong)(tong)戈(ge)(ge)銘文(wen)中(zhong)多見(jian)(jian)。“@@@寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)”，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)(ge)戈(ge)(ge)頭短小(xiao)，長16.5厘米，只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)穿，銘在(zai)(zai)內(nei)上(shang)(shang)。這種(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)戈(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)點像嘴子(zi)(zi)前墓(mu)群M4中(zhong)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)二(er)件(jian)戈(ge)(ge)。M4之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戈(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)木柄長度僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1.08米，可(ke)見(jian)(jian)是(shi)短兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，不宜(yi)野戰(zhan)，應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi)內(nei)護衛(wei)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。《左(zuo)傳·襄公二(er)十(shi)八年》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“王(wang)何執寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)”，《正義》：寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)，親近兵杖(zhang)也(ye)(ye)。由(you)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)數例(li)，可(ke)知寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵。類此(ci)，寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)當系(xi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)名(ming)稱(cheng)。M4的(de)(de)(de)這件(jian)形質碩大的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)就(jiu)是(shi)原來(lai)(lai)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)重器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。

M4出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)器(qi)中還有一些，如花紋精美(mei)繁復的(de)(de)(de)，如形制特(te)異的(de)(de)(de)鈹，都(dou)是具(ju)有陳楚(chu)風格特(te)點的(de)(de)(de)禮器(qi)和兵器(qi)，加上前述的(de)(de)(de)盂(yu)、甗，可(ke)知(zhi)如此眾多(duo)數(shu)量的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物，竟都(dou)來(lai)自(zi)陳國！

宮廷變亂

由(you)以上對甗(yan)、盂銘文和一些器物(wu)特征的(de)認識，可知嘴子前墓(mu)群(qun)的(de)許(xu)多重(zhong)要器物(wu)甚至宮廷禮儀重(zhong)器均屬(shu)陳國。那么，它們(men)如何來到(dao)遙遠東方的(de)齊國東鄙之地？披閱(yue)陳國史葉(xie)，原來這與陳國宮廷的(de)兩次變亂(luan)有關。

第一次變亂發(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)元前672年(齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)十四年，陳(chen)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)二(er)十一年)。陳(chen)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)欲立寵姬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)而(er)殺太子(zi)御(yu)寇，陳(chen)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)完與太子(zi)交好，恐(kong)怕“禍及(ji)己，乃奔齊(qi)(qi)” 。楚齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)“欲使以為(wei)卿(qing)，讓。于是以為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)”。工(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)是掌管匠(jiang)作百工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)官職(zhi)。陳(chen)楚一帶南方地(di)區制(zhi)造工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝發(fa)達已被今(jin)天(tian)的(de)考古發(fa)現(xian)所證(zheng)明(ming)，嘴(zui)子(zi)前墓群(qun)中出土陳(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器的(de)精美也是絕好例(li)證(zheng)。陳(chen)完奔齊(qi)(qi)，可能(neng)(neng)也帶來(lai)先進的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技術。當時的(de)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)管仲輔(fu)佐下(xia)，正(zheng)雄(xiong)心勃勃建(jian)立其“九合諸侯，一匡天(tian)下(xia)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)霸(ba)業(ye)。他招(zhao)賢納士，任用(yong)陳(chen)完為(wei)掌管百工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)也并非無稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)談。但說(shuo)意欲任用(yong)陳(chen)完為(wei)卿(qing)，先輩學(xue)者已指(zhi)出可能(neng)(neng)與事實不符(fu)。這與史(shi)籍中卜辭所言“有為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，將(jiang)育于姜(jiang)，五世其昌，并與正(zheng)卿(qing)，八世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與京”一樣，恐(kong)怕都是田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)其族顯榮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)為(wei)其祖先附會(hui)編造的(de)過譽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞。但無論如何，陳(chen)完奔齊(qi)(qi)，打下(xia)了(le)陳(chen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)日后(hou)(hou)(hou)在(zai)(zai)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)發(fa)展的(de)根基。自(zi)此，陳(chen)完之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族“不欲稱本(ben)國(guo)故號(hao)，故改陳(chen)字為(wei)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。”改田(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)因由(you)，有云(yun)是“食(shi)菜地(di)于田(tian)，由(you)是改姓田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)”，有云(yun)是“以陳(chen)、田(tian)二(er)字聲(sheng)相(xiang)近，遂以為(wei)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)”。

田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族在(zai)田(tian)完(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，至(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)桓子(zi)(zi)無(wu)(wu)宇時逐(zhu)漸發展起(qi)來。他(ta)(ta)大(da)約是一(yi)(yi)個孔武有力的(de)武夫，“事莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)，甚(shen)有寵”。六世(shi)(shi)(shi)田(tian)僖子(zi)(zi)乞，“事景(jing)公(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)大(da)夫”。“其收賦稅于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)以(yi)(yi)小斗受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其稟于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)以(yi)(yi)大(da)斗，行陰德于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)……由此田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)得齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)眾心(xin)，宗族益強(qiang)”。并(bing)“樹黨于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)諸侯”。可見這是一(yi)(yi)個心(xin)懷異志、深(shen)謀遠慮的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治家。一(yi)(yi)帶名相(xiang)晏(yan)嬰(ying)對此洞若觀火，深(shen)明田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)用(yong)心(xin)。“晏(yan)嬰(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晉，與(yu)叔向私語曰：‘齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)卒(zu)歸(gui)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)。田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)雖無(wu)(wu)大(da)德，以(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)權(quan)私，有德于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)，民(min)愛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’”果然不出(chu)晏(yan)嬰(ying)所料，在(zai)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)死(si)后，田(tian)乞殺(sha)高昭子(zi)(zi)、國惠子(zi)(zi)兩(liang)大(da)強(qiang)宗，在(zai)私宅中以(yi)(yi)脅迫(po)手段擁立(li)新(xin)君(齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)悼公(gong)(gong))，并(bing)廢殺(sha)國君晏(yan)孺(ru)子(zi)(zi)，“為(wei)(wei)相(xiang)，專(zhuan)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)”。七世(shi)(shi)(shi)田(tian)成子(zi)(zi)常(chang)是一(yi)(yi)個歷(li)史上(shang)人所熟知的(de)人物，在(zai)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)代姜(jiang)(jiang)的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)變(bian)中起(qi)了相(xiang)當關鍵的(de)作用(yong)。他(ta)(ta)的(de)形跡(ji)略如乃父田(tian)乞。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)“復僖子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)”，延攬民(min)心(xin)，一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)在(zai)宮廷(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內排除異己。殺(sha)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)監(jian)止及(ji)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)簡公(gong)(gong)，立(li)平公(gong)(gong)，又“盡誅公(gong)(gong)族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)者(zhe)”，終于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)使“齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)歸(gui)田(tian)常(chang)”。其后八世(shi)(shi)(shi)襄(xiang)子(zi)(zi)盤、九世(shi)(shi)(shi)莊(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)白、十世(shi)(shi)(shi)太公(gong)(gong)和(he)均世(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)，獨擅齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)，確實(shi)“莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)京(jing)”。京(jing)，意即高、大(da)、數多。莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)京(jing)，言(yan)其齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內，無(wu)(wu)人能與(yu)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)匹敵(di)。姜(jiang)(jiang)姓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國成了田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家天下，田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)代姜(jiang)(jiang)實(shi)際上(shang)只(zhi)一(yi)(yi)個時機(ji)問題。公(gong)(gong)元前391年(nian)，田(tian)和(he)廢掉姜(jiang)(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)末代齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)君康公(gong)(gong)貸，又過五年(nian)，“立(li)為(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侯，列(lie)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)周室”。至(zhi)(zhi)此，田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)代姜(jiang)(jiang)的(de)一(yi)(yi)場(chang)大(da)政(zheng)(zheng)變(bian)，終于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)劃上(shang)了句號。

在(zai)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)逐(zhu)步(bu)發展的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)依恃其(qi)(qi)強權地位也在(zai)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)擴大(da)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)邑。史(shi)載田(tian)常(chang)(chang)子系龐大(da)。“田(tian)常(chang)(chang)乃(nai)選齊國中女子長七(qi)尺以(yi)(yi)上(shang)為(wei)后(hou)宮(gong)，后(hou)宮(gong)為(wei)百(bai)數，而(er)使賓客舍人(ren)出入后(hou)宮(gong)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)禁。及田(tian)常(chang)(chang)卒(zu)，有(you)七(qi)十余男”。另有(you)記載謂(wei)田(tian)常(chang)(chang)“有(you)數十婦”，“生男百(bai)余人(ren)”。這些說法未必(bi)屬(shu)實，也可能是不(bu)(bu)滿田(tian)常(chang)(chang)弒君擅權的(de)(de)譏謗之(zhi)詞，但總是可以(yi)(yi)由此(ci)(ci)看出其(qi)(qi)宗族的(de)(de)繁盛。與此(ci)(ci)相應的(de)(de)則(ze)必(bi)然是封(feng)(feng)邑的(de)(de)眾多。田(tian)常(chang)(chang)曾“割齊自(zi)(zi)(zi)安平以(yi)(yi)東(dong)至(zhi)瑯邪(xie)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)封(feng)(feng)邑，封(feng)(feng)邑大(da)于平公之(zhi)所(suo)食。”《史(shi)記·正義(yi)》云(yun)：“安平以(yi)(yi)東(dong)，萊(lai)、登、沂、密等州(zhou)皆自(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)田(tian)常(chang)(chang)封(feng)(feng)邑也”。安平在(zai)臨淄以(yi)(yi)東(dong)十九(jiu)里，幾乎等于說就是齊都以(yi)(yi)東(dong)的(de)(de)廣袤(mao)大(da)地，自(zi)(zi)(zi)然也包括東(dong)方的(de)(de)膠東(dong)半(ban)島。至(zhi)此(ci)(ci)，海陽嘴子前(qian)墓(mu)群(qun)的(de)(de)這樣一處(chu)高(gao)規格的(de)(de)貴族墓(mu)葬便找到(dao)了合(he)理的(de)(de)歸屬(shu)：這應該是一處(chu)遠在(zai)東(dong)方的(de)(de)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)封(feng)(feng)邑的(de)(de)墓(mu)地。

田氏族墓

嘴子前(qian)墓地(di)既(ji)是田氏之族墓，那么，M4所出的盂、甗銘(ming)文為(wei)什么不作田氏之陳(chen)而作陳(chen)國之敶呢？這可能與陳(chen)國的另一次大變亂有關。

公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前534年(nian)(nian)(齊(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十四年(nian)(nian)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十五年(nian)(nian))，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)宮(gong)廷又(you)(you)發生(sheng)(sheng)了斷送(song)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)命脈的(de)(de)(de)大事(shi)(shi)(shi)變。關(guan)于這(zhe)(zhe)場事(shi)(shi)(shi)變，《左傳(chuan)·昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian)》有(you)如下(xia)記(ji)載(zai)：“陳(chen)(chen)(chen)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元妃(fei)鄭(zheng)(zheng)姬(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃(yan)師(shi)(shi)，二(er)妃(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)，下(xia)妃(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。二(er)妃(fei)嬖，留(liu)(liu)有(you)寵，屬諸司徒招與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過。哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)廢疾。三月甲申(shen)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)招、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過殺掉太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃(yan)師(shi)(shi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)。夏四月辛亥，哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)縊。干征師(shi)(shi)赴(fu)于楚(chu)，且(qie)告有(you)立(li)君(jun)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)愬于楚(chu)，楚(chu)人執(干征師(shi)(shi))而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)奔(ben)鄭(zheng)(zheng)。……九月，楚(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄疾帥(shuai)師(shi)(shi)奉孫(sun)吳圍陳(chen)(chen)(chen)……滅(mie)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)。”這(zhe)(zhe)段(duan)史(shi)實，《史(shi)記(ji)·陳(chen)(chen)(chen)杞世(shi)家》有(you)相似(si)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)，所(suo)異者(zhe)(zhe)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妃(fei)有(you)四而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)非(fei)三；長(chang)姬(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)悼(dao)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)師(shi)(shi)，少姬(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)偃(yan)，長(chang)妾生(sheng)(sheng)留(liu)(liu)，少妾生(sheng)(sheng)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。新君(jun)留(liu)(liu)派(pai)使者(zhe)(zhe)赴(fu)楚(chu)希望得(de)到(dao)承認，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則不(bu)(bu)滿此(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)也赴(fu)楚(chu)請其主持(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道。結果楚(chu)早有(you)吞并(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)帥(shuai)師(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄疾又(you)(you)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那個誅忠臣伍員(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族(zu)(zu)、弒父(fu)弒君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)虐人物(后來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)平(ping)王)，便(bian)借機干脆(cui)將(jiang)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)滅(mie)掉。這(zhe)(zhe)個結果應該說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)始料(liao)不(bu)(bu)及的(de)(de)(de)，對這(zhe)(zhe)場滅(mie)國(guo)(guo)毀宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)災難，他有(you)引狼入(ru)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責。這(zhe)(zhe)次事(shi)(shi)(shi)變中，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)奔(ben)鄭(zheng)(zheng)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則從此(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)見史(shi)載(zai)。按(an)常(chang)理(li)推(tui)(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，他也有(you)出(chu)(chu)奔(ben)的(de)(de)(de)可能。若此(ci)(ci)，他所(suo)出(chu)(chu)奔(ben)的(de)(de)(de)去處最可能的(de)(de)(de)地方便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)。因為(wei)(wei)齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)氏是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)宗(zong)，此(ci)(ci)時(shi)田(tian)乞(qi)在(zai)政(zheng)治上(shang)正(zheng)初露頭(tou)角，從血緣上(shang)、政(zheng)治條件上(shang)都可使這(zhe)(zhe)位(wei)(wei)失國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)到(dao)庇(bi)護(hu)。據(ju)山東大學(xue)馬(ma)(ma)良民(min)師(shi)(shi)考(kao)證(zheng)，“勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”、“圣”古音相近，同(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)書紐(niu)雙聲。盂銘(ming)(ming)中的(de)(de)(de)獻器(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)圣很可能就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)，不(bu)(bu)管是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如《左傳(chuan)》中的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)妃(fei)，還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《史(shi)記(ji)》中的(de)(de)(de)少妾，地位(wei)(wei)在(zai)后妃(fei)中都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較低的(de)(de)(de)，故其所(suo)居稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“下(xia)寢”也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)。若此(ci)(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)件珍貴的(de)(de)(de)大盂，原來(lai)應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)親的(de)(de)(de)居室(shi)用(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)逃難時(shi)攜來(lai)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)。這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)形，在(zai)史(shi)籍(ji)中也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屢見不(bu)(bu)鮮的(de)(de)(de)。敵國(guo)(guo)入(ru)侵，宮(gong)室(shi)重(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擄(lu)掠的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)。“王往(wang)(wang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)征之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)……殺其父(fu)兄，累其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弟，毀其宗(zong)廟，遷其重(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)”。“晉(jin)軍追(zhui)齊(qi)至馬(ma)(ma)陵，齊(qi)侯請以寶器(qi)(qi)(qi)謝”，“燕將(jiang)樂毅遂入(ru)臨(lin)淄，盡(jin)取齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶藏器(qi)(qi)(qi)”。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)破家亡(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際，攜生(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)室(shi)重(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)奔(ben)當是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)。此(ci)(ci)盂的(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)系(xi)后刻而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)，分(fen)析是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獻器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)所(suo)刻。盂銘(ming)(ming)中稱(cheng)“為(wei)(wei)”(女為(wei)(wei))而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)稱(cheng)“陳(chen)(chen)(chen)”，當時(shi)有(you)意(yi)避(bi)諱­——因為(wei)(wei)受器(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(陳(chen)(chen)(chen))氏。這(zhe)(zhe)與田(tian)敬仲(zhong)完奔(ben)齊(qi)改陳(chen)(chen)(chen)氏為(wei)(wei)田(tian)氏一樣，同(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“不(bu)(bu)欲稱(cheng)本國(guo)(guo)故號”的(de)(de)(de)心理(li)所(suo)致。這(zhe)(zhe)也反證(zheng)，嘴子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)前M4的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)主必(bi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)田(tian)氏族(zu)(zu)中人物。按(an)時(shi)間(jian)推(tui)(tui)算，以田(tian)乞(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可能性最大。正(zheng)因為(wei)(wei)如此(ci)(ci)，盂銘(ming)(ming)中僅(jin)有(you)人名器(qi)(qi)(qi)名而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)見任何慶祝(zhu)語(yu)——受器(qi)(qi)(qi)雖喜，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)同(tong)(tong)宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)滅(mie)卻終非(fei)可賀(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)啊！

研究結果

綜述

由以上羅列的(de)史實，我(wo)們(men)可以認定嘴(zui)子前(qian)墓(mu)群就是田氏之(zhi)族的(de)墓(mu)地。該墓(mu)地的(de)一些特點，與史記中田氏宗(zong)族的(de)行(xing)跡也有諸多關合(he)之(zhi)處：

墓群與田氏發跡之時代

嘴(zui)子前墓群M4的(de)(de)時代，發掘簡報已有推斷，認為屬于春秋(qiu)晚期(qi)早段，M1的(de)(de)時代相(xiang)較則(ze)稍晚一(yi)些。這(zhe)與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子勝(sheng)所(suo)(suo)處的(de)(de)年(nian)代也是(shi)相(xiang)當(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)。值此時期(qi)的(de)(de)齊國政壇，正是(shi)齊景公(gong)(gong)(gong)在位之初。而齊國田(tian)氏的(de)(de)代表人物則(ze)是(shi)振興(xing)田(tian)氏之族的(de)(de)能臣田(tian)乞。田(tian)乞是(shi)田(tian)完之第六(liu)世(shi)，田(tian)完與(yu)陳(chen)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)杵臼為叔(shu)伯弟兄。公(gong)(gong)(gong)子勝(sheng)則(ze)是(shi)陳(chen)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之第七世(shi)，對于田(tian)乞，公(gong)(gong)(gong)子勝(sheng)是(shi)子侄輩，盂銘中(zhong)簡單的(de)(de)刻上一(yi)個“圣”字(zi)，當(dang)(dang)也符合身份(fen)。凡此種種，都證明嘴(zui)子前墓群M4的(de)(de)時代與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子勝(sheng)、田(tian)乞所(suo)(suo)處年(nian)代是(shi)一(yi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)。當(dang)(dang)然(ran)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)子勝(sheng)攜器(qi)奔(ben)齊的(de)(de)時間與(yu)M4墓主下(xia)葬(zang)年(nian)代應有一(yi)段距離，但墓中(zhong)陶器(qi)表明，這(zhe)年(nian)代不會(hui)晚至田(tian)常執政的(de)(de)時期(qi)。

M4的規格與田乞之族

M4種(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)多重(zhong)棺槨、七鼎(ding)、九鐘，顯然(ran)是貴(gui)(gui)族(zu)氣派。當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)列(lie)國(guo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)勢，已經是周室式微，禮(li)崩樂(le)壞。埋葬中越(yue)禮(li)僭制(zhi)現象是十分普遍的(de)(de)(de)。即(ji)如(ru)九鼎(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)，依(yi)禮(li)本為(wei)(wei)天子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)。此時(shi)(shi)不但列(lie)國(guo)諸侯，而且(qie)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)(xie)大(da)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)上卿(qing)(qing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)紛(fen)紛(fen)使(shi)用。如(ru)河南琉璃閣M甲、M60(晉卿(qing)(qing)范子)、河南汲縣山(shan)(shan)彪(biao)鎮M1(晉卿(qing)(qing)魏襄(xiang)子)、山(shan)(shan)西太原金勝(sheng)村M251(晉卿(qing)(qing)趙子)等(deng)。這些(xie)(xie)(xie)人(ren)物(wu)都是世代卿(qing)(qing)相(xiang)，長期(qi)執(zhi)掌(zhang)一(yi)國(guo)權(quan)柄，所(suo)以其(qi)墓不但越(yue)制(zhi)使(shi)用九鼎(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)葬，而且(qie)其(qi)它隨(sui)葬品(pin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)十分豪華驚人(ren)。相(xiang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下，嘴子前M4的(de)(de)(de)埋葬規格(ge)就低一(yi)些(xie)(xie)(xie)。這種(zhong)(zhong)情形(xing)(xing)(xing)，可能(neng)(neng)正是田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)一(yi)族(zu)當時(shi)(shi)地(di)位的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)映。景(jing)公時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)還是一(yi)個處于(yu)上升階段的(de)(de)(de)新興貴(gui)(gui)族(zu)，終(zhong)景(jing)公一(yi)世，田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒有達到上卿(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)高位。所(suo)以，他(ta)們(men)所(suo)能(neng)(neng)夠使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)埋葬規格(ge)，自然(ran)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不能(neng)(neng)與前述各(ge)國(guo)世家貴(gui)(gui)族(zu)相(xiang)比(bi)。即(ji)使(shi)在齊國(guo)，當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)氏(shi)、高氏(shi)、鮑(bao)氏(shi)、晏(yan)氏(shi)等(deng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)都超過田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)。嘴子前M4的(de)(de)(de)鼎(ding)數雖然(ran)為(wei)(wei)七，但從形(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)上看，并不符合正規的(de)(de)(de)列(lie)鼎(ding)配伍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)。這可能(neng)(neng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)恰恰反(fan)映出田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)追求較高的(de)(de)(de)等(deng)級(ji)而實際上又尚未達到的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)特殊狀況。

嘴子前墓群的位置

正如本文(wen)開(kai)首所(suo)述，嘴子(zi)前墓(mu)群所(suo)處(chu)的位置是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)十分偏(pian)遠的地方，這(zhe)里遠離齊(qi)都(dou)臨(lin)淄近千(qian)里之遙，且(qie)又山水阻隔(ge)，交通不便。一(yi)(yi)處(chu)貴族(zu)墓(mu)地選擇于此，確實令人(ren)費解。其中原(yuan)因，可能還(huan)是田(tian)氏一(yi)(yi)族(zu)身(shen)處(chu)之政治環境使(shi)然。

史籍(ji)中對田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩代(dai)田(tian)乞(qi)、田(tian)常(chang)留下的(de)(de)(de)(de)筆墨較多(duo)，就中可以(yi)看(kan)出他(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個顯著特點：胸懷大志(zhi)(zhi)、深謀遠慮。他(ta)們(men)(men)代(dai)表著當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)股新興(xing)勢力，有著強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)取心(xin)(xin)，甚至圖謀篡(cuan)權竊(qie)國(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)景公(gong)(gong)算是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個有作為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人物，但他(ta)“喜奢而忘儉”，“好治(zhi)(zhi)宮室聚狗馬”。臨淄景公(gong)(gong)墓的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個殉馬坑，埋葬(zang)馬匹總(zong)數約(yue)(yue)在(zai)600頭之(zhi)多(duo)，其(qi)人奢靡可見(jian)一(yi)斑！田(tian)乞(qi)從(cong)這(zhe)種表面繁榮(rong)中看(kan)到了姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)統治(zhi)(zhi)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒落(luo)之(zhi)象(xiang)，他(ta)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)像賢相晏嬰那(nei)樣屢(lv)屢(lv)規諫，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)乘機以(yi)小(xiao)斗受、以(yi)大斗予的(de)(de)(de)(de)手法“行陰德于民”，使“民思田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)”。數世后(hou)孟(meng)嘗君田(tian)文(wen)在(zai)薛地焚契(qi)銷債(zhai)，以(yi)營狡兔三(san)窟，真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)頗(po)得乃祖真(zhen)傳。 但田(tian)乞(qi)們(men)(men)前進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道路又是(shi)(shi)(shi)殺(sha)機四(si)伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)。姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)統治(zhi)(zhi)者乃數百年之(zhi)基業(ye)，樹(shu)大根深，是(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)王朝分封的(de)(de)(de)(de)正統。當(dang)時(shi)周(zhou)室雖(sui)然王權衰(shuai)落(luo)，但列國(guo)(guo)諸(zhu)侯依然奉(feng)為(wei)一(yi)塊(kuai)金字招(zhao)牌。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)欲得逞異志(zhi)(zhi)，諸(zhu)侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度也是(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)腹之(zhi)憂。至田(tian)常(chang)時(shi)，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)政盡歸(gui)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，殺(sha)簡公(gong)(gong)，立平公(gong)(gong)，為(wei)相。在(zai)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)內可謂一(yi)手遮(zhe)天。但對列國(guo)(guo)諸(zhu)侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度還是(shi)(shi)(shi)心(xin)(xin)存顧忌(ji)(ji)。田(tian)常(chang)“懼諸(zhu)侯共誅己，乃盡歸(gui)魯、衛(wei)侵地，西約(yue)(yue)晉韓、魏、趙氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、南通吳、越之(zhi)使，修功行賞，親(qin)于百姓，以(yi)故(gu)齊(qi)復定。”在(zai)這(zhe)種外部環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)脅迫下，田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)奪取政權的(de)(de)(de)(de)每一(yi)步都需(xu)小(xiao)心(xin)(xin)行事，不能肆無忌(ji)(ji)憚。

當然，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治對手還是(shi)(shi)來自(zi)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)宗大(da)(da)族(zu)(zu)(zu)，他們(men)才是(shi)(shi)其崛起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真正障礙(ai)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擅齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)爭(zheng)都(dou)發生在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)兩(liang)代(dai)。當其時(shi)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)壇上不(bu)(bu)(bu)但(dan)有崔(cui)杼(zhu)、慶封、監止一(yi)(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擅權(quan)風云人物，而且更有高氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、國(guo)(guo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、欒氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鮑氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、晏(yan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)大(da)(da)批公(gong)(gong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)世(shi)家。面對這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些強(qiang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)敵，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“欲為亂”，稍(shao)稍(shao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)慎，便(bian)會落得(de)身(shen)死(si)、家破、族(zu)(zu)(zu)滅(mie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可怕(pa)下(xia)場。對這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)等(deng)是(shi)(shi)有充分估計(ji)與(yu)(yu)準備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。“景公(gong)(gong)卒，兩(liang)相(xiang)高、國(guo)(guo)立(li)(li)(li)荼，是(shi)(shi)為晏(yan)孺子(zi)，而田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)說。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)此時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位不(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)高、國(guo)(guo)二(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。景公(gong)(gong)死(si)后，在(zai)私宅(zhai)中，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)改立(li)(li)(li)悼公(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)場賭博(bo)似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事政(zheng)變，險些被鮑氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(鮑牧)當場砸鍋。說明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)具有壟斷(duan)政(zheng)局的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位與(yu)(yu)勢力。對于(yu)權(quan)勢強(qiang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卿相(xiang)，他則以“尺蠖之(zhi)屈以求伸(shen)也”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度，“偽事高、國(guo)(guo)者”，最終(zhong)將(jiang)高、國(guo)(guo)二(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)殺一(yi)(yi)逐，取得(de)了勝利(li)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)之(zhi)時(shi)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)勢力已大(da)(da)大(da)(da)削弱了，但(dan)仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獨家專(zhuan)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局面。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)簡公(gong)(gong)時(shi)，“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)成子(zi)與(yu)(yu)監止俱為左右相(xiang)……監止幸于(yu)簡公(gong)(gong)”。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)唯不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)專(zhuan)政(zheng)，而且是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個失勢者。“于(yu)是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)復修@子(zi)之(zhi)政(zheng)，以大(da)(da)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)出貸，以小斗(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)收(shou)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人歌之(zhi)曰(yue)：‘嫗乎(hu)采@，歸乎(hu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成子(zi)。”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)表明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)在(zai)宮廷(ting)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)爭(zheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情勢下(xia)所做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略(lve)轉移(yi)，其目標(biao)所向，是(shi)(shi)撼動姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)根基。一(yi)(yi)段(duan)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人之(zhi)歌，無異姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)貴(gui)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚歌。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)有識之(zhi)士均知“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、監不(bu)(bu)(bu)可并也”。終(zhong)于(yu)被田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)“盡誅(zhu)鮑、晏(yan)、監止及(ji)公(gong)(gong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)強(qiang)者”。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)內(nei)，能(neng)與(yu)(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)抗(kang)衡匹敵者終(zhong)被翦滅(mie)殆盡。

在(zai)這一(yi)(yi)場生死角逐中(zhong)(zhong)，田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)對相反的(de)(de)(de)結果當也(ye)是(shi)有(you)所準(zhun)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)。尤(you)其田(tian)乞(qi)，他當時所處環(huan)境尤(you)為(wei)險惡(e)，幾乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)是(shi)在(zai)逆境中(zhong)(zhong)節節搏殺。鑒于此，他把自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)封邑(yi)和族墓選擇在(zai)遠(yuan)離齊都的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)海隅，也(ye)就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)以理解了。這里畢竟天高(gao)皇帝遠(yuan)，如果自己(ji)在(zai)都城的(de)(de)(de)政治格殺中(zhong)(zhong)落敗，或是(shi)據有(you)膠東(dong)(dong)(dong)偏(pian)安一(yi)(yi)隅，或是(shi)蓄勢(shi)待機日后卷土(tu)重來也(ye)未可(ke)(ke)知。田(tian)乞(qi)既以膠東(dong)(dong)(dong)半島為(wei)后方(fang)根(gen)據地(di)，必然有(you)所經營(ying)。他的(de)(de)(de)諸多恩(en)惠陰德(de)，肯(ken)定也(ye)是(shi)施(shi)予(yu)他的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)封邑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)。如此，狡(jiao)兔(tu)三窟(ku)的(de)(de)(de)發明者，便是(shi)孟嘗君的(de)(de)(de)這位祖先(xian)了。在(zai)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)封邑(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)，不但“民思田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)”，而(er)且情愿追隨田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)與姜(jiang)齊國君作對。景公(gong)(gong)將(jiang)死，“逐群公(gong)(gong)子，遷之(zhi)萊(lai)。景公(gong)(gong)卒……群公(gong)(gong)子畏誅皆出亡……萊(lai)人(ren)歌之(zhi)曰：‘景公(gong)(gong)死乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)弗(fu)與埋(mai)，三軍事乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)弗(fu)與謀(mou)，師乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)師乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，胡黨之(zhi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)？’”萊(lai)，多認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)齊東(dong)(dong)(dong)鄙邑(yi)，可(ke)(ke)能正是(shi)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)“施(shi)陰德(de)”的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)封邑(yi)。這里的(de)(de)(de)萊(lai)人(ren)敢(gan)于譏(ji)刺國君之(zhi)政唱出憤懣之(zhi)聲(sheng)———田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)在(zai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)狡(jiao)兔(tu)三窟(ku)的(de)(de)(de)經營(ying)至此收(shou)到了投(tou)桃報李(li)之(zhi)效。

總結

以上(shang)所述(shu)，是(shi)對嘴子前(qian)墓(mu)(mu)群的(de)特殊地理位置、墓(mu)(mu)葬規格的(de)不尋常(chang)情形(xing)結合齊、陳等國與墓(mu)(mu)葬年代相當時(shi)期的(de)史(shi)實做了一些比較分析，從(cong)而做出了該墓(mu)(mu)群是(shi)屬于田氏族墓(mu)(mu)這樣(yang)一個(ge)結論。至于墓(mu)(mu)群中(zhong)某(mou)座墓(mu)(mu)葬與田氏族中(zhong)某(mou)個(ge)特定人物的(de)關系，還(huan)只是(shi)一種初步(bu)推測，有(you)待(dai)于今后更(geng)新的(de)發現來(lai)檢(jian)驗(yan)印(yin)證。尤(you)是(shi)M4甗銘中(zhong)的(de)作器者(zhe)，至今尚(shang)未有(you)更(geng)深(shen)認識。此人的(de)認定考(kao)察，或許會(hui)對嘴子前(qian)墓(mu)(mu)群的(de)認識判斷，產(chan)生(sheng)舉足輕重的(de)作用。對此，謹希(xi)望(wang)專家(jia)學者(zhe)不吝賜教。