簡介
興隆山,又稱東(dong)老爺山,地(di)處陜甘寧三省(區)交界(jie)處,甘肅省慶陽市環縣(xian)東(dong)北部四合原(yuan)鄉,北接(jie)寧夏鹽池(chi),東(dong)臨陜西定邊(bian),自古(gu)有(you)“雞鳴聽(ting)三省”之(zhi)美(mei)譽,距縣(xian)城75公里,海拔1774米。現為國家(jia)AAA級旅(lv)游景區、全國重點文(wen)物保護單位、省級森林公園(yuan)。東(dong)老爺山古(gu)建筑(zhu)群,是慶陽境內古(gu)建筑(zhu)中規模(mo)最大、藝術成就最高、保存(cun)最完好的古(gu)建筑(zhu)群落,是頗(po)負盛名(ming)的道教(jiao)名(ming)山。
作為隴東(dong)現代(dai)革命圣地之一(yi),1935年(nian)長征途中(zhong)(zhong)的中(zhong)(zhong)央紅軍二、三縱(zong)隊在(zai)(zai)此地宿營(ying),司令(ling)部和電(dian)臺辦公(gong)室就(jiu)設在(zai)(zai)祖(zu)師殿內(nei),葉劍英、鄧(deng)發、蔡樹(shu)藩、張經武(wu)等領導在(zai)(zai)神龕下(xia)過(guo)夜(ye)。
興隆(long)山屬(shu)于子午嶺山脈(mo)的北部余脈(mo),海拔1774米,位于環(huan)縣(xian)四合塬鄉以東六公里處,距縣(xian)城75公里。北與寧夏(xia)鹽池相望,東與陜西定(ding)邊毗(pi)鄰,素有"雞鳴聽三省"之稱。
歷史沿革
興隆山(shan)(shan)古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)始(shi)建(jian)(jian)于明代,清康熙、道光年間曾進(jin)(jin)行過兩次修復和擴建(jian)(jian),現存15座建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),占地面積約40000平方(fang)米。劃分(fen)三個區(qu)域,一是(shi)東南峰(feng)外圍建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)區(qu)域,現存有(you)牛馬王(wang)廟(miao),城隍(huang)廟(miao);二是(shi)中(zhong)峰(feng)東南坡上(shang)(shang)(shang)分(fen)布的建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun),它們不(bu)規(gui)則地分(fen)布在許多小平臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)(shang),依(yi)次由下而上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)前門樓、碑坊、中(zhong)門樓、三進(jin)(jin)門樓、關(guan)帝廟(miao)、藥王(wang)洞(dong)等建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu);最(zui)高處即是(shi)中(zhong)峰(feng)峰(feng)頂主建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun),以(yi)無量祖師大殿(dian)(dian)、獻殿(dian)(dian)和山(shan)(shan)門為中(zhong)軸(zhou)線,旁有(you)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)、菩(pu)薩殿(dian)(dian)、鐘樓、鼓(gu)樓,共同構(gou)成了對(dui)稱規(gui)整布局。
歷史懸疑
東老爺山是否始建于北魏(386—534年)
至今仍(reng)完整矗(chu)立(li)在岳靈官樓后院牌坊之內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)《無量(liang)祖(zu)(zu)師廟記(ji)(ji)》碑(bei)(bei),可算是探究東(dong)(dong)老(lao)爺山歷史的(de)(de)(de)“活教材(cai)”。碑(bei)(bei)置磚砌頂部為(wei)(wei)圓拱(gong)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)碑(bei)(bei)龕內(nei),龕高225厘米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)71厘米(mi)(mi),進(jin)深61厘米(mi)(mi),龕內(nei)鑲(xiang)有(you)清(qing)道(dao)光二(er)十年(nian)(1840年(nian))孟夏四月初一(yi)日立(li)石碑(bei)(bei),黑青石材(cai)質,雕工(gong)精美。據(ju)作者(zhe)近期翻閱大量(liang)資(zi)料(liao),特(te)別是仔(zi)細研讀《無量(liang)祖(zu)(zu)師廟記(ji)(ji)》碑(bei)(bei)文(wen)后,關于東(dong)(dong)老(lao)爺山的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造(zao)時間和歷史上的(de)(de)(de)重修(xiu)擴建(jian),認為(wei)(wei)有(you)著詳盡的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)述。該碑(bei)(bei)撰文(wen)結構(gou)嚴謹,文(wen)采超然(ran),堪(kan)稱(cheng)迄今為(wei)(wei)止研究東(dong)(dong)老(lao)爺山,特(te)別是研究確定其修(xiu)建(jian)史實的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)資(zi)料(liao)。撰文(wen)者(zhe)張毓秀,清(qing)代(dai)吏部候選官、環縣拔貢、尊為(wei)(wei)教諭(yu)、道(dao)家弟子。從(cong)作者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)經歷與學識(shi)來看,《無量(liang)祖(zu)(zu)師廟記(ji)(ji)》所記(ji)(ji)載的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)老(lao)爺山足可采信。碑(bei)(bei)文(wen)如下(xia):
興(xing)隆山(shan),蓋延(yan)慶重鎮(zhen)也。其嶺□□,亙(gen)數余里,上結(jie)山(shan)峰(feng),勢若捧笏,眾(zhong)山(shan)繚繞(rao),累累如貫珠;兩旁幽谷窈然(ran),而(er)(er)(er)深谷中有(you)泉(quan)翁然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)出,泉(quan)水南(nan)北分流如往(wang)而(er)(er)(er)復陡;其巔蔚然(ran)深秀,峰(feng)回路轉,往(wang)來(lai)行旅不絕。
朔方地脈之靈(ling),莫勝于(yu)此山之中(zhong)峰(feng)。祖師廟(miao)在正殿,旁有(you)(you)佛(fo)廟(miao)、觀(guan)音菩薩廟(miao)、百子閣、韋陀廟(miao)。山門(men)之外有(you)(you)黑虎廟(miao)、靈(ling)官廟(miao),左有(you)(you)關帝廟(miao)、藥王洞,右有(you)(you)三官蟲王廟(miao),前門(men)有(you)(you)靈(ling)官樓,北峰(feng)則玉皇(huang)廟(miao),南峰(feng)則馬王牛王、城隍、土地廟(miao)也。追(zhui)溯所自,不知創于(yu)何時(shi)?
洎乎國朝順治年(nian)間,仙人林公(gong)修煉此山,重為(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)造,頗壯觀瞻。至康熙時,即得圣(sheng)果,因建(jian)(jian)廟在山,邑(yi)民李天(tian)柱等捐割(ge),環縣祥集里一甲佃(dian)地百余畝。□其所(suo)入,以(yi)招道(dao)流,供香火,鳴鐘磬(qing)。每歲春朔秋望,諸人士之祈(qi)福而來者(zhe),莫不(bu)感斯應昭其靈(ling)也(ye)。第以(yi)峰巒(luan)高聳,風雨易于飄零,且歷年(nian)既久,廟宇見圮,登獻(xian)者(zhe)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)嘆。
丁酉歲,主(zhu)持(chi)孫吉(ji)寧暨五官司事(shi)諸公(gong),目擊凋零,毅然(ran)欲恢復之,而竊慮其(qi)艱也(ye)。夫執事(shi)貴(gui)敬,能敬必有(you)(you)德(de),有(you)(you)德(de)故人和(he)(he),人和(he)(he)則功(gong)易,成而神必享。諸公(gong)乃傾城募緣,估(gu)得七百(bai)余金(jin),以儲木材,征(zheng)工役,重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)祖(zu)師正殿,改(gai)修(xiu)(xiu)靈官樓,創修(xiu)(xiu)鐘鼓(gu)樓二座(zuo)、山門一座(zuo),上(shang)下右(you)路并起,丹漆(qi)黝(you)堊,煥(huan)然(ran)聿新(xin)。若左右(you)南北峰諸廟,雖乃夫舊,則有(you)(you)待于修(xiu)(xiu)之司事(shi)者也(ye)。其(qi)工肇于戊戌春,中越己亥秋(qiu)季告(gao)竣。
諸公屬余為(wei)記(ji),余為(wei)之(zhi)其(qi)登山,沐手焚香謁神(shen)(shen)(shen),牽牲捧帑(tang),朝(chao)者如云。僉曰(yue):山之(zhi)靈(ling)以(yi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)也,又曰(yue):神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)靈(ling)以(yi)山也。仰知(zhi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)有陰翊,斯人之(zhi)功(gong)。人有肅事(shi)(shi),其(qi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)禮。惟賴(lai)司事(shi)(shi)者至誠感神(shen)(shen)(shen),而神(shen)(shen)(shen)乃靈(ling)應如斯。司事(shi)(shi)者誰?安化縣(xian)武生(sheng)周殿福、環縣(xian)生(sheng)員(yuan)南丹穴、邑(yi)民李含章、縣(xian)學廩(lin)生(sheng)敬爾(er)位、武生(sheng)韓(han)中元(yuan)、定邑(yi)生(sheng)員(yuan)趙玉德、環縣(xian)居(ju)士孫吉財(cai),主(zhu)持(chi)孫吉寧(ning)、馬和順、蘇萬和、何明、司事(shi)(shi)墻功(gong)監生(sheng)□明是也。
碑文(wen)首(shou)句“興隆山,蓋延(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)重鎮也”。筆者認為(wei)(wei)反映的(de)是東(dong)老爺山廟(miao)宇始(shi)建的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間問題。“延(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)”是我國北(bei)朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)建于(yu)慶(qing)(qing)陽的(de)縣(xian)(xian)名。據《元(yuan)和(he)郡(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)圖志》記(ji)載,“延(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian),中(zhong)南至州(zhou)40里(li)。天寶(bao)(bao)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(742年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),改名延(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)”。《元(yuan)和(he)郡(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)圖志》寫于(yu)唐憲宗元(yuan)和(he)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(806—820年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正處于(yu)藩鎮割據的(de)混亂時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)。“慶(qing)(qing)州(zhou),都督府(fu),古(gu)西戎(rong)地(di)春秋及戰(zhan)國時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)義(yi)渠(qu)戎(rong)國,秦厲公伐義(yi)渠(qu)并之(zhi),虜其(qi)王。至始(shi)皇時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屬北(bei)地(di)郡(jun)(jun)。后魏(wei)文(wen)帝大統十(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)置朔州(zhou),周(zhou)武(wu)帝保定元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)廢朔州(zhou)為(wei)(wei)周(zhou)武(wu)防,隋(sui)文(wen)帝十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)割寧州(zhou)歸德縣(xian)(xian)置慶(qing)(qing)州(zhou),義(yi)寧元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)弘化郡(jun)(jun),天寶(bao)(bao)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)改為(wei)(wei)安化郡(jun)(jun),至德元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)改為(wei)(wei)順化郡(jun)(jun),乾(qian)元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)復(fu)為(wei)(wei)慶(qing)(qing)州(zhou)。州(zhou)境:東(dong)西二百五十(shi)(shi)(shi)二里(li)。南北(bei)四百七十(shi)(shi)(shi)二里(li)”。“管縣(xian)(xian)十(shi)(shi)(shi):順化,樂(le)蟠,馬(ma)領,合水,華池(chi),同川(chuan),洛原,延(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing),方渠(qu),懷安”。又據顧祖禹《讀史方輿(yu)紀要》卷57記(ji)載:“延(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)城(cheng),府(fu)城(cheng)東(dong)北(bei)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li),本漢郁郅縣(xian)(xian)地(di),后魏(wei)嘗置延(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian),旋廢。劉咰曰:唐武(wu)德六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),分合水縣(xian)(xian)置白馬(ma)縣(xian)(xian)。天寶(bao)(bao)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),改為(wei)(wei)延(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)。寶(bao)(bao)歷初廢。”
可見(jian),北魏時期在今慶城(cheng)置(zhi)延慶縣(xian),西魏大(da)統十一(yi)年(545年)置(zhi)朔州(zhou),乾元元年復(fu)為(wei)慶州(zhou)。州(zhou)境包括東西252里(li),南北472里(li),下管十個縣(xian),延慶、方渠是(shi)其(qi)中之(zhi)一(yi)。據1985年修(xiu)《環(huan)縣(xian)志》記(ji)載,唐(tang)高(gao)祖武(wu)德二(er)年(619年)前,環(huan)屬(shu)慶州(zhou)方渠縣(xian)轄(《唐(tang)書》)。由此推斷,興隆山(東老爺山)在北魏時期就是(shi)“延慶重(zhong)鎮”。
廟(miao)(miao)(miao)宇建筑(zhu)群包括“祖師(shi)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)在正殿,旁有佛(fo)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)、觀音菩薩廟(miao)(miao)(miao)、百子(zi)閣、韋陀廟(miao)(miao)(miao)。山門(men)之外有黑虎(hu)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)、靈官(guan)廟(miao)(miao)(miao),左有關帝(di)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)、藥王(wang)(wang)洞,右有三(san)官(guan)蟲(chong)王(wang)(wang)廟(miao)(miao)(miao),前門(men)有靈官(guan)樓,北(bei)峰(feng)則玉(yu)皇廟(miao)(miao)(miao),南峰(feng)則馬王(wang)(wang)牛王(wang)(wang)、城隍(huang)、土地(di)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)也(ye)。追溯所自(zi),不知創于(yu)何時(shi)?”碑(bei)文(wen)撰寫于(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)光二十(shi)年,撰者對上述建筑(zhu)群的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)始(shi)年代(dai)提(ti)出了(le)質(zhi)疑(yi)。但這(zhe)里提(ti)供(gong)了(le)一(yi)(yi)個信息,就是(shi)釋老同山而居(ju)。這(zhe)與北(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)期崇(chong)佛(fo)、崇(chong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)政治(zhi)生態分不開的(de)(de)。據《冊府元(yuan)龜》卷(juan)五(wu)十(shi)三(san)載:“后魏(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)武帝(di)(拓(tuo)跋珪)好黃老之言,誦詠不倦,數召諸王(wang)(wang)及朝(chao)臣親為說之”。大興(xing)道(dao)(dao)(dao)法,皇帝(di)都(dou)要登壇受簶。“[始(shi)光間(jian)]崇(chong)尚天師(shi),顯揚新(xin)法,宣(xuan)布天下,道(dao)(dao)(dao)業(ye)大行……”(《魏(wei)書(shu)·釋老志》第(di)8冊第(di)3049頁,中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)書(shu)局1976年版),期望政權鞏固(gu),皇帝(di)康強。北(bei)魏(wei)拓(tuo)跋氏(shi)以少數民族(zu)身份入主中(zhong)原,其統(tong)治(zhi)者對神仙方術(shu)興(xing)趣(qu)頗(po)隆(long),還把(ba)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)定(ding)位國(guo)教(jiao)(jiao),對道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)極度尊(zun)崇(chong)。修道(dao)(dao)(dao)講(jiang)究環(huan)境清靜,自(zi)然(ran)優美,在這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)個山勢奇特(te),天造地(di)設,“雞鳴聽三(san)省”的(de)(de)地(di)方,天時(shi)地(di)利人和(he)(he),尊(zun)神修廟(miao)(miao)(miao),正合時(shi)宜。佛(fo)學(xue)在沒有傳(chuan)入華(hua)(hua)夏之時(shi),本土的(de)(de)宗教(jiao)(jiao)就是(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao),在中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)化中(zhong),道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)與儒學(xue)和(he)(he)佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)占(zhan)據著主導(dao)地(di)位的(de)(de)理論(lun)學(xue)說。佛(fo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)曾經相爭,但又互相包容(rong),和(he)(he)諧共生。這(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)解釋東老爺山建筑(zhu)和(he)(he)塑像為什么是(shi)以道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)為主,又兼(jian)容(rong)佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)內容(rong)的(de)(de)緣故了(le)。
由此,從區(qu)域設(she)置、歷史(shi)背景,以及自然(ran)形態分析(xi),我們能否由此推斷(duan):東(dong)老爺山始建于(yu)魏晉(jin)南北(bei)朝(chao)時期(qi)的北(bei)魏,距(ju)今約1600多年,比(bi)元明時期(qi)早約900年。但由于(yu)現(xian)存可查證的資料并不多,留(liu)待史(shi)學家去進一步去考證。
基本情況
前門(men)(men)樓(lou)是興(xing)隆山(shan)第一道門(men)(men),為(wei)純磚(zhuan)發券砌(qi)成的二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)樓(lou)閣,上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)仿木(mu)(mu)歇山(shan)頂(ding),下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)卷頂(ding)形(xing)門(men)(men)洞,其頂(ding)部為(wei)四檐(yan)出(chu)水(shui)短(duan)坡(po),以(yi)屋脊(ji)代回廊(lang)欄桿。下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)墻(qiang)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)四方(fang)形(xing),每(mei)邊長6米,檐(yan)高(gao)(gao)4.6米,中開(kai)拱券頂(ding)門(men)(men)洞,高(gao)(gao)3.1米,寬1.8米。門(men)(men)洞內(nei)(nei)有(you)(you)(you)暗道式樓(lou)梯(ti),隱在門(men)(men)樓(lou)第一層(ceng)(ceng)的側墻(qiang)內(nei)(nei),樓(lou)梯(ti)踏步23級,曲折而上(shang)(shang)至(zhi)第二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)屋內(nei)(nei)。第一層(ceng)(ceng)四面(mian)坡(po)短(duan)檐(yan)下(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)雕花磚(zhuan)刻,圖案(an)有(you)(you)(you)“琴(qin)棋(qi)書畫(hua)”、“建筑(zhu)四寶(bao)”等(deng),還有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)為(wei)少見的人面(mian)龍和人面(mian)鳥。上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)墻(qiang)體(ti)(ti)也(ye)是正方(fang)形(xing),每(mei)邊長3.75米,高(gao)(gao)3.9米,園券頂(ding)門(men)(men)開(kai)東(dong)南向,上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)屋頂(ding)為(wei)仿木(mu)(mu)歇山(shan)頂(ding),共有(you)(you)(you)13條脊(ji),14個獸。屋內(nei)(nei)有(you)(you)(you)神壇(tan),塑像已佚,僅存部分繪(hui)有(you)(you)(you)屏風人物的壁畫(hua)。
碑坊為磚砌仿(fang)木歇山頂(ding)(ding),通(tong)高4.4米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)3.64米(mi)(mi),進深1.77米(mi)(mi),頂(ding)(ding)部結(jie)構和前門樓上層屋頂(ding)(ding)結(jie)構相似,但略小點。檐(yan)下有橫匾楷體陽(yang)刻“蟠(pan)龍泊鳳”四字,兩(liang)側各有兩(liang)幅磚雕人物圖案,工藝(yi)屬淺浮雕。橫匾下有兩(liang)個并(bing)列(lie)神龕(kan),高2.52米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)0.71米(mi)(mi),進深0.61米(mi)(mi)。其中一龕(kan)內有鑲石(shi)碑一通(tong),即(ji)清道光二十年(nian)的《無量祖(zu)師廟記》碑。
中(zhong)門(men)(men)樓亦是兩層純(chun)磚樓閣結(jie)構,通(tong)高(gao)8.4米(mi)。下(xia)層為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)方形,邊長4.45米(mi),高(gao)3.7米(mi),有(you)(you)發券(quan)門(men)(men)洞,高(gao)1.68米(mi),寬1.43米(mi),下(xia)層出檐為(wei)(wei)兩層平砌素磚,每面均有(you)(you)兩個(ge)仿(fang)木倒掛垂蓮(lian)柱,四角有(you)(you)仿(fang)木角科式挑角。上層為(wei)(wei)歇山頂,結(jie)構與前門(men)(men)樓相似,正(zheng)(zheng)脊中(zhong)有(you)(you)一(yi)站獅。東(dong)南開圓拱門(men)(men),兩側雕(diao)有(you)(you)對聯一(yi)副(fu),“金磚有(you)(you)眼不垯善(shan),鋼鞭無情自逐兇(xiong)”屋內有(you)(you)神(shen)壇,塑像已佚,兩壁各尚存山水(shui)畫四條(tiao)副(fu)。
三進門樓與前(qian)門樓結構相似,通高9.35米(mi)。下(xia)層(ceng)正方形邊長4.32米(mi),檐下(xia)有(you)兩層(ceng)雕花磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)和(he)(he)一層(ceng)云紋雕花仿(fang)木(mu)雀替(ti)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan),磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕圖(tu)案(an)為琴棋書(shu)畫(hua)和(he)(he)暗八(ba)仙題材。上層(ceng)為純磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)發券結構的歇山(shan)頂,正脊中(zhong)有(you)團(tuan)龍,龍上有(you)鐵制變形壽字裝(zhuang)飾。檐下(xia)亦有(you)兩層(ceng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕圖(tu)案(an)和(he)(he)仿(fang)木(mu)吉祥草紋樣雀替(ti),四角有(you)簡(jian)式角科,正面開門,門兩側檐下(xia)和(he)(he)后檐檐下(xia)各有(you)一方蒙古裝(zhuang)男士磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕,神態威武強悍。
關(guan)帝(di)廟為磚木結構(gou)硬山(shan)頂(ding),前廊(lang)有兩明柱(zhu),面闊4.1米(mi),進深5米(mi),通(tong)高4.8米(mi)。在兩山(shan)墻(qiang)上(shang)施以(yi)貼墻(qiang)柁(tuo),大柁(tuo)與(yu)二柁(tuo)間以(yi)金(jin)瓜柱(zhu)相(xiang)承(cheng)。屋頂(ding)為青色板瓦(wa)、簡瓦(wa)覆頂(ding),5脊(ji)6獸(shou)(shou)。正脊(ji)為鏤空雙(shuang)龍雙(shuang)鳳(feng)脊(ji)圖案,脊(ji)中(zhong)有寶珠,形成二龍戲珠,寶珠上(shang)有獅馱寶塔。4個垂脊(ji)末端亦(yi)為張口龍獸(shou)(shou)。
藥王洞位于中(zhong)峰東南山坡(po)中(zhong)部南側,屬(shu)黃(huang)土(tu)窯洞建筑,外加(jia)簡易雨棚(peng),洞高2.3米(mi),寬(kuan)2.2米(mi),進深3.1米(mi)。
山(shan)門為(wei)單間磚木結構歇(xie)山(shan)頂,面闊(kuo)3米,柱高3.3米。門匾(bian)墨書“興(xing)隆寶(bao)山(shan)”四(si)字。山(shan)門四(si)角(jiao)柱露(lu)明,上托角(jiao)科(ke),下座(zuo)鼓形基石。前(qian)檐檐枋、額枋均(jun)(jun)彩繪,額枋下面為(wei)鏤(lou)空二龍戲珠圖案的騎馬雀替,雀替下為(wei)云角(jiao)。梁架結構為(wei)四(si)角(jiao)亭式結構,屋頂青色板瓦(wa)、簡瓦(wa)覆頂,中脊(ji)、垂脊(ji)、戧脊(ji)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)堆花脊(ji),脊(ji)上均(jun)(jun)為(wei)張口龍獸。
鐘(zhong)樓(lou)和(he)鼓樓(lou)位于山門(men)(men)內兩(liang)側,這(zhe)兩(liang)座建(jian)筑造(zao)型和(he)大小(xiao)完全(quan)相同,均為高(gao)(gao)(gao)臺基二(er)層(ceng)建(jian)筑,歇山頂。臺階高(gao)(gao)(gao)1.3米(mi)(mi),平面(mian)為四方形,邊(bian)長(chang)3.3米(mi)(mi),檐高(gao)(gao)(gao)2.8米(mi)(mi),頂高(gao)(gao)(gao)1米(mi)(mi),通高(gao)(gao)(gao)5.1米(mi)(mi)。向山門(men)(men)處開拱券門(men)(men)洞,高(gao)(gao)(gao)1.83米(mi)(mi),寬0.69米(mi)(mi)。二(er)層(ceng)圍(wei)墻(qiang)其余(yu)三面(mian)均有圓(yuan)形窗。木制窗欞為“八字連環(huan)”式,窗周飾以(yi)“鵲(que)雀撣梅”或梔(zhi)子(zi)花圖案。
獻(xian)殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)木結構卷(juan)棚(peng)頂(ding)過(guo)庭,與大(da)殿(dian)(dian)相通。兩山墻(qiang)(qiang)飾以(yi)博風,頂(ding)有(you)螻蛄垂(chui)(chui)脊和(he)龍獸。墀頭頂(ding)部(bu)裝飾成四(si)面坡(po)屋頂(ding)的牌樓形(xing),平身科(ke)、如意科(ke)、平板枋、檐枋、檐檁以(yi)及椽(chuan)和(he)飛頭等仿木構件樣(yang)(yang)樣(yang)(yang)俱全,還有(you)仿木雀替和(he)倒掛垂(chui)(chui)蓮柱(zhu)等裝飾磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)。在戧磚(zhuan)(zhuan)位置有(you)三(san)(san)層(ceng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao),上下均為(wei)(wei)條(tiao)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)所刻,上為(wei)(wei)雙鶴,下位單鹿,中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)方磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)刻的麒麟圖案。獻(xian)殿(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)開間(jian)(jian),面闊(kuo)6.92米,明間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)寬2.36米,稍(shao)間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)寬2.28米,檐高2.8米,進深6.27米。正門和(he)隔扇均為(wei)(wei)六抹,條(tiao)形(xing)板、隔心(xin)、裙板遍(bian)施彩繪。廊進深1米,兩邊(bian)廊墻(qiang)(qiang)上各(ge)有(you)屏風形(xing)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)刻。東廊墻(qiang)(qiang)上部(bu)展示“琴、棋、書、畫”四(si)樣(yang)(yang)文(wen)化(hua)生(sheng)活;下部(bu)為(wei)(wei)“四(si)福(fu)(fu)降臨”圖案。西廊墻(qiang)(qiang)上部(bu)則為(wei)(wei)“耕、讀、漁、樵”,四(si)種經濟生(sheng)活方式,下部(bu)為(wei)(wei)“丹鳳賜福(fu)(fu)”圖案。獻(xian)殿(dian)(dian)屋架(jia)結構為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)架(jia)梁(liang)結構,斗拱結構為(wei)(wei)一(yi)斗二升(sheng)交麻葉。
祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)大殿(dian)(dian)與獻殿(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)開間、面闊、檐(yan)高(gao)完全(quan)相同,兩(liang)者左(zuo)右山(shan)墻也(ye)在一(yi)條線上,前后檐(yan)緊接(jie),之間有(you)(you)50厘米(mi)寬(kuan)的(de)(de)小(xiao)天(tian)井。大殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)歇山(shan)頂(ding)(ding)(ding),各(ge)脊均為(wei)團花脊,正脊中部有(you)(you)三層樓閣式天(tian)宮(gong)。四個翼角均有(you)(you)套獸。屋頂(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)青灰板瓦(wa)、簡瓦(wa)覆頂(ding)(ding)(ding),大殿(dian)(dian)各(ge)檐(yan)下的(de)(de)斗拱為(wei)“單斗只替”,屋架結(jie)構(gou)為(wei)“穿斗式”結(jie)構(gou)。大殿(dian)(dian)兩(liang)山(shan)墻上有(you)(you)無量祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)成道的(de)(de)連環畫彩繪(hui)壁畫。
佛殿(dian)位于大殿(dian)左側3米(mi)(mi)處(chu),坐北面南。單間歇山(shan)頂(ding)建筑,面闊5米(mi)(mi),進深4.8米(mi)(mi),通高(gao)6.1米(mi)(mi)。圓(yuan)券頂(ding)板門,高(gao)2.82米(mi)(mi),寬1.14米(mi)(mi)。門兩側各鑲石碑一塊,高(gao)1.02米(mi)(mi),寬53厘米(mi)(mi),左為(wei)《興隆山(shan)地形碑記》,右為(wei)功德碑。佛殿(dian)四面平砌磚墻,用(yong)5層疊澀(se)出(chu)檐。屋(wu)頂(ding)用(yong)青灰板瓦(wa)、簡瓦(wa)覆蓋,正(zheng)吻為(wei)龍形獸(shou),正(zheng)脊(ji)為(wei)堆花(hua)脊(ji),中部有立獅,左為(wei)狻猊,右為(wei)天馬。殿(dian)內(nei)有西游記故事彩繪(hui)壁畫。
菩薩(sa)殿位于(yu)祖師大(da)殿右側(ce),坐北面(mian)南,磚(zhuan)木硬山頂(ding)(ding)結構(gou),面(mian)闊7米,進深(shen)8米,通高5.5米,原為(wei)(wei)五架梁(liang),前帶(dai)廊子(zi)。因后改造,前廊、前檐用(yong)磚(zhuan)墻包(bao)砌,用(yong)五層疊澀出檐,再用(yong)磚(zhuan)件刻出仿木椽頭(tou)和(he)飛頭(tou)。面(mian)墻有(you)圓券頂(ding)(ding)板門,門高1.66米,寬0.83米,門兩側(ce)有(you)磚(zhuan)刻對聯一副:“擺動慈(ci)云救八難,施行法雨淋蒼生(sheng)”,對聯外側(ce)各有(you)一直徑為(wei)(wei)88厘(li)米的圓形窗(chuang)。屋頂(ding)(ding)也是青灰板瓦和(he)簡瓦覆頂(ding)(ding),五脊(ji)六獸(shou)(shou),正(zheng)脊(ji)為(wei)(wei)堆花脊(ji),脊(ji)中有(you)輪狀裝飾,正(zheng)吻和(he)垂獸(shou)(shou)均為(wei)(wei)龍形。
牛(niu)(niu)馬王廟(miao)位于(yu)東南峰,這里地(di)形平緩、開(kai)闊(kuo),原有建(jian)(jian)筑較多(duo),現僅存牛(niu)(niu)馬王廟(miao)和(he)(he)城隍(huang)廟(miao)兩座建(jian)(jian)筑。牛(niu)(niu)馬王廟(miao)為純(chun)磚發券相(xiang)砌的歇(xie)山頂單間建(jian)(jian)筑,面闊(kuo)3.7米,進深3.7米,通高(gao)5.2米,檐下(xia)高(gao)3.45米,出檐是以多(duo)層(ceng)疊澀成形,再(zai)施(shi)以仿木椽頭(tou)和(he)(he)飛頭(tou)磚件(jian),前檐下(xia)有磚雕裝飾,面墻(qiang)正(zheng)中開(kai)券形門,高(gao)1.6米,寬0.95米。屋頂也是灰色板瓦、簡瓦覆頂,正(zheng)脊為堆花脊,正(zheng)吻、垂(chui)獸(shou)和(he)(he)戧獸(shou)均為龍形。
城隍廟與牛馬王廟距離10米,為純(chun)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)發券成(cheng)(cheng)四(si)(si)角(jiao)攢尖 的單間(jian)建筑,攢頂(ding)為兩層(ceng)(ceng)塔式(shi)樓(lou)閣天宮,天宮兩層(ceng)(ceng)均為八角(jiao)形(xing),每(mei)面開圓拱門(men)或金錢圓形(xing)窗,頂(ding)部有蓮(lian)座和寶珠(zhu)。通高(gao)5.7米,面闊4米,進深4米,檐(yan)高(gao)3.9米。四(si)(si)檐(yan)均以五(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)疊(die)(die)澀磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)件(jian)和仿木椽、飛龍條(tiao)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌成(cheng)(cheng),疊(die)(die)澀磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)下(xia)為雕花條(tiao)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌成(cheng)(cheng),疊(die)(die)澀磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)組成(cheng)(cheng)檐(yan)枋,四(si)(si)角(jiao)出角(jiao)昂和云形(xing)耍頭。坐北面南,面墻(qiang)開圓拱頂(ding)門(men),門(men)兩側(ce)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)刻對聯:“舉念奸邪任(ren)爾焚香無益(yi),存(cun)志正直(zhi)見吾不拜何妨”。
縱觀興隆(long)山古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑群整體布局和建(jian)(jian)筑風格,至少(shao)可(ke)追溯到元明時(shi)(shi)期,而現存(cun)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑基本上(shang)屬于(yu)清代(dai),清代(dai)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑雖然不能用歷(li)史(shi)悠(you)久來概括,但其歷(li)史(shi)價值是(shi)不容(rong)忽視的(de)(de),因為(wei)它代(dai)表著(zhu)一個(ge)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑風格,同時(shi)(shi)也反映著(zhu)這一時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)文化藝(yi)術(shu)、科技經濟、乃至軍事政治諸領(ling)域的(de)(de)社會現實。
興隆(long)山(shan)古(gu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)造型(xing)雖(sui)不(bu)是宏偉高大(da),但(dan)趨(qu)向小巧玲瓏。從總體(ti)效果看,布局(ju)疏密有(you)致,巧妙地利用了自然地貌,呈不(bu)規(gui)則分(fen)布,人工(gong)雕琢(zhuo)與山(shan)形地貌結(jie)合(he)得天衣無(wu)縫,體(ti)現(xian)出我(wo)國(guo)傳統(tong)的“天人合(he)一”文化思(si)維(wei)。造型(xing)除獻殿為卷棚頂(ding)(ding)外(wai),其余多為單體(ti)歇山(shan)頂(ding)(ding)或硬(ying)山(shan)頂(ding)(ding)建筑(zhu)(zhu);結(jie)構多為磚(zhuan)(zhuan)木結(jie)構或純磚(zhuan)(zhuan)結(jie)構。另外(wai)壁畫精(jing)美,情節連環(huan)、形神畢肖(xiao)、寓意(yi)深(shen)刻。 每座單體(ti)建筑(zhu)(zhu)檐下(xia)都有(you)三至五層以寫(xie)實(shi)手(shou)法(fa)構圖(tu)、深(shen)淺(qian)浮雕制作的精(jing)工(gong)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕,如此精(jing)美造型(xing)和精(jing)湛雕琢(zhuo)工(gong)藝以及保存完好的磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕是其他古(gu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)少有(you)的,體(ti)現(xian)了了清代環(huan)慶地區藝術流(liu)派和思(si)潮。
興隆山古(gu)建筑(zhu)群的(de)(de)科學(xue)價值主(zhu)要(yao)表現在(zai)(zai)建筑(zhu)布局與(yu)(yu)自然環境的(de)(de)有(you)機結合和建筑(zhu)物(wu)的(de)(de)結構與(yu)(yu)用(yong)途的(de)(de)合理結合這兩個方面。從建筑(zhu)學(xue)角度看,它是一處規劃設計完善、施(shi)工規范,又(you)具(ju)有(you)創(chuang)造和發(fa)明的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)。主(zhu)要(yao)體現在(zai)(zai)三方面:1、建筑(zhu)為(wei)歇山頂(ding)(ding)磚木結構,架(jia)構采(cai)用(yong)無梁穿斗(dou)式;2、多采(cai)用(yong)純磚發(fa)券(quan)結構;3、純磚疊澀仿木出(chu)檐與(yu)(yu)磚混造型假歇山頂(ding)(ding)結合是一種發(fa)明,而用(yong)于廟宇實屬興隆山首(shou)創(chuang)。這些珍(zhen)貴的(de)(de)歷史(shi)遺產(chan)和科技實物(wu),是明清時期(qi)環慶地區勞(lao)動人民智慧(hui)和文明的(de)(de)結晶,也是不可多得(de)的(de)(de)精神財富。