清(qing)涼寺汝官(guan)窯遺址位于寶豐縣大(da)營鎮清(qing)涼寺村,遺址保(bao)(bao)護(hu)范圍共計133.2萬平方米。該遺址1990年(nian)(nian)曾被(bei)(bei)評為(wei)“七五”期(qi)間十(shi)大(da)考古(gu)新發現;20世(shi)紀(ji)河南十(shi)項重(zhong)大(da)考古(gu)發現和2000年(nian)(nian)度全(quan)國(guo)十(shi)大(da)考古(gu)新發現;2001年(nian)(nian)6月被(bei)(bei)國(guo)務院(yuan)公布為(wei)第五批全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)點文物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位;2005年(nian)(nian)列入(ru)全(quan)國(guo)100處重(zhong)要大(da)遺址保(bao)(bao)護(hu)項目;2011年(nian)(nian)汝瓷燒制(zhi)技藝被(bei)(bei)列入(ru)國(guo)家(jia)級非物(wu)質文化遺產名錄(lu);2016年(nian)(nian)入(ru)選國(guo)家(jia)大(da)遺址保(bao)(bao)護(hu)“十(shi)三五”專項規(gui)劃。
汝(ru)窯位居“汝(ru)、官、哥(ge)、鈞、定”五大名窯之首,有“汝(ru)窯為(wei)魁”之稱。從20世紀50年(nian)代至(zhi)今,為(wei)尋(xun)訪汝(ru)窯遺(yi)址,我(wo)國幾代文(wen)(wen)博工作者付出(chu)了(le)(le)巨大努力。自1987年(nian)至(zhi)2016年(nian),河南(nan)省(sheng)文(wen)(wen)物考(kao)古(gu)研究院先后對寶豐縣清(qing)涼(liang)寺(si)汝(ru)官窯遺(yi)址進行了(le)(le)十四次考(kao)古(gu)發(fa)掘,發(fa)現了(le)(le)20多(duo)座燒(shao)制御用汝(ru)瓷(ci)的窯爐及作坊遺(yi)跡,獲得(de)了(le)(le)大量瓷(ci)器、瓷(ci)器、標本(ben),出(chu)土了(le)(le)不少傳世品(pin)種(zhong)未(wei)見(jian)的新器形,擴大了(le)(le)人們對汝(ru)窯瓷(ci)器的認識。清(qing)涼(liang)寺(si)汝(ru)官窯遺(yi)址的發(fa)現,揭開了(le)(le)千古(gu)之謎,使中國陶(tao)瓷(ci)史上(shang)的一大懸案了(le)(le)結。
汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)是北(bei)(bei)宋五(wu)大(da)名窯(yao)之一(yi),南宋前期九華人葉寘(zhi)的《坦齋筆衡》“本朝以定(ding)州(zhou)白(bai)磁器有芒,不堪用,遂(sui)命汝(ru)(ru)州(zhou)燒(shao)青瓷,故河(he)北(bei)(bei)、唐、鄧,耀州(zhou)悉有之,汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)為(wei)(wei)魁。江南則處州(zhou)龍(long)泉窯(yao),質頗(po)粗(cu)厚。政(zheng)和間(jian),京師自置窯(yao)燒(shao)造,名日官窯(yao)”的記載。葉寘(zhi)講的“汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)為(wei)(wei)魁”無疑(yi)是指(zhi)北(bei)(bei)宋后期前段(duan)汝(ru)(ru)官窯(yao)。而被后世稱為(wei)(wei)宋代五(wu)大(da)名窯(yao)的“汝(ru)(ru)、官、哥、鈞(jun)、定(ding)”,亦將汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)排在首位(wei)。
在(zai)(zai)已知的(de)(de)(de)65件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)汝(ru)窯(yao)傳(chuan)世品中(zhong),除北京故宮博物院11件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)未公開發表外(wai),其(qi)余54件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong),洗類器(qi)(qi)占16件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盤14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),另有(you)(you)橢圓水(shui)仙(xian)盆(pen)5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),尊2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、樽(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碗(wan)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碟3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),紙追瓶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),蓮花式(shi)碗(wan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盞托1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),深腹(fu)洗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。器(qi)(qi)底有(you)(you)三個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)占18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),5個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),6個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),殘存1個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),無(wu)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)(zai)釉(you)色上,粉青27件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),天青12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),卵(luan)青10件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),不(bu)明(ming)5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)(zai)這次汝(ru)官窯(yao)燒造區出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)大量瓷器(qi)(qi)中(zhong),除包含(han)以上所有(you)(you)傳(chuan)世品外(wai),還(huan)出土(tu)不(bu)少在(zai)(zai)傳(chuan)世品中(zhong)不(bu)曾見到的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)形。如出土(tu)量較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)套(tao)盒,荷花口平底盤、盞等(deng),同(tong)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)有(you)(you)缽、罐、盂(yu)等(deng),工藝品鳥(niao)首(shou),龍形器(qi)(qi)和仿早期青銅器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)方壺,圓壺等(deng)等(deng)。
有幾(ji)個不可忽(hu)視的(de)(de)問題,傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)中與(yu)發掘所獲(huo)得的(de)(de)大量器(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)標本有所區別。其(qi)(qi)一(yi),清涼(liang)寺(si)(si)汝(ru)官(guan)窯(yao)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)所有器(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)開(kai)(kai)片(pian)絕(jue)大多數細密,開(kai)(kai)片(pian)好者罕見(jian)。釉色粉青(qing)(qing)者極少。其(qi)(qi)二,清涼(liang)寺(si)(si)汝(ru)官(guan)窯(yao)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)洗類器(qi)(qi)中圈足(zu)(zu)洗占相對多數,胎質較傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)薄。器(qi)(qi)形(xing)的(de)(de)大小(xiao)差異較明顯,盡管如(ru)此,絕(jue)大多數采用五個支釘(ding)(ding)藝,并(bing)且五個支釘(ding)(ding)往往緊貼(tie)于圈足(zu)(zu)內側四周(zhou),這(zhe)些皆(jie)與(yu)上海博物(wu)(wu)館藏傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)中的(de)(de)4件(jian)(jian)和英(ying)國(guo)達維德基金會的(de)(de)1件(jian)(jian)留足(zu)(zu)洗工藝有所不同。其(qi)(qi)三(san),北京故宮博物(wu)(wu)院(yuan)院(yuan)藏的(de)(de)1件(jian)(jian)粉青(qing)(qing)平底深腹(fu)洗和三(san)足(zu)(zu)洗其(qi)(qi)造(zao)型工藝也有別于清涼(liang)寺(si)(si)窯(yao)址出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)深腹(fu)平底洗、三(san)足(zu)(zu)洗。其(qi)(qi)四,目前所知,傳(chuan)世(shi)的(de)(de)無(wu)紋汝(ru)窯(yao)器(qi)(qi),只有臺北故宮博物(wu)(wu)院(yuan)的(de)(de)1件(jian)(jian)“天(tian)青(qing)(qing)無(wu)紋橢圓水(shui)仙(xian)盆(pen)”。這(zhe)些問題值得研(yan)究(jiu)者關注。
有(you)關汝(ru)窯的文(wen)獻記載(zai)已經被今天的考古發(fa)掘所證實(shi)。即使如此,仍有(you)人對汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯在寶豐清(qing)涼(liang)寺提出(chu)質疑。今年6——10月(yue),河南文(wen)物(wu)考古研究所對寶豐清(qing)涼(liang)寺汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯燒造區進行了(le)正式(shi)發(fa)掘,揭露面(mian)積(ji)475平(ping)方米(mi),以其罕見的窯爐、配(pei)釉作坊(fang)和豐富的汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)瓷器(qi)被清(qing)理出(chu)來(lai)而引人注(zhu)目。
清涼寺古窯(yao)(yao)址共分為(wei)四個發掘區,這次發掘僅限于約4800平方(fang)米的(de)汝官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)燒造(zao)區的(de)西北部(bu),清理出(chu)窯(yao)(yao)爐15座,作坊2座,大型(xing)澄泥池2個,排(pai)列(lie)有(you)序大型(xing)陶甕10余(yu)個,灰坑22個等重要遺跡,出(chu)土(tu)遺物極為(wei)豐富(fu),絕大數(shu)為(wei)汝官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)器,這與(yu)我們在第l、11、III燒造(zao)區內青瓷(ci)(ci),白瓷(ci)(ci)、黑瓷(ci)(ci)、三(san)彩等瓷(ci)(ci)器同(tong)(tong)出(chu)絕然不同(tong)(tong)。重要的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在汝官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)燒造(zao)區汝官(guan)瓷(ci)(ci)工藝達(da)到成熟階段(duan)的(de)地層內出(chu)土(tu)1枚來(lai)神(shen)宗(zong)時期“元豐通寶”,有(you)可(ke)能將汝官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)的(de)創燒時間提前到來(lai)神(shen)宗(zong)元豐(公(gong)元1078—一公(gong)元1085)年(nian)間。與(yu)陳萬里(li)先生考證汝州燒造(zao)宮廷用瓷(ci)(ci)時間在哲宗(zong)元祐元年(nian)(108)到徽宗(zong)崇寧五(wu)年(nian)基本一致。因此,筆(bi)者認為(wei)汝官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)就在寶豐清涼寺是(shi)(shi)(shi)不可(ke)爭辯的(de)事實。《坦齋筆(bi)衡》中記載(zai)“政(zheng)和間,京師(shi)自置(zhi)窯(yao)(yao)燒造(zao),名(ming)日官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)”也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)信(xin)的(de)。