曾國藩墓位于(yu)湖南岳麓區坪塘(tang)街(jie)道(dao)桐溪村(cun)伏龍(long)山(shan),為晚(wan)清湘軍(jun)首領(ling)、兩江總督——曾國藩之墓。同治十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(1872年(nian)(nian))二月初四,(公歷1872年(nian)(nian)3月20日(ri))曾國藩遽歸道(dao)山(shan)于(yu)兩江總督任上(shang)。是(shi)日(ri)午后,他與長子(zi)曾紀澤散步于(yu)署西花(hua)圃,突發(fa)腳麻,被扶掖回書房(fang),已不能(neng)言,端(duan)坐三刻溘然而逝。是(shi)月,清廷(ting)聞訃,輟朝三日(ri),追(zhui)贈太傅,謚文正。后靈柩運抵長沙(sha),當年(nian)(nian)葬(zang)于(yu)長沙(sha)南門外之金盆(pen)嶺。次年(nian)(nian)改葬(zang)于(yu)善化縣平塘(tang)伏龍(long)山(shan)之陽,即今長沙(sha)市岳麓區坪塘(tang)街(jie)道(dao)桐溪村(cun)伏龍(long)山(shan)南,與是(shi)年(nian)(nian)仙(xian)逝的歐陽夫人合葬(zang)。
墓葬
墓(mu)(mu)葬占(zhan)地面(mian)積300平(ping)(ping)(ping)方米。曾墓(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)冢(zhong)原系(xi)三合泥拌碎石(shi)糯米混澆(jiao)而成(cheng),墓(mu)(mu)圍(wei)直徑(jing)約5米,花(hua)崗石(shi)圍(wei),高(gao)2米。塋地砌花(hua)崗石(shi)羅(luo)圍(wei),并(bing)立(li)(li)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)三通,漢(han)白玉石(shi)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)心,主碑(bei)(bei)(bei)高(gao)3米,刻(ke)楷書碑(bei)(bei)(bei)文“皇清太(tai)(tai)傅大(da)學士(shi)(shi)曾文正(zheng)公(gong)/一品(pin)侯夫(fu)人歐(ou)陽夫(fu)人之墓(mu)(mu)”。附碑(bei)(bei)(bei)均為龍紋(wen)浮雕(diao)。墓(mu)(mu)前(qian)有拜(bai)臺和墓(mu)(mu)坪,拜(bai)臺約50平(ping)(ping)(ping)方米,經26級臺階下接一大(da)墓(mu)(mu)坪約200平(ping)(ping)(ping)方米,墓(mu)(mu)坪上東西(xi)(xi)兩側(ce)各立(li)(li)石(shi)闕(que)一個,分別刻(ke)有“曾太(tai)(tai)傅墓(mu)(mu)東闕(que)”和“曾太(tai)(tai)傅墓(mu)(mu)西(xi)(xi)闕(que)”。左側(ce)石(shi)梯(ti)通道沿桐溪寺(si)圍(wei)墻而下,接墓(mu)(mu)廬槽門與御碑(bei)(bei)(bei)亭,通道兩旁有石(shi)馬(ma)、石(shi)獅、石(shi)虎及翁仲各一對(dui)。距曾國藩墓(mu)(mu)約60米處立(li)(li)有“太(tai)(tai)傅大(da)學士(shi)(shi)毅勇侯曾文正(zheng)公(gong)神道碑(bei)(bei)(bei)”,系(xi)大(da)學士(shi)(shi)李鴻章撰、翰林黃自元書,大(da)抵(di)敘(xu)述曾國藩生平(ping)(ping)(ping)功績。
墓前風景
墓地正前有古(gu)銀(yin)杏、羅漢(han)松(song)各兩株,蓊郁茂盛(sheng)。墓地附近之(zhi)桐(tong)溪寺(si)(si)古(gu)稱興國(guo)寺(si)(si),為唐代(dai)振朗(lang)禪(chan)師(shi)創(chuang)建。該寺(si)(si)掩映于綠樹叢中,建筑(zhu)宏(hong)偉,樓閣玲瓏(long),三(san)道大門,寬敞明(ming)亮,為唐代(dai)名(ming)(ming)剎。不久,寺(si)(si)毀,至(zhi)(zhi)宋復建,名(ming)(ming)曰伏(fu)龍庵(an)。寺(si)(si)周有八景(jing):盤龍松(song)、集賢橋(qiao)、象王嶺、談經石(shi)、獅子峰(feng)、桂花井、金盆嶺、萬壽亭。至(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)末,寺(si)(si)又毀。清(qing)代(dai),經天巖應適(shi)禪(chan)師(shi)募(mu)緣重建,改名(ming)(ming)桐(tong)溪寺(si)(si),因山后桐(tong)林茂密、寺(si)(si)前流水潺潺、山清(qing)水秀、環境幽雅而得名(ming)(ming)。鼎盛(sheng)時期(qi),桐(tong)溪寺(si)(si)有房100余間(jian),香火繚(liao)繞。民(min)國(guo)以后,寺(si)(si)廟日漸凋(diao)零。
墓(mu)地(di)曾(ceng)(ceng)于20世紀50-60年(nian)代(dai)遭(zao)到(dao)(dao)損壞,1980年(nian)代(dai)遭(zao)到(dao)(dao)盜掘,御(yu)碑亭(ting)、墓(mu)廬被(bei)(bei)毀壞,麻石構件被(bei)(bei)當地(di)農民移作他用。1992年(nian)望城縣文物(wu)管理所在當地(di)成立了曾(ceng)(ceng)國藩(fan)(fan)墓(mu)保護小組(zu),1993年(nian)曾(ceng)(ceng)國藩(fan)(fan)墓(mu)先后被(bei)(bei)列入(ru)望城縣文物(wu)保護單位(wei)和長沙(sha)市重點文物(wu)保護單位(wei),1996年(nian)被(bei)(bei)列入(ru)湖南省(sheng)文物(wu)保護單位(wei)。其墓(mu)園自1998年(nian)開始(shi)開始(shi)規劃(hua)修復, 第一期(qi)修復工程從2000年(nian)初開始(shi)于2002年(nian)完工。2013年(nian)入(ru)選全國重點文物(wu)保護單位(wei)。
墓(mu)園距坪塘(tang)街道(dao)中心區(qu)約4公里(li)(li),距離長沙城(cheng)區(qu)瀟湘大道(dao)、繞城(cheng)高速、岳麓大道(dao)三干線主(zhu)匝(za)道(dao)約為2公里(li)(li)。曾(ceng)國藩(fan)墓(mu)園景(jing)區(qu)建(jian)設二期工程中神道(dao)、牌坊的(de)文物修復已(yi)(yi)經啟(qi)動(dong),墓(mu)廬、御碑(bei)亭等項目(mu)的(de)修復的(de)前期準(zhun)備工作已(yi)(yi)基(ji)本(ben)就(jiu)緒。據望城(cheng)縣(xian)文物局相關負責人(ren)介(jie)紹,經過2-3年(nian)建(jian)設,曾(ceng)國藩(fan)墓(mu)園景(jing)區(qu)將初具規模。市政協(xie)副主(zhu)席李克儉、譚(tan)世延等參加活(huo)動(dong)。
曾(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)藩(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)位于岳麓區坪(ping)(ping)(ping)塘街道桐溪(xi)村伏龍山,其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)冢(zhong)系三合泥拌(ban)碎石(shi)糯米(mi)(mi)(mi)混澆而成,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)圍(wei)直徑約5米(mi)(mi)(mi),花崗(gang)石(shi)圍(wei)。其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)三道墓(mu)(mu)(mu)碑。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)有(you)(you)拜臺、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)坪(ping)(ping)(ping),拜臺約50平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)(mi),經26級臺階下接一大墓(mu)(mu)(mu)坪(ping)(ping)(ping)約200平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)(mi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)坪(ping)(ping)(ping)上東西(xi)兩側各立石(shi)闕一個,分(fen)別刻(ke)“曾(ceng)(ceng)太(tai)傅墓(mu)(mu)(mu)東闕”、“曾(ceng)(ceng)太(tai)傅墓(mu)(mu)(mu)西(xi)闕”。左(zuo)側石(shi)梯通道沿桐溪(xi)寺圍(wei)墻而下,接墓(mu)(mu)(mu)廬槽(cao)門與御碑亭,通道兩旁有(you)(you)石(shi)馬、石(shi)獅、石(shi)虎及石(shi)翁仲(zhong)各一對。距墓(mu)(mu)(mu)冢(zhong)約60米(mi)(mi)(mi)處立有(you)(you)“太(tai)傅大學士毅勇(yong)侯曾(ceng)(ceng)文正公(gong)神道碑”,敘述了曾(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)藩(fan)生平(ping)(ping)功績(ji)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地正前(qian)有(you)(you)參天銀杏、羅(luo)漢松各兩株。
曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)經(jing)(jing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上世紀50、70、80年代遭盜墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)者(zhe)(zhe)三次破壞。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)原有的(de)(de)各一(yi)(yi)對石馬(ma)、石獅、石虎(hu)及石翁(weng)仲已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)四處(chu)散落,有的(de)(de)已(yi)(yi)被破壞。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)周(zhou)圍的(de)(de)麻(ma)石不(bu)是(shi)被附近(jin)村民用作他途(tu)就(jiu)是(shi)被隨(sui)意(yi)丟棄。就(jiu)連墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)廬四周(zhou)護(hu)欄上的(de)(de)鐵鏈也被人偷走(zou)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)附近(jin)一(yi)(yi)居民家(jia)中(zhong),還保(bao)留有一(yi)(yi)只形狀(zhuang)像海龜一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)赑屃(xi)(按(an)照(zhao)古習,各種石碑(bei)(bei)下的(de)(de)石座就(jiu)雕成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)赑屃(xi)之狀(zhuang))。在(zai)(zai)(zai)赑屃(xi)的(de)(de)兩側,還保(bao)存(cun)有已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)斷成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩截(jie)的(de)(de)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)神道(dao)(dao)碑(bei)(bei)。而曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)附近(jin)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)經(jing)(jing)香火繚繞的(de)(de)桐(tong)溪寺已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)蕩然無存(cun)。此處(chu)將成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)旅游景(jing)(jing)區。1996年,曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)被確定為(wei)(wei)省級文物保(bao)護(hu)單位。長沙市、望城縣文物部(bu)門圍繞曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)修復,多次組(zu)織(zhi)專家(jia)到實地(di)調研,并制訂了(le)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)整體(ti)保(bao)護(hu)規劃(hua)。根據(ju)規劃(hua),將建(jian)設曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)園(yuan)(yuan)景(jing)(jing)區,景(jing)(jing)區由曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)園(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)湘(xiang)軍(jun)(jun)文化休(xiu)閑園(yuan)(yuan)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)文物保(bao)護(hu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),包括(kuo)修復神道(dao)(dao)(石人、石馬(ma)、石羊、石虎(hu))、石牌(pai)坊、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)廬、桂(gui)花井、御(yu)(yu)碑(bei)(bei)亭(恢復御(yu)(yu)碑(bei)(bei)),800米長麻(ma)石路以(yi)及“曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)湘(xiang)軍(jun)(jun)陣(zhen)列(lie)館(guan)(guan)”。后者(zhe)(zhe)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)體(ti)現(xian)湘(xiang)軍(jun)(jun)文化特(te)色,包括(kuo)騎馬(ma)、射箭、摔(shuai)跤、拳擊、武術、布陣(zhen)、營帳等(deng)休(xiu)閑方式(shi)。據(ju)悉,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)園(yuan)(yuan)景(jing)(jing)區建(jian)設將分(fen)為(wei)(wei)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)。第一(yi)(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)修繕曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)本(ben)體(ti)。日(ri)前(qian)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)碑(bei)(bei)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)圍、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)冢、散水、平臺、拜臺、圍護(hu)欄等(deng)文物全部(bu)修復。古樹得到了(le)很(hen)好的(de)(de)維護(hu)。第二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)主(zhu)要是(shi)修復曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)神道(dao)(dao)(石象等(deng))、牌(pai)坊、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)廬(神道(dao)(dao)碑(bei)(bei))、御(yu)(yu)碑(bei)(bei)亭(御(yu)(yu)碑(bei)(bei))及麻(ma)石路等(deng)附屬文物為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)。預(yu)計用2年至3年時(shi)間完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),使(shi)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)園(yuan)(yuan)景(jing)(jing)區初具(ju)規模。第三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)修建(jian)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)湘(xiang)軍(jun)(jun)陣(zhen)列(lie)館(guan)(guan),客(ke)觀展現(xian)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)生平與(yu)湘(xiang)軍(jun)(jun)政(zheng)治(zhi)集團的(de)(de)史料,曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)近(jin)代洋(yang)務(wu)運動及文學藝術等(deng)方面的(de)(de)歷(li)史作用。
曾國(guo)藩(1811-1872),初名(ming)子城,字伯函,號滌生,謚文正,湖南長(chang)沙府湘鄉白楊坪人,現屬雙(shuang)峰縣荷葉(xie)鎮天子坪曾國(guo)藩于嘉(jia)慶十六年(nian)(1811年(nian))出生于湖南省雙(shuang)峰縣井(jing)字鎮荷葉(xie)塘的(de)一個豪門地主家(jia)庭兄妹九人。曾國(guo)藩是(shi)中國(guo)清朝時期(qi)的(de)軍事家(jia)、理學(xue)家(jia)、政治家(jia),書法家(jia),中興(xing)名(ming)臣(chen)之一,也是(shi)文學(xue)家(jia),晚清散文「湘鄉派」創立人。官至兩江總督(du)、直隸總督(du)、武英(ying)殿大(da)學(xue)士,封一等毅勇侯。