芒果视频

福(fu)泉(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻在貴州省福(fu)泉(quan)市(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)廂鎮。原(yuan)為平越衛城(cheng)(cheng)，元(yuan)代曾在此設平月長官司。明洪武(wu)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)（1381年(nian)(nian)）置平越千戶所，十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)）改置平越衛。據（光緒）《平越直隸州志(zhi)》卷(juan)九及卷(juan)三十(shi)(shi)四記載，洪武(wu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)（1391年(nian)(nian)）指揮李福(fu)“創建土城(cheng)(cheng)”，“三十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)改甃以石，周一千四百(bai)丈，高二(er)丈二(er)尺，廣一丈五尺，門四、月城(cheng)(cheng)三、城(cheng)(cheng)樓四、警鋪四十(shi)(shi)五。”因城(cheng)(cheng)內無(wu)水，至(zhi)正統末(mo)年(nian)(nian)，苗(miao)族農民起(qi)義軍圍城(cheng)(cheng)，人馬渴死。

概述

“成化間，指揮張能(neng)建(jian)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)西隅，另開一門曰小(xiao)西門。”萬歷(li)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1601年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）置平(ping)越軍民府(fu)，府(fu)衛(wei)同(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷(li)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1603年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）知府(fu)楊可陶、指揮奚國柱于(yu)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)增(zeng)建(jian)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)“五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)丈，使水(shui)經城(cheng)(cheng)內，汲者(zhe)便之。”“崇禎十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1642年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），知府(fu)陳紹英(ying)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)北隅建(jian)臺，上有樓(lou)，名雄鎮，復周城(cheng)(cheng)造望樓(lou)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)。”清順治十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1661年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）守道徐宏業、知府(fu)喻全(quan)昱先(xian)后(hou)增(zeng)修。咸豐(feng)、同(tong)治間，為苗族起(qi)義軍攻破，城(cheng)(cheng)垣“頗有殘毀”。同(tong)治十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1872年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）州(zhou)牧王(wang)繼先(xian)請款(kuan)營(ying)修。后(hou)東城(cheng)(cheng)及小(xiao)西門城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)多(duo)處坍塌，至光緒(xu)(xu)初(chu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，州(zhou)牧鄧在鏞等先(xian)后(hou)補修。光緒(xu)(xu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六、二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1900～1901年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），州(zhou)牧瞿鴻錫又先(xian)后(hou)重修北門及東門兩城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)，“于(yu)是崇閎雄麗，稱此金湯，論貴東城(cheng)(cheng)郭(guo)，固不能(neng)不以平(ping)越為冠也。”

內容

1967年前(qian)后(hou)，古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣被拆毀，現僅存外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小(xiao)西門(men)旁的(de)一段(duan)殘垣。五座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)除西門(men)已傾圮外(wai)，其余四門(men)的(de)劵(juan)洞尚存，但城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓已毀。小(xiao)西門(men)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)道(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻構成一座甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蜿蜒于山腰(yao)，水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑于山麓之(zhi)河(he)畔；外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橫臥(wo)沙(sha)河(he)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)，用兩層石(shi)拱(gong)橋相(xiang)連(lian)接，圍河(he)水(shui)于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)，又稱橋上(shang)(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。橋下皆設鐵欄閘門(men)，切斷水(shui)上(shang)(shang)通道(dao)，以防外(wai)部由水(shui)道(dao)襲城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，這是(shi)該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最大的(de)特點(dian)。而水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩側皆依坡而筑，巍然聳立，并(bing)有(you)上(shang)(shang)百(bai)級石(shi)階可登上(shang)(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭，使內(nei)外(wai)三(san)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)連(lian)，上(shang)(shang)下貫通，氣勢(shi)雄偉。該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)古代軍事(shi)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)防御與進攻(gong)的(de)產物，是(shi)智慧的(de)結晶，具有(you)很(hen)高的(de)歷史、藝術和科(ke)研價(jia)值。

歷史

明(ming)代是(shi)貴(gui)州(zhou)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個重要(yao)(yao)時期，興起(qi)了數(shu)千(qian)座衛城(cheng)(cheng)和府、州(zhou)、縣城(cheng)(cheng)，還建(jian)起(qi)數(shu)以(yi)千(qian)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)屯堡(bao)。城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)聳立在(zai)萬山(shan)(shan)叢中(zhong)，巍(wei)然峨(e)然。由(you)于軍事防御的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)，城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)多建(jian)在(zai)地(di)勢(shi)險要(yao)(yao)、易守(shou)難(nan)攻的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)，或負山(shan)(shan)面(mian)水，或夾河而(er)建(jian)，講究山(shan)(shan)川形勝。貴(gui)州(zhou)喀斯特(te)地(di)貌發(fa)育，石(shi)(shi)料極其(qi)豐富，城(cheng)(cheng)垣大(da)(da)(da)都(dou)用石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)構筑，與平原(yuan)、丘陵地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)筑城(cheng)(cheng)、磚(zhuan)筑城(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)(da)不(bu)相同，有鮮明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)域特(te)征。城(cheng)(cheng)垣是(shi)一(yi)個龐大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑群，包括(kuo)高大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墻體、城(cheng)(cheng)門、城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、串樓(lou)、垛口、窩鋪，還有月(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)、護城(cheng)(cheng)河、水關(guan)等。在(zai)群山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)修建(jian)眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)開(kai)山(shan)(shan)鑿石(shi)(shi)，比其(qi)他(ta)地(di)方(fang)要(yao)(yao)艱難(nan)得(de)多。倘若(ruo)把貴(gui)州(zhou)大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)小小的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)、石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)堡(bao)連接起(qi)來，工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)艱巨(ju)，恐怕(pa)不(bu)亞于萬里長城(cheng)(cheng)。隨著時間的(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)移，在(zai)現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)(de)浪潮中(zhong)，古城(cheng)(cheng)、古堡(bao)大(da)(da)(da)都(dou)消失(shi)，僥幸保存(cun)下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)墻已是(shi)寥(liao)若(ruo)星(xing)辰。而(er)在(zai)被譽為“磷都(dou)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)福泉市(shi)，至(zhi)今(jin)還保留著一(yi)段別具一(yi)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)墻，的(de)(de)(de)(de)確難(nan)能可貴(gui)。

福泉(quan)，古稱(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)。這里原是少數民(min)(min)族聚居區，屬(shu)于(yu)播(bo)(bo)州(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)慰(wei)司(si)管(guan)轄。洪(hong)武(wu)(wu)十五年(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)），在(zai)此設(she)(she)平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)，把衛(wei)(wei)所插(cha)入(ru)土司(si)地區。萬歷三(san)十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)（1611年(nian)(nian)）廢除(chu)播(bo)(bo)州(zhou)楊氏(shi)土司(si)，以其(qi)地分設(she)(she)遵義、平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)二軍民(min)(min)府，平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)府與平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)戰略地位重要，控扼湘廣通(tong)往貴(gui)州(zhou)、云(yun)南的(de)大(da)驛道，將黔東八(ba)府與省(sheng)會及(ji)貴(gui)州(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)慰(wei)司(si)連接起(qi)來(lai)，又可溝(gou)通(tong)川、黔兩省(sheng)，故(gu)設(she)(she)衛(wei)(wei)后便建(jian)(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池。平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)坐(zuo)落在(zai)群(qun)山環抱之中(zhong)，“馬鬃嶺(ling)扼其(qi)喉襟，羊腸河設(she)(she)其(qi)險阻”，實為沖要之地。初建(jian)(jian)時為土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，洪(hong)武(wu)(wu)三(san)十四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)（1401年(nian)(nian)）改筑(zhu)(zhu)石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周長一千(qian)四(si)(si)百(bai)丈(zhang)，折合4666米(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高一丈(zhang)二尺(chi)(chi)，寬一丈(zhang)五尺(chi)(chi)，呈正方(fang)形，有東、南、西(xi)、北四(si)(si)門(men)，上有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)4座，串(chuan)樓(lou)(lou)1540間，垛口(kou)840個。因城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內無水，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被圍時，人馬常被渴(ke)死。成(cheng)化年(nian)(nian)間，平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)指揮張能認為無水不利(li)于(yu)防守(shou)，便在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)增設(she)(she)小西(xi)門(men)，將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)延伸至河邊，筑(zhu)(zhu)堰(yan)引水入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷三(san)十一年(nian)(nian)（1603年(nian)(nian)），總兵安(an)大(da)朝(chao)、指揮奚國(guo)柱、知府楊右陶等(deng)計議，在(zai)其(qi)外增筑(zhu)(zhu)一段(duan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，將河段(duan)包入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，形成(cheng)內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)格(ge)局(ju)。在(zai)此，平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“崇閎雄麗，固若金湯，為貴(gui)東之首”。

平越古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)上世紀60年代大(da)都拆毀，只剩下幾座券孔城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)和一(yi)些斷垣(yuan)殘(can)壁，訴說歷史的(de)滄桑。唯有(you)(you)小(xiao)西門(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)，內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)至今猶存(cun)。站在(zai)高山(shan)之巔俯瞰，內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聳立(li)在(zai)山(shan)間平地，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)于山(shan)麓河(he)畔，而外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則跨過(guo)河(he)流(liu)、田野，里外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)三層構成一(yi)座甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻依山(shan)而筑(zhu)，蜿蜒山(shan)間，氣勢雄偉，有(you)(you)百級石(shi)階(jie)可登上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭。這座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)最大(da)的(de)特點(dian)，就是(shi)將河(he)流(liu)的(de)一(yi)段包入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，居民可到水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)汲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。為(wei)(wei)防(fang)備發(fa)生戰(zhan)事時水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)被(bei)截斷，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)修建(jian)(jian)了一(yi)道(dao)長(chang)五十五丈的(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻。外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻在(zai)兩處跨過(guo)河(he)流(liu)，墻建(jian)(jian)在(zai)兩座三孔石(shi)橋之上，故被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)“橋上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。為(wei)(wei)了讓水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能夠流(liu)動，又(you)便于防(fang)守(shou)，便在(zai)橋下設有(you)(you)鐵柵閘(zha)門(men)，實為(wei)(wei)兩座水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)關。出(chu)小(xiao)西門(men)，有(you)(you)道(dao)路(lu)通往水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，因道(dao)路(lu)要穿過(guo)河(he)道(dao)，在(zai)路(lu)下建(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)五個泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)橋涵(han)，側邊(bian)建(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)吱(zhi)啞作聲的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)碾，頗有(you)(you)“小(xiao)橋流(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)人家(jia)”的(de)風(feng)韻。這種城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)結(jie)構，是(shi)古(gu)代軍事防(fang)御(yu)體系(xi)的(de)杰作，凝結(jie)著中國(guo)古(gu)代科技(ji)與建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)藝術(shu)，在(zai)國(guo)內(nei)其他地方不(bu)曾見過(guo)，其別具一(yi)格(ge)，令古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)專(zhuan)家(jia)嘆為(wei)(wei)觀(guan)止。2001年經國(guo)務院批準，福泉古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻被(bei)列為(wei)(wei)全國(guo)重點(dian)文物保護單位。

福泉(quan)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)為(wei)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)首(shou)創，顯示出貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)人民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧與創造精神。來到(dao)這(zhe)里(li)(li)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)感受(shou)到(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)變遷，平(ping)(ping)越古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)由軍事據點演變為(wei)地(di)方(fang)(fang)行政(zheng)中心，如今變成了一(yi)個以(yi)(yi)磷化工(gong)為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業城(cheng)(cheng)市。在(zai)福泉(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)內，有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)座(zuo)稱為(wei)“大(da)夫第”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)建筑，它是一(yi)個古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四合院，占地(di)400平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)米，現(xian)(xian)辟為(wei)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)博物館。這(zhe)里(li)(li)陳列(lie)著兩百(bai)多(duo)幅照片(pian)，濃縮了貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)自明(ming)以(yi)(yi)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、古(gu)堡、營盤、碉樓、戰壕、關(guan)(guan)(guan)隘、烽火臺。貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)現(xian)(xian)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)還有(you)(you)(you)許多(duo)，如貴(gui)(gui)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東門城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)和(he)(he)武勝門，明(ming)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真安(an)州(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、赤水古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、鎮(zhen)寧州(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，鎮(zhen)遠有(you)(you)(you)府城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，還有(you)(you)(you)畢節層(ceng)(ceng)臺衛(wei)、盤縣(xian)普(pu)安(an)衛(wei)、晴(qing)隆安(an)南衛(wei)等(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)。土司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)堡，最典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是遵義海(hai)龍屯和(he)(he)大(da)方(fang)(fang)“九層(ceng)(ceng)衙門”遺(yi)址，此外有(you)(you)(you)黃平(ping)(ping)巖門司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)德江水特姜(jiang)司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)。營盤以(yi)(yi)松桃(tao)存留(liu)最多(duo)，清代(dai)在(zai)此設有(you)(you)(you)48個營汛，構筑營盤、屯堡、炮樓、碉卡逾千(qian)座(zuo)，形成了一(yi)條(tiao)條(tiao)斷(duan)斷(duan)續續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“邊墻(qiang)”，現(xian)(xian)存480公里(li)(li)，規模較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)堡有(you)(you)(you)正大(da)營和(he)(he)盤石營。關(guan)(guan)(guan)隘頗多(duo)，著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如黔北的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)婁山關(guan)(guan)(guan)，黔中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖云關(guan)(guan)(guan)、雅關(guan)(guan)(guan)，晴(qing)隆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)馬關(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)。由此可(ke)窺貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)明(ming)清時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)風貌，反(fan)映貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)六百(bai)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滄(cang)桑。