宋(song)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)墓地(di)位于(yu)河南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)鶴壁市(shi)淇(qi)縣西(xi)崗(gang)鄉宋(song)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)村東、方寨村南(nan)(nan),淇(qi)河西(xi)岸的一級臺地(di)上。西(xi)距(ju)衛(wei)國故城約(yue)十公里(li)(li),南(nan)(nan)距(ju)省(sheng)級文物保護(hu)單位紂王墓約(yue)一公里(li)(li)。
2008年12月16日,淇縣文(wen)物(wu)旅游(you)局文(wen)物(wu)管(guan)理(li)(li)所(suo)發現該墓地(di)3座古墓葬(zang)被盜(dao),立即(ji)采取了(le)保護措施,并向(xiang)河南(nan)省(sheng)文(wen)物(wu)管(guan)理(li)(li)局進行(xing)報告。河南(nan)省(sheng)文(wen)物(wu)局非常(chang)重(zhong)視,組(zu)織(zhi)專家對被盜(dao)墓葬(zang)和出土的文(wen)物(wu)進行(xing)了(le)鑒定,認為這里是東周時期的一處貴(gui)族(zu)墓地(di)。
經國家文(wen)物(wu)局(ju)批準,由(you)河南省文(wen)物(wu)考古(gu)(gu)研究所和淇(qi)縣文(wen)物(wu)旅游局(ju)文(wen)物(wu)管理所組(zu)成考古(gu)(gu)隊,從2009年2月(yue)至11月(yue)對淇(qi)縣西崗(gang)鄉宋莊村東被盜(dao)古(gu)(gu)墓(mu)進行了搶(qiang)救性考古(gu)(gu)發掘。此次(ci)共發掘墓(mu)葬10座, 9座為春秋戰國時期,1座為漢代。發掘領隊為賈連(lian)敏。
在(zai)發(fa)掘(jue)M1的(de)同時,我們組(zu)織河南省文物保護勘探(tan)中心的(de)專業技術人員,以M1為(wei)中心向外(wai)圍(wei)(wei)進行放射(she)性(xing)文物鉆(zhan)探(tan),鉆(zhan)探(tan)面積10萬平(ping)方米(mi)(mi),共發(fa)現東周(zhou)(zhou)至宋(song)元時期墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)104座。其中東周(zhou)(zhou)時期墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)60余(yu)座,平(ping)面呈(cheng)甲字形(xing),帶墓(mu)(mu)道的(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)7座,形(xing)制較(jiao)大,其中5座墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)呈(cheng)一字形(xing)排列;3×3米(mi)(mi)以上的(de)土坑豎穴墓(mu)(mu)有16座,M6已經發(fa)掘(jue),出土有11件青銅器。余(yu)皆為(wei)2×3米(mi)(mi)以下的(de)土坑豎穴墓(mu)(mu),M7已經發(fa)掘(jue)僅隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)陶器。由于(yu)勘探(tan)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)有限,該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)地的(de)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)及墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)數量(liang)尚不十分清楚。
發掘的東周(zhou)時期墓葬特別(bie)重要。有甲字形和土坑(keng)豎穴墓兩種,均為東西方向,沒有封土,開口(kou)于③層(ceng)下,距地表0.7米(mi),深6-9米(mi)。
甲(jia)(jia)字形(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang),發掘6座,其(qi)中(zhong)M4、 M3、M1、M5依次(ci)由(you)北(bei)(bei)(bei)向(xiang)南(nan)呈一字排列,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)與(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)間間隔30-50米(mi)(mi),M1的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)距淇河(he)岸邊80余米(mi)(mi);M8、M9位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)該排墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),相距100-130米(mi)(mi),M8位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)M5西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)其(qi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)M9相距130米(mi)(mi)。甲(jia)(jia)字形(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)由(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)組成。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),長30-40米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3米(mi)(mi)左右,直壁規整(zheng),呈斜坡狀,底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)車轍痕(hen)(hen)跡,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)低于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道底(di)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)呈方(fang)(fang)形(xing),4.5-8.3米(mi)(mi)見(jian)方(fang)(fang),M1形(xing)制最大(da),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8.3米(mi)(mi)見(jian)方(fang)(fang)。填土為(wei)(wei)(wei)五花土,由(you)四(si)周向(xiang)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)傾(qing)斜堆積,分(fen)層(ceng),局部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夯打痕(hen)(hen)跡明(ming)顯。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁近直或稍向(xiang)內(nei)(nei)收,呈斗狀。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)熟土二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)、邊箱、棺(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、殉(xun)人(ren)和腰坑。邊箱位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),用(yong)來(lai)放(fang)置隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物箱。用(yong)木(mu)質材(cai)料加工而(er)成,已經朽(xiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)灰(hui)痕(hen)(hen),沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盜擾(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)灰(hui)痕(hen)(hen)清晰,一般為(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西(xi)長,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬(kuan),殘(can)存(cun)(cun)(cun)高(gao)度不等,頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)木(mu)板蓋合,箱內(nei)(nei)邊及底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鋪(pu)席痕(hen)(hen)跡。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊箱內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品則另入一個(ge)漆木(mu)小(xiao)箱。如M5邊箱內(nei)(nei)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品放(fang)置排列有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)規律(lv),東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)犧牲,保(bao)存(cun)(cun)(cun)大(da)量動物骨(gu)骼(ge)。中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)偏北(bei)(bei)(bei)放(fang)置樂器(qi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)編鐘、石磬。西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)偏南(nan)放(fang)置陶器(qi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)鬲(li)、罐、豆陶器(qi)組合。西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)角放(fang)置骨(gu)貝(bei)。從中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)往西(xi)依次(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)銅鼎、壺(hu)、豆、盤、匜等。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)質棺(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),與(yu)邊箱北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)緊挨,均為(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)質單棺(guan)(guan)(guan)單槨(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),殘(can)存(cun)(cun)(cun)灰(hui)痕(hen)(hen),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)紅漆黑(hei)彩,如M5槨(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東(dong)西(xi)長2.62米(mi)(mi)、南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)1.62米(mi)(mi)、高(gao)1.1米(mi)(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)西(xi)長2.1米(mi)(mi)、南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)1.32米(mi)(mi)、殘(can)高(gao)0.1米(mi)(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)分(fen)布有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)規律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉牌(pai)和小(xiao)銅管,據此推測當時棺(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)帷(wei)帳。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)骨(gu)骼(ge)均保(bao)存(cun)(cun)(cun)較差,如M5骨(gu)骼(ge)已朽(xiu)不見(jian),僅見(jian)一顆牙齒,證明(ming)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)頭(tou)向(xiang)西(xi)。身(shen)(shen)上(shang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)玉虎、玉魚、玉環、玉璜等佩飾,棺(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)身(shen)(shen)上(shang)鋪(pu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)朱(zhu)砂。棺(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)間隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)兵器(qi)、車馬飾件、骨(gu)貝(bei)。腰坑位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)下(xia),多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)形(xing)淺坑,殘(can)存(cun)(cun)(cun)狗(gou)骨(gu)。殉(xun)人(ren)多(duo)分(fen)布在棺(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)三面。殉(xun)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量依墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)大(da)小(xiao)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)份高(gao)低而(er)不同,M1最多(duo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)5具(ju),其(qi)中(zhong)1具(ju)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在槨(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)下(xia),M4僅殉(xun)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)1具(ju)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具(ju)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)質單棺(guan)(guan)(guan),但是尺寸(cun)大(da)小(xiao)不一,骨(gu)骼(ge)保(bao)存(cun)(cun)(cun)一般,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)側身(shen)(shen)曲肢(zhi)和仰身(shen)(shen)直肢(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品。說明(ming)殉(xun)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)份也不相同。
土坑(keng)(keng)豎穴墓(mu),分(fen)(fen)布較(jiao)散,無規律,發(fa)掘(jue)M6、M7、M10三座。依(yi)據墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)尺寸(cun)的大小可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為兩(liang)種(zhong)。一(yi)是(shi)墓(mu)室在(zai)3.5-5米見方(fang)的墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang),平面近方(fang)形(xing),填土為五花土,分(fen)(fen)層明顯,局(ju)部(bu)經(jing)過夯打,墓(mu)壁近直,較(jiao)規整,墓(mu)室結構和甲字形(xing)墓(mu)基(ji)本(ben)一(yi)致,有熟土二(er)層臺(tai)、邊箱、棺槨、殉(xun)人、腰坑(keng)(keng),M6、M10已經(jing)發(fa)掘(jue);二(er)是(shi)3米以下墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang),僅發(fa)掘(jue)M7,長方(fang)形(xing),東西方(fang)向(xiang),3×2米,土坑(keng)(keng)豎穴,墓(mu)壁近直,有熟土二(er)層臺(tai),臺(tai)上隨葬(zang)(zang)陶器(qi)及犧牲,葬(zang)(zang)具(ju)為木(mu)質單(dan)棺單(dan)槨,墓(mu)主骨骼保存較(jiao)差,頭(tou)向(xiang)西,平底(di)。
隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品,除M1和(he)(he)M3被盜(dao)嚴重,殘存少量隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品外,其它墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品完整(zheng)豐富。甲字形墓(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室在4-5米見(jian)方的(de)土(tu)(tu)坑(keng)(keng)豎(shu)穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu),隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)青(qing)銅禮器(qi)鼎、敦(dun)、壺(hu)(hu)、缶、豆、盤、匜(yi)等(deng);樂器(qi)青(qing)銅編鐘(zhong)、石磬(qing);兵器(qi)銅劍、戈、矛(mao)、鏃(zu)等(deng);玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)有(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)虎(hu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)魚(yu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)牌(pai)等(deng);鉛(qian)器(qi)缶、編鐘(zhong)等(deng);陶(tao)器(qi)為鬲、罐(guan)、豆、壺(hu)(hu)組(zu)合。還有(you)(you)銅車(che)馬(ma)飾件(jian)(jian)、貝(bei)、珍(zhen)珠、銅魚(yu)等(deng)。各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品的(de)數量因墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)身份不同而多寡不一(yi),如M5,沒有(you)(you)被盜(dao)擾(rao),隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品組(zu)合保(bao)存較完整(zheng),器(qi)物大部分(fen)保(bao)存完好,共(gong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)文(wen)物175件(jian)(jian)套(tao)。其中青(qing)銅器(qi)有(you)(you)鼎7、壺(hu)(hu)2、豆4、盤2、匜(yi)1、勺1、盒(he)1、環(huan)2、小(xiao)管飾16、車(che)飾1、蓮花瓣飾3、編鐘(zhong)7件(jian)(jian),共(gong)47件(jian)(jian)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)有(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)虎(hu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)魚(yu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)牌(pai)等(deng)共(gong)81件(jian)(jian)。陶(tao)器(qi)鬲、豆、罐(guan)共(gong)34件(jian)(jian)。石磬(qing)10件(jian)(jian)。珍(zhen)珠1粒。鉛(qian)魚(yu)30件(jian)(jian)。貝(bei)幣200多枚。M6隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品青(qing)銅器(qi)有(you)(you)鼎2、敦(dun)2、盤1、匜(yi)1、盒(he)1、車(che)飾4件(jian)(jian),共(gong)11件(jian)(jian),陶(tao)器(qi)鬲、豆、罐(guan)共(gong)22件(jian)(jian)。3米以下土(tu)(tu)坑(keng)(keng)豎(shu)穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)僅隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)和(he)(he)犧牲,陶(tao)器(qi)組(zu)合也(ye)是鬲、罐(guan)、豆。
墓(mu)葬的(de)年代,從(cong)M4出土青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)鼎、敦(dun)、盤、匜(yi)組(zu)合(he)及陶器(qi)鬲、豆、罐(guan)組(zu)合(he),到M9出土的(de)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)鼎、豆、壺(hu)、缶、盤、匜(yi)組(zu)合(he)及陶器(qi)鬲、豆、壺(hu)組(zu)合(he)以及器(qi)物本身的(de)特征來看,應為春秋至戰國時期。
淇縣歷史悠(you)久,文(wen)化(hua)燦爛,是(shi)河(he)南省首批歷史文(wen)化(hua)名(ming)城(cheng),古(gu)稱朝歌,曾為春秋時期(qi)衛國國都(dou),該墓地(di)距衛國故城(cheng)十公里。通過發掘為研究東周(zhou)時期(qi)該地(di)區的歷史、政治(zhi)、經濟(ji)、文(wen)化(hua)、葬(zang)制、葬(zang)俗提供了(le)重要線索和實物資(zi)料(liao)。