工程概況
小浪(lang)底(di)水(shui)利樞紐(niu)位于(yu)三門(men)峽(xia)(xia)水(shui)利樞紐(niu)下游130公里、河南省洛(luo)陽市以(yi)北(bei) 40公里的黃(huang)河干流(liu)上,控(kong)制流(liu)域面積(ji)69.4萬(wan)平方公里,占(zhan)黃(huang)河流(liu)域面積(ji)的92.3%。壩址所在(zai)地南岸為(wei)孟津縣小浪(lang)底(di)村,北(bei)岸為(wei)濟源市蓼塢村,是黃(huang)河中游最后(hou)一段峽(xia)(xia)谷的出(chu)口。
小浪(lang)底(di)水(shui)(shui)利樞紐壩(ba)頂高程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)281m,正常(chang)高水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)275m,庫(ku)(ku)容126.5億(yi)(yi)m3,淤沙(sha)庫(ku)(ku)容75.5億(yi)(yi)m3,調水(shui)(shui)調沙(sha)庫(ku)(ku)容10.5億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)米,長期有效庫(ku)(ku)容51億(yi)(yi)m3,千年一(yi)遇設計洪水(shui)(shui)蓄洪量38.2億(yi)(yi)m3,萬年一(yi)遇校(xiao)核洪水(shui)(shui)蓄洪量40.5億(yi)(yi)m3。死水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)230m,汛期防洪限制水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)254m,防凌限制水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)266m。防洪最大泄量17000億(yi)(yi)m3/s,正常(chang)死水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)泄量略(lve)大于8000m3/s。小浪(lang)底(di)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)正常(chang)蓄水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)時淹沒影(ying)響面積277.8km2,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)區占地23.33km2,共(gong)涉及河南、山西兩省的濟(ji)源、孟津(jin)、新安、澠池、陜縣、平陸、夏縣、垣曲8縣(市)33個鄉鎮,動遷年移(yi)民(min)20萬人。 1991年9月(yue),小浪(lang)底(di)水(shui)(shui)利樞紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)前期工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。2009年4月(yue),全(quan)部工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)通過竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收(shou),是國(guo)家“八五”重點建設項目。
工程全部(bu)竣工后,水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫面(mian)積(ji)達272.3平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li),控(kong)制(zhi)流(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)69.42萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li);總裝機容量(liang)為180萬(wan)千(qian)瓦,年(nian)平(ping)均發電量(liang)為51億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦時;每年(nian)可增(zeng)加40億(yi)(yi)立(li)方(fang)米的供水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)。小(xiao)浪底(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫兩(liang)岸分別(bie)為秦嶺(ling)山(shan)系(xi)的崤山(shan)、韶山(shan)和(he)邙山(shan);中條山(shan)系(xi)、太行山(shan)系(xi)的王屋(wu)山(shan)。它(ta)(ta)的建成將有(you)效地控(kong)制(zhi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河洪水(shui)(shui)(shui),可使黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河下(xia)游(you)花園口的防洪標準由六十年(nian)一遇提高到千(qian)年(nian)一遇,基本解(jie)除黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河下(xia)游(you)凌(ling)汛的威脅,減緩下(xia)游(you)河道的淤(yu)積(ji),小(xiao)浪底(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫還可以利(li)用(yong)其長期有(you)效庫容調(diao)節非汛期徑流(liu),增(zeng)加水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)用(yong)于城(cheng)市及工業供水(shui)(shui)(shui)、灌溉(gai)和(he)發電。它(ta)(ta)處在承上(shang)啟下(xia)控(kong)制(zhi)下(xia)游(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)沙(sha)的關鍵(jian)部(bu)位,控(kong)制(zhi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河輸沙(sha)量(liang)的100%,可滯攔泥(ni)沙(sha)78億(yi)(yi)噸,相當于20年(nian)下(xia)游(you)河床不淤(yu)積(ji)抬(tai)高。
1994年(nian)(nian)9月主體(ti)工程開工,1997年(nian)(nian)10月28日實現大河(he)截流(liu),1999年(nian)(nian)底第一臺機組(zu)發(fa)電(dian),2001年(nian)(nian)12月31日全(quan)部竣(jun)工,總(zong)工期11年(nian)(nian),壩址控(kong)制流(liu)域(yu)面積(ji)69.42萬平方公里,占黃河(he)流(liu)域(yu)面積(ji)的92.3%。水庫總(zong)庫容126.5億立(li)方米,長期有效庫容51億立(li)方米。工程以防洪、減(jian)淤為主,兼顧(gu)供水、灌溉和發(fa)電(dian),蓄清(qing)排渾,除害興(xing)利,綜合利用。
小(xiao)浪底(di)工程由(you)攔河大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)、泄洪建(jian)筑物和(he)引水(shui)(shui)發電系(xi)統組成。小(xiao)浪底(di)工程攔河大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)采用(yong)斜心墻(qiang)堆石壩(ba)(ba)(ba),設計最(zui)大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高154米,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂長(chang)度(du)(du)為(wei)1667米,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂寬(kuan)(kuan)度(du)(du)15米,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)底(di)最(zui)大(da)寬(kuan)(kuan)度(du)(du)864米。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)體(ti)啟、填(tian)筑量(liang)5l.85萬立方(fang)米、基(ji)礎(chu)混凝土(tu)防(fang)滲墻(qiang)厚l.2米、深(shen)80米。其填(tian)筑量(liang)和(he)混凝土(tu)防(fang)滲墻(qiang)均為(wei)國內之最(zui)。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂高程281米,水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)正常(chang)蓄水(shui)(shui)位275米,庫(ku)水(shui)(shui)面積272平方(fang)公里,總(zong)庫(ku)容126.5億(yi)立方(fang)米。水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)呈(cheng)東(dong)西帶狀,長(chang)約130公里,上(shang)段較窄,下(xia)段較寬(kuan)(kuan),平均寬(kuan)(kuan)度(du)(du)2公里,屬(shu)峽谷河道型水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)址(zhi)處多(duo)年平均流量(liang)1327立方(fang)米/秒(miao),輸沙量(liang)16億(yi)噸,該壩(ba)(ba)(ba)建(jian)成后可控(kong)制(zhi)全河流域(yu)面積的92.3%。
由于地形(xing)、地質條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)限制和(he)(he)進(jin)(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)防淤堵等(deng)運用(yong)要(yao)求、泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)、排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)、引(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)發電建筑物(wu)均布置在(zai)左岸,形(xing)成進(jin)(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)、洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)室群、出水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)消(xiao)力(li)塘集中(zhong)布置的(de)(de)(de)特點。在(zai)面積約1k㎡的(de)(de)(de)單薄山體中(zhong)集中(zhong)布置了各類(lei)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)室100多(duo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。9條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、6條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)引(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)發電洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)灌溉洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)組(zu)合(he)成一(yi)字形(xing)排(pai)列的(de)(de)(de)10座進(jin)(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)塔(ta),其(qi)(qi)上(shang)游(you)面在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)豎(shu)直(zhi)(zhi)面內(nei),前緣總寬276.4m,最(zui)大(da)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度113m。各洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)口(kou)錯開布置,形(xing)成高(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)排(pai)污(wu),低水(shui)(shui)(shui)泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)、中(zhong)間引(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)發電的(de)(de)(de)總體布局,可防止進(jin)(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)淤堵、降低洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)流(liu)(liu)速、減(jian)輕流(liu)(liu)道磨(mo)蝕(shi)、提高(gao)(gao)(gao)閘門(men)運用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)6條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)引(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)發電洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)口(kou)共組(zu)成3座發電進(jin)(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)塔(ta),每座塔(ta)布置兩(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)發電洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)口(kou),其(qi)(qi)下部中(zhong)間為一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)口(kou),高(gao)(gao)(gao)差15—20m,可使粗沙(sha)(sha)經排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)下泄(xie)(xie),減(jian)少對水(shui)(shui)(shui)輪(lun)機的(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)蝕(shi)。9條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)由3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)導(dao)流(liu)(liu)隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)改建的(de)(de)(de)3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)孔(kong)板(ban)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)明流(liu)(liu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)組(zu)成,與1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)溢(yi)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)道在(zai)平(ping)面上(shang)平(ping)行(xing)布置,其(qi)(qi)出口(kou)處(chu)設總寬356米(mi)、總長210米(mi)、最(zui)大(da)深度28米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)2級消(xiao)力(li)塘,對以上(shang)10股(gu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)集中(zhong)消(xiao)能(neng),經泄(xie)(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)渠與下游(you)黃河連接。進(jin)(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)塔(ta)和(he)(he)消(xiao)力(li)塘開挖形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)出口(kou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)邊(bian)坡最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)達120米(mi)。為保證高(gao)(gao)(gao)邊(bian)坡穩定(ding),采用(yong)了減(jian)載、排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)及(ji)1100多(duo)根預應力(li)錨索支護、豎(shu)直(zhi)(zhi)抗滑樁加固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)治(zhi)理措施,取得了良好的(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)。
引水發(fa)(fa)電系統也布置在樞紐左岸。包括6條(tiao)發(fa)(fa)電引水洞、地下廠(chang)房、主(zhu)變室(shi)、閘門室(shi)和3條(tiao)尾水隧洞。廠(chang)房內安裝6臺30萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)混流式水輪(lun)發(fa)(fa)電機組(zu),總裝機容(rong)量(liang)180萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa),多年(nian)平均(jun)年(nian)發(fa)(fa)電量(liang)45.99億千瓦(wa)(wa).時/58.51億千瓦(wa)(wa).時(前10年(nian)/后10年(nian))。
小浪(lang)底(di)(di)水(shui)利(li)樞紐主體(ti)工程建設(she)采用國(guo)(guo)際招(zhao)標,以(yi)意(yi)大(da)(da)利(li)英波(bo)吉羅公(gong)司為(wei)責(ze)任(ren)方的(de)黃河承(cheng)包商中大(da)(da)壩標,以(yi)德(de)國(guo)(guo)旭普林公(gong)司為(wei)責(ze)任(ren)方的(de)中德(de)意(yi)聯營體(ti)中進水(shui)口泄洪(hong)洞(dong)和(he)溢洪(hong)道群(qun)標,以(yi)法國(guo)(guo)杜美(mei)茲公(gong)司為(wei)責(ze)任(ren)方的(de)小浪(lang)底(di)(di)聯營體(ti)中發電系統(tong)標。1994年7月16日(ri)合同(tong)簽字(zi)儀(yi)式(shi)在北京舉行。
開發目標以(yi)防洪(防凌)、減淤為(wei)主,兼顧供(gong)水、灌溉和(he)發電,蓄(xu)清排渾,除害興利,綜合利用。小浪底水利樞(shu)紐戰略地(di)位重要(yao),工程(cheng)規模宏大,地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件復(fu)雜,水沙(sha)條(tiao)件特(te)殊,運(yun)用要(yao)求嚴格(ge),被(bei)中外(wai)水利專家稱為(wei)世界上最復(fu)雜的水利工程(cheng)之一。
大壩設計
小浪(lang)底水利(li)樞紐主(zhu)(zhu)壩(ba)為壤土斜心墻土石壩(ba),上游(you)圍堰為壩(ba)體的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分,壩(ba)基(ji)采用混凝土防(fang)滲(shen)(shen)墻,工程(cheng)初(chu)步設(she)計為斜墻壩(ba)型,后優化為斜心墻壩(ba)型,兩者的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要區別在于前(qian)者以(yi)水平(ping)防(fang)滲(shen)(shen)為主(zhu)(zhu),垂直防(fang)滲(shen)(shen)為輔(fu);后者以(yi)垂直防(fang)滲(shen)(shen)為主(zhu)(zhu),水平(ping)防(fang)滲(shen)(shen)為輔(fu)。大壩(ba)的(de)設(she)計有以(yi)下幾個特點:
1、適度地(di)考慮了庫區淤(yu)積的防滲(shen)作用,使(shi)壩(ba)基防滲(shen)效果更為可靠;
2、上爬的(de)內鋪蓋改善了上游壩坡的(de)抗滑穩定性,既(ji)實(shi)現了庫區淤積的(de)連(lian)接,又不會對壩坡產(chan)生太(tai)大的(de)影響;
3、減少了上游圍堰的土方填(tian)筑量(liang)及基(ji)礎處理(li)工程量(liang),使(shi)截流(liu)后比(bi)較緊張(zhang)的工期得以(yi)緩解(jie);
4、與斜墻壩相比,混凝土防滲墻受(shou)力有所惡化,且造墻難度增加。
工程任務
減淤
小(xiao)浪底(di)水(shui)(shui)利樞紐(niu)采用“人(ren)工擾沙(sha)”方式,即(ji)借助河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)已有的勢能,輔以人(ren)工擾動(dong)(dong)河(he)(he)床(chuang)土質,促進(jin)河(he)(he)床(chuang)泥沙(sha)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong),實現河(he)(he)床(chuang)下(xia)切(qie)、輸沙(sha)入海。簡單地說,就是通過攪動(dong)(dong)讓河(he)(he)底(di)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)沙(sha)上(shang)(shang)浮,使其(qi)與自然水(shui)(shui)流一起下(xia)泄,從(cong)而(er)達到清淤(yu)(yu)(yu)輸沙(sha)的目的。第三次調水(shui)(shui)調沙(sha)試驗共設(she)3個擾沙(sha)點(dian),分別位于小(xiao)浪底(di)庫尾(wei)、河(he)(he)南范(fan)縣(xian)李橋河(he)(he)段(duan)、山(shan)東梁山(shan)縣(xian)小(xiao)路口河(he)(he)段(duan)。以上(shang)(shang)方法,可使黃河(he)(he)下(xia)游河(he)(he)床(chuang)20年內不淤(yu)(yu)(yu)積(ji)抬高。非汛期下(xia)泄清水(shui)(shui)挾沙(sha)入海以及(ji)人(ren)造峰沖淤(yu)(yu)(yu),對下(xia)游河(he)(he)床(chuang)有進(jin)一步減淤(yu)(yu)(yu)作(zuo)用。
發電
小浪底(di)水利樞紐裝機(ji)6臺(tai),每臺(tai)30萬kw,總裝機(ji)容量180萬kw,額(e)定水頭(tou)112m,是(shi)河南電(dian)(dian)(dian)網理(li)想的調峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠以(yi)220kV一級電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)送(song)出(chu),出(chu)線(xian)6回,4回至洛北(bei)(bei)5000kV升壓(ya)站(zhan)(zhan),1回至豫(yu)北(bei)(bei),1回備用,220kV側為比母線(xian)分(fen)段(duan),左段(duan)接2臺(tai)機(ji),2回出(chu)線(xian),右段(duan)接4臺(tai)機(ji),4回出(chu)線(xian)。
防洪防凌
水(shui)文氣象資(zi)料分(fen)析表明,黃(huang)河(he)可(ke)能出現55000m3/s的(de)(de)特大洪水(shui),即使經過(guo)三門峽、陸渾、故縣等水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)攔蓄后,花(hua)(hua)園(yuan)口站的(de)(de)洪峰流(liu)量仍將達到(dao)42000m3/s。黃(huang)河(he)下游防洪工程的(de)(de)設防標準(zhun)僅為22000m3/s(花(hua)(hua)園(yuan)口站),不(bu)到(dao)百年一(yi)遇。三門峽水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)對控制(zhi)凌汛(xun)期流(liu)量起到(dao)了一(yi)定的(de)(de)作用,但(dan)由于(yu)可(ke)利用庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)過(guo)小,防凌效果有限。
小(xiao)浪底水(shui)利樞紐與(yu)已(yi)建的三門(men)峽、陸渾(hun)、故(gu)縣(xian)水(shui)庫(ku)聯合(he)運用,并(bing)利用東(dong)平(ping)湖分洪(hong),可使黃(huang)河下(xia)游(you)防洪(hong)標準(zhun)提(ti)高到千年一遇(yu)。千年一遇(yu)以下(xia)洪(hong)水(shui)不(bu)再使用北金堤滯(zhi)洪(hong)區,減輕常(chang)遇(yu)洪(hong)水(shui)的防洪(hong)負擔。與(yu)三門(men)峽水(shui)庫(ku)聯合(he)運用,共同調(diao)蓄凌(ling)汛期水(shui)量(liang),可基本解除黃(huang)河下(xia)游(you)凌(ling)汛威(wei)脅。
供水灌溉
黃(huang)河下(xia)游(you)控制灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉面(mian)積約4000萬畝(mu),每年平均(jun)實(shi)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)面(mian)積1760萬畝(mu),年引水(shui)量80~100億(yi)m3,由于黃(huang)河來水(shui)豐枯不勻,又缺乏(fa)足(zu)夠(gou)的水(shui)量調節(jie)能力,灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉用水(shui)保(bao)證率(lv)僅32%。二十世紀(ji)七十年代(dai)以(yi)來,沿(yan)河工(gong)農業(ye)迅猛(meng)發展,城市供水(shui)需(xu)求急(ji)劇增長。自1987年之(zhi)后,山東利津至(zhi)入海口河段(duan)幾(ji)乎每年斷流(liu)(liu),水(shui)資源供需(xu)矛盾十分突出。小浪底水(shui)利樞紐(niu)可(ke)減少下(xia)游(you)斷流(liu)(liu)的機率(lv),平均(jun)每年可(ke)增加20億(yi)m3的調節(jie)水(shui)量,滿足(zu)下(xia)游(you)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉與城市用水(shui),提高灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉保(bao)證率(lv)。
工程建設
小浪底水利樞紐(niu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)1991年(nian)9月(yue)12日開始(shi)進行(xing)前期(qi)準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),1994年(nian)9月(yue)1日主體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)正式開工(gong)(gong)(gong),1997年(nian)10月(yue)28日截流,2000年(nian)初第一臺機組投產發電(dian),2001年(nian)底主體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)全部完工(gong)(gong)(gong)。取得了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)提前,投資節約,質量優(you)量的好(hao)成(cheng)績。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設可以(yi)劃分為(wei)準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、國際招標、主體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、尾工(gong)(gong)(gong)四個階段。
準備工程施工
小浪底工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)前期準備工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包括外線公路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、內線公路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、黃河公路(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、留莊鐵路(lu)轉運站、施(shi)工(gong)供(gong)電工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、施(shi)工(gong)供(gong)水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、通訊(xun)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、砂(sha)石(shi)骨料試開(kai)采(cai)、臨時房屋工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、導流(liu)洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工(gong)支洞(dong)(dong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、施(shi)工(gong)區移(yi)民(min)安置工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。
樞紐施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)采用分期導(dao)(dao)流(liu),一期導(dao)(dao)流(liu)圍右岸施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong),原河床過流(liu);二(er)期上、下(xia)游圍堰擋(dang)水,主河槽施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong),同時進行左岸導(dao)(dao)流(liu)洞和(he)其(qi)他建筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)。在截(jie)流(liu)時主體土建工(gong)(gong)程已完成土石方開挖(wa)85%,土石方填筑(zhu)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)的32%,混凝土和(he)鋼筋混凝土總(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)48%。截(jie)流(liu)后,隨大壩升(sheng)高和(he)泄(xie)洪(hong)排沙建筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)逐步(bu)建成,泄(xie)洪(hong)能力逐漸加強,各年度汛標準逐步(bu)提高。
樞紐主(zhu)體工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(含前期準備工(gong)程(cheng)):土石(shi)方開(kai)挖6027萬(wan)(wan)立方米,土石(shi)方填筑5574萬(wan)(wan)立方米,混(hun)凝(ning)土及鋼筋(jin)混(hun)凝(ning)土354萬(wan)(wan)立方米,金屬結構安(an)裝3.26萬(wan)(wan)噸,機電設備安(an)裝3.09萬(wan)(wan)噸。工(gong)程(cheng)總投資347.46億元(yuan),其中(zhong)水(shui)庫(ku)淹沒處理和移(yi)民(min)費用86.75億元(yuan)。水(shui)庫(ku)淹沒耕地1.4萬(wan)(wan)hm,移(yi)民(min)安(an)置人(ren)口18.97萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)。
施工道路建設
為了減少(shao)截流(liu)前(qian)占直線工(gong)期的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)項目的壓(ya)力,節約外資,在進(jin)行準備工(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的同時(shi),進(jin)行了右岸主(zhu)壩防滲(shen)墻、導流(liu)洞(dong)、上中(zhong)導洞(dong)、進(jin)水口(kou)開挖、出水口(kou)開挖等主(zhu)體工(gong)程項目施(shi)(shi)工(gong)。
施工專用黃河公路大橋
準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)從1991年9月12日(ri)起(qi)至1994年4月18日(ri)水利部對前期準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)驗收為止,歷時2年7個月,完成了所有(you)水、電、路、通訊(xun)、營地、鐵路轉運站(zhan)等準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,完成了施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)區移民安(an)置(zhi)及庫區移民安(an)置(zhi)試點工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,完成了招標文(wen)件(jian)(jian)中承諾的(de)右(you)岸主壩防滲墻、導流洞(dong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)支(zhi)洞(dong)、上中導洞(dong)、進(jin)(jin)水口(kou)(kou)開(kai)挖(wa)、出水口(kou)(kou)開(kai)挖(wa)等主體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目應實(shi)現的(de)形象。國際承包商進(jin)(jin)場(chang)時稱贊,小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)底(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)是他們所見到的(de)最好進(jin)(jin)場(chang)條件(jian)(jian)。準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期間(jian),基(ji)本確立了小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)底(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)各方之間(jian)的(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi),尤其是建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)位和設(she)(she)計(ji)單(dan)位之間(jian)的(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi),即(ji):小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)底(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)局(ju)代表(biao)國家管(guan)理小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)底(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng),對進(jin)(jin)度、質量、安(an)全(quan)、投資全(quan)面負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze);小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)底(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)局(ju)和設(she)(she)計(ji)院是甲乙(yi)方合(he)同(tong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi),設(she)(she)計(ji)院在設(she)(she)計(ji)質量上對小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)底(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)局(ju)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze),小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)底(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)局(ju)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)。這在當時是基(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)體(ti)制改革的(de)重要(yao)舉措,為小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)底(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)行(xing)業主負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)制打(da)下(xia)了基(ji)礎。
準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)期(qi)間,組建了工(gong)(gong)程監理單位,比照FIDIC條(tiao)件(jian)的要求(qiu)開展(zhan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),為主體工(gong)(gong)程開工(gong)(gong)后全面進(jin)行工(gong)(gong)程監理積累了經驗。
前期(qi)準備工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的組織緊扣主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)國際招標的要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)展開(kai),時(shi)(shi)間(jian)安排以滿足利(li)用世行(xing)(xing)貸款的時(shi)(shi)間(jian)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)為(wei)前提(ti);施工(gong)(gong)(gong)項目(mu)(mu)安排力爭多(duo)揭(jie)示地(di)質條(tiao)件(jian)(jian),提(ti)前進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)關(guan)鍵(jian)線路上(shang)的主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong),減輕直線工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)壓(ya)力;將人力分成施工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)招標兩(liang)(liang)部分,兩(liang)(liang)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)作并行(xing)(xing)不(bu)悖;管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作比(bi)照FIDIC合(he)同條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)。上(shang)述一系列工(gong)(gong)(gong)作為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設順利(li)實施打(da)下了良好的基礎。
生態效益
黃河(he)作為(wei)中(zhong)華民族的母親河(he),以(yi)占(zhan)全國(guo)河(he)川徑流(liu)2%的有限水(shui)資源(yuan),擔負著全國(guo)12%的人口、17%的耕(geng)地和(he)沿黃50多座大(da)中(zhong)型(xing)城市的供水(shui)任務。自上世紀90年代以(yi)來(lai),黃河(he)飽(bao)受(shou)斷流(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)痛(tong)、淤積之(zhi)(zhi)痛(tong)。
隨(sui)著黃(huang)河陷(xian)入“生(sheng)存險境(jing)”,中國的(de)治黃(huang)理念(nian)由“控制(zhi)洪水”轉變為(wei)“維持(chi)河流健康(kang)生(sheng)命”,小浪底工程的(de)投入使(shi)用,成(cheng)為(wei)這一“生(sheng)態治黃(huang)”理念(nian)得以實現(xian)的(de)關鍵(jian)所在。
坐落在晉陜峽谷出口處的小浪底水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫,就(jiu)像(xiang)一(yi)個大(da)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)盆”,既可以攔蓄(xu)上游(you)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui),使黃河(he)(he)下游(you)防洪標準由(you)60年一(yi)遇(yu)提高到(dao)千(qian)年一(yi)遇(yu),又(you)可以利(li)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)人工(gong)制(zhi)造洪峰,減(jian)輕(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫淤積(ji),沖刷下游(you)河(he)(he)道(dao)。
2003年,黃河(he)發生歷史罕(han)見(jian)的秋(qiu)汛,黃河(he)防總啟用(yong)小浪底水庫(ku)攔蓄十多場洪水,避(bi)免了(le)黃河(he)下(xia)游出現大面積漫灘災害,同時(shi),使近(jin)百億立方米的洪水變(bian)成水資源存入水庫(ku)。
小浪(lang)底水利(li)樞紐投入運(yun)營以(yi)來,黃(huang)河(he)連(lian)(lian)續13年不斷流(liu),先后(hou)完成7次引黃(huang)濟津、12次引黃(huang)濟青、5次引黃(huang)濟淀(dian)等跨流(liu)域應急調水任務;還實現了黃(huang)河(he)下(xia)游(you)(you)連(lian)(lian)續13年安全度汛,基本解除(chu)了黃(huang)河(he)下(xia)游(you)(you)凌汛威(wei)脅;有效改善了小浪(lang)底庫區和下(xia)游(you)(you)地區的生態環境。
移民安置
小浪底(di)工程(cheng)庫(ku)區移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民分三期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進行。第(di)(di)一期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為180米(mi)(mi)高(gao)程(cheng)以下(xia)(xia)(xia)及(ji)受影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)4.6萬(wan)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民。從(cong)1995年(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始到1997年(nian)(nian)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)底(di)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成。第(di)(di)二(er)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為180-265米(mi)(mi)高(gao)程(cheng)區間及(ji)受影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)12.6萬(wan)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民,從(cong)1997年(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始到2000年(nian)(nian)結束。第(di)(di)三期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為265-275米(mi)(mi)高(gao)程(cheng)區間及(ji)受影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)1.7萬(wan)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民,從(cong)2000年(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始到2003年(nian)(nian)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成。一期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民于1997年(nian)(nian)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)底(di)按計劃(hua)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成,為按期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)截(jie)流(liu)創(chuang)造(zao)了條(tiao)件(jian)。截(jie)流(liu)后以及(ji)1998年(nian)(nian)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民安置(zhi)進度有(you)所拖后,1999年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)5日,水(shui)利部、河(he)南省政(zheng)府、山西省政(zheng)府在北京召開(kai)(kai)部省聯席會議,布置(zhi)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民安置(zhi)工作,解決有(you)關問題(ti)。6月(yue)(yue)(yue)30日,215米(mi)(mi)高(gao)程(cheng)以下(xia)(xia)(xia)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民按計劃(hua)搬離庫(ku)區,移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民人數(shu)4.5萬(wan)人,為下(xia)(xia)(xia)閘蓄水(shui)創(chuang)造(zao)了條(tiao)件(jian)。2001年(nian)(nian)底(di)前265米(mi)(mi)高(gao)程(cheng)以下(xia)(xia)(xia)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民搬遷完(wan)(wan)(wan)畢,使得小浪底(di)工程(cheng)能夠正(zheng)常發(fa)揮攔洪效(xiao)益。
社會經濟
農業
小(xiao)浪底水庫淹沒(mei)影響到河南、山西兩省(sheng)三市一地區的八個(ge)縣(市),29個(ge)鄉(xiang)(鎮),涉及人口(kou)16萬(wan)人,淹沒(mei)土地總(zong)面(mian)積為42萬(wan)畝,其中耕地面(mian)積20萬(wan)畝。該區域人口(kou)分布(bu)不均,東部大于西部,平均人口(kou)密度330人/平方(fang)公里(li),人均耕地約1.25畝。淹沒(mei)區每(mei)年(nian)的農(nong)業總(zong)產值1.2億元。 農(nong)作(zuo)物夏糧以小(xiao)麥為主(zhu),秋糧以玉米、谷子、紅(hong)薯為主(zhu)。農(nong)作(zuo)物產量水田(tian)畝產超過1000斤,旱(han)田(tian)畝產500~900斤,棉(mian)花畝產50~150斤。
工業
各縣(市(shi))的(de)工(gong)礦企(qi)業(ye)只有(you)少(shao)部分(fen)分(fen)布(bu)在小浪底區域(yu)(yu)內,1996年區域(yu)(yu)內六縣(市(shi))的(de)工(gong)業(ye)總產值為5億元,而其全部工(gong)業(ye)總產值為86.5億元。從區域(yu)(yu)內的(de)工(gong)業(ye)產值分(fen)布(bu)來看,垣曲縣最大(da),占(zhan)區域(yu)(yu)的(de)46%;新(xin)安次之(zhi),占(zhan)31.6%,其它縣(市(shi))較少(shao),均小于8.0%。
布設情況
小浪底的環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)主要分三個(ge)部分,即庫區(qu)(qu)、施工區(qu)(qu)、移民(min)區(qu)(qu),各部分監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)項目、斷面(mian)(mian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)布設、監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)頻率(lv)各不相同。庫區(qu)(qu)水質監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)地面(mian)(mian)水監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)14個(ge)斷面(mian)(mian),底質監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)4個(ge)斷面(mian)(mian);施工區(qu)(qu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)地表水干(gan)支流6個(ge)斷面(mian)(mian)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用(yong)水37個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)、河流底質12個(ge)點(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污水和生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)廢水17個(ge)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)、大氣測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)、噪聲12個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian);移民(min)區(qu)(qu)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)飲用(yong)水28個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)和土壤28個(ge)采樣點(dian)(dian)。根據(ju)實際情況(kuang),監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)時斷面(mian)(mian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)數和監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)項目有所調整。
地位作用
小浪底工程(cheng)是三(san)門(men)峽以下唯一能夠取得(de)較大庫(ku)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)性工程(cheng),處在控制(zhi)黃河(he)下游水沙的(de)(de)(de)關鍵部位,也是唯一能夠擔負(fu)下游防(fang)洪、防(fang)凌、兼(jian)顧工農業供水、發電的(de)(de)(de)綜合水利樞紐,具有(you)優越的(de)(de)(de)自然條件和重要的(de)(de)(de)戰略地位。
三門峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)負面影(ying)響,其主要表現在(zai);大(da)(da)壩(ba)抬高(gao)(gao)水位后(hou)降低了(le)流速,加速上游(you)(you)淤積,從而加劇(ju)了(le)上游(you)(you)渭河(he)地區的(de)(de)(de)水災(zai)。小(xiao)浪底工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計則充分(fen)汲(ji)取三門峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗教訓(xun)。三門峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)在(zai)泥沙(sha)問題上的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)教訓(xun)是對上游(you)(you)水土保持攔沙(sha)作(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)估計,以(yi)及(ji)水庫(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用過分(fen)樂(le)觀,而預計的(de)(de)(de)入庫(ku)(ku)泥沙(sha)量偏低。三門峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)第二個教訓(xun),就是在(zai)泥沙(sha)比(bi)率高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)河(he)流建(jian)了(le)水庫(ku)(ku)之(zhi)后(hou),不(bu)能采用高(gao)(gao)水位的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)水運(yun)行方式,而應該采用“蓄(xu)(xu)清排渾”的(de)(de)(de)方式,在(zai)汛(xun)期(qi)(qi)低水位時(shi),建(jian)筑物要有足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)泄洪(hong)排沙(sha)能力。小(xiao)浪底水庫(ku)(ku)區為峽(xia)(xia)谷河(he)段(duan),有利于保持較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)有效庫(ku)(ku)容,可以(yi)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)發揮(hui)調水調沙(sha)、興(xing)利除(chu)害的(de)(de)(de)效益(yi),防洪(hong)運(yun)用比(bi)較(jiao)可靠,不(bu)僅(jin)可以(yi)攔蓄(xu)(xu)特大(da)(da)洪(hong)水,還可以(yi)根據下游(you)(you)防洪(hong)需要適當(dang)控(kong)制中(zhong)小(xiao)型洪(hong)水。這是其它工(gong)程(cheng)措施所不(bu)能比(bi)擬(ni)的(de)(de)(de)。
小浪底水庫攔調(diao)泥沙(sha),能夠減(jian)緩(huan)黃河(he)(he)下游河(he)(he)道淤積,還可(ke)以通過人造洪峰(feng)、調(diao)水調(diao)沙(sha)等運(yun)用方(fang)式,長期發(fa)揮較大的減(jian)淤作用,與其它減(jian)淤措施(shi)相比,在減(jian)淤效果(guo)、減(jian)淤單位投資(zi)、影響人口等方(fang)面,小浪底工程都明顯比三門峽水利工程優勝。
小(xiao)浪底水利(li)樞紐在(zai)保證(zheng)下(xia)(xia)游防洪、滿足下(xia)(xia)游減淤(yu)的前提(ti)下(xia)(xia),還(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)調節(jie)徑(jing)流,為下(xia)(xia)游工農(nong)業(ye)用水增(zeng)加可(ke)(ke)(ke)利(li)用的水源,發電調峰可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)改善電力系統的運行條(tiao)件(jian)。綜合各(ge)方(fang)面因素(su),小(xiao)浪底水利(li)樞紐是黃河下(xia)(xia)游防洪減淤(yu)工程中最佳方(fang)案。