該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)鄰泜河(he),三(san)面環崗(gang)(正南(nan)1.5公(gong)里為(wei)(wei)木花崗(gang),東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)1.5公(gong)里為(wei)(wei)光泰(tai)崗(gang),西(xi)南(nan)2公(gong)里為(wei)(wei)馬(ma)棚崗(gang)),依山傍水(shui),地(di)(di)勢(shi)險要,向為(wei)(wei)歷代(dai)兵(bing)家必爭之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)。各(ge)崗(gang)上(shang)密布戰國(guo)、漢代(dai)古墓(mu)數千座。該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)近方(fang)形,西(xi)北(bei)部為(wei)(wei)斜角(jiao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)全長共8017米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi):其中(zhong)東(dong)(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)2225米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)1915米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)1451米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)2426米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),占(zhan)地(di)(di)面積(ji)4平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里。東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)南(nan)半部及南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)除部分地(di)(di)段(duan)有(you)不同(tong)程(cheng)度的(de)破壞外,大部分輪廓清晰,保存(cun)完(wan)好(hao),占(zhan)總城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)五分之(zhi)(zhi)三(san),目(mu)前城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)平(ping)均殘(can)高(gao)2—6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)不等,高(gao)處(chu)7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),基寬16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),夯土(tu)筑就(jiu)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)夯土(tu)層為(wei)(wei)10厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,每高(gao)60厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)鋪(pu)有(you)一層栣木,栣木間距為(wei)(wei)30至60厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)不等,其作用相當于現(xian)代(dai)建筑的(de)鋼(gang)筋。該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共九門(men):東(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)各(ge)三(san)門(men),南(nan)二門(men),北(bei)一門(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)寬約16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)距城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)10米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),河(he)寬18米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);中(zhong)心宮殿建筑區(qu)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內中(zhong)北(bei)部,南(nan)北(bei)寬300米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)長1400米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),占(zhan)地(di)(di)面積(ji)42萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。柏人城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址是我國(guo)保存(cun)較好(hao)的(de)古代(dai)大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池之(zhi)(zhi)一。
據舊志記載(zai):“春秋周(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)17年(nian)(nian),衛(wei)侯(hou)毀(hui)滅邢(xing)、并于衛(wei),遂屬衛(wei)。28年(nian)(nian)晉文公(gong)伐衛(wei)取邢(xing),又(you)屬晉邑,乃為柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)。”由此,柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)城(cheng)(cheng)似晉文公(gong)時所建。到戰國,趙王(wang)(wang)遷元年(nian)(nian)又(you)予以(yi)重(zhong)修。該城(cheng)(cheng)歷史(shi)久遠,相傳(chuan)此地(di)是帝(di)堯(yao)(yao)建都的地(di)方,在(zai)后(hou)來的一(yi)些(xie)史(shi)籍上曾(ceng)說(shuo)它是“柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)城(cheng)(cheng),堯(yao)(yao)之都也”。據北(bei)齊《顏氏家訓》記載(zai),在(zai)柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)城(cheng)(cheng)西門(men)內有(you)一(yi)漢桓帝(di)時柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)縣民(min)為縣令(ling)徐整碑,石(shi)碑上銘文曰:“山有(you)巏嵍,王(wang)(wang)喬所仙。”《全唐詩(shi)話》中還有(you)馬郁贈給韓(han)定辭的一(yi)首詩(shi):“邃林芳草綿(mian)綿(mian)思,盡(jin)日相攜陟(zhi)麗譙。別后(hou)宣務(wu)山上望,羨(xian)君(jun)時復見王(wang)(wang)喬。”可見這里是傳(chuan)說(shuo)中的柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)令(ling)王(wang)(wang)子(zi)喬駕鶴(he)升天之地(di)。
據隆(long)堯縣(xian)1999年修訂出版(ban)的《唐(tang)山縣(xian)志(zhi)》(注:金太宗完(wan)顏晟時期,隆(long)堯稱唐(tang)山)記:《帝王世紀》、《城冢記》、《大明一統志(zhi)》皆(jie)云(yun):“柏(bo)仁(人)城,堯封唐(tang)侯所都之地”,《唐(tang)山縣(xian)志(zhi)》記柏(bo)人城:“春秋(qiu)襄王十七年,紀侯毀于邢,并于紀,遂屬紀。”“二(er)十八年晉(jin)文公伐(fa)紀取(qu)邢,又(you)屬晉(jin)邑(yi),乃為柏(bo)人。”
柏人城(cheng)周(zhou)圍崗上遍布戰國及(ji)漢代古墓,該(gai)城(cheng)歷(li)年出土遺物有陶器(qi)(qi)、瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)、金屬器(qi)(qi)等,代表器(qi)(qi)物有該(gai)城(cheng)在戰國時(shi)期(qi)所(suo)鑄“白人”刀幣(bi)和(he)刻有“柏人”的銘文戈。當時(shi)趙國只有邯鄲和(he)柏人兩地鑄造錢幣(bi),足見當時(shi)柏人城(cheng)歷(li)史地位之(zhi)重要。
柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)城(cheng)(cheng)由夯土(tu)建筑,北鄰泜(zhī)水,三面環崗,依山傍水,形(xing)勢險要,向(xiang)來為歷(li)代兵家所看重(zhong)。邢臺通史上(shang)“邢地春秋(qiu)古城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址”一節,記(ji)載了“柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)城(cheng)(cheng)系晉文公時初建”。戰國時期,柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)城(cheng)(cheng)已(yi)發(fa)(fa)展成為北方趙國的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)比較繁(fan)榮昌(chang)盛的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)事重(zhong)鎮,那(nei)時候人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)聚居(ju),經(jing)濟(ji)得到大發(fa)(fa)展。這里遺(yi)有(you)商周時期的(de)(de)(de)陶窯和大量陶器,城(cheng)(cheng)四(si)周有(you)眾多戰國及(ji)漢代古墓(mu),從墓(mu)葬中(zhong)曾經(jing)挖掘(jue)出不少陶罐銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶勾(gou)(gou)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)劍、鐵劍以及(ji)戰國時期的(de)(de)(de)錯金銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶勾(gou)(gou)玉璧、瑪(ma)瑙飾件(jian)等。近年,在(zai)柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)城(cheng)(cheng)址還發(fa)(fa)現了戰國時流(liu)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)質“刀幣”,刀幣上(shang)鑄有(you)“白(通柏(bo)(bo))人(ren)(ren)(ren)”字樣。據專(zhuan)家考證,當時趙國只有(you)邯鄲和柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)兩個(ge)地方鑄銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錢(qian)。這是戰國時柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)城(cheng)(cheng)經(jing)濟(ji)繁(fan)榮、商業發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要標志。
古柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一帶,歷史上曾發(fa)生過數次戰(zhan)爭(zheng)。據史料(liao)記載:公元前491年(nian),晉(jin)(jin)卿趙(zhao)(zhao)氏與(yu)中行(xing)氏、范氏等(deng)發(fa)生內戰(zhan),中行(xing)文子曾逃(tao)至柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),趙(zhao)(zhao)簡子遂圍柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。漢高(gao)(gao)祖8年(nian)(公元前199年(nian)),劉邦過柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),怕被人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)刺,未(wei)留宿(su)西去(qu),使趙(zhao)(zhao)相貫高(gao)(gao)等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)陰謀未(wei)能得逞(cheng)。公元24年(nian),后漢光武(wu)帝(di)(di)劉秀創業(ye)時,曾在(zai)柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)城(cheng)外(wai)大(da)敗王(wang)郎大(da)獎(jiang)李育。柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)城(cheng)成為漢武(wu)帝(di)(di)在(zai)河北一帶的(de)(de)重(zhong)要軍事(shi)堡(bao)壘。西晉(jin)(jin)末年(nian),羯族(匈奴的(de)(de)一個分支)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)石(shi)勒率兵(bing)襲晉(jin)(jin)將(jiang)王(wang)浚占領(ling)柏(bo)(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)城(cheng),大(da)破晉(jin)(jin)軍。此役為爾后石(shi)勒在(zai)古襄(xiang)國(邢臺市)稱(cheng)帝(di)(di)奠(dian)定了基礎。
西漢時柏(bo)(bo)人城(cheng)(cheng)為縣(xian)級行政首府,北魏(wei)時曾易名“柏(bo)(bo)仁”城(cheng)(cheng)。唐天寶元年(742年),因遭水(shui)患,城(cheng)(cheng)被水(shui)淹,縣(xian)治東(dong)遷堯城(cheng)(cheng)鎮,遂更名為堯山縣(xian),歷時948年的古柏(bo)(bo)仁城(cheng)(cheng)廢,始稱亦城(cheng)(cheng)。時隔千余載(zai),古柏(bo)(bo)城(cheng)(cheng)雖廢,但它的遺跡(ji)猶(you)存,昔(xi)日古城(cheng)(cheng)垣依稀(xi)可見,眾多出(chu)土文物仍指(zhi)點人們去追(zhui)溯古城(cheng)(cheng)的歷史足跡(ji)。