河北承(cheng)(cheng)德(de)丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌國家地(di)(di)質(zhi)公園(yuan)位于(yu)承(cheng)(cheng)德(de)市(shi)周邊(bian),行政區(qu)(qu)劃屬于(yu)雙(shuang)橋(qiao)區(qu)(qu)、雙(shuang)灤區(qu)(qu)及承(cheng)(cheng)德(de)縣。公園(yuan)分(fen)為磬錘峰、雙(shuang)塔(ta)山(shan)、雞(ji)冠山(shan)三個(ge)(ge)園(yuan)區(qu)(qu),磬錘峰、夾墻溝、朝陽洞、唐家灣(wan)、雙(shuang)塔(ta)山(shan)、雞(ji)冠山(shan)六個(ge)(ge)景(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu),總面積(ji)48.76 km2,核心(xin)區(qu)(qu)面積(ji)24.03 km2。是一座以丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌為主,以清(qing)代(dai)皇家園(yuan)林景(jing)(jing)觀和熱河古生物群景(jing)(jing)觀為輔,集自然、生態、人文于(yu)一體的綜合(he)性地(di)(di)質(zhi)公園(yuan)。承(cheng)(cheng)德(de)丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌具有(you)極好(hao)的代(dai)表性,反映了丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌整個(ge)(ge)發(fa)育演化進程,是研究華(hua)北丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌形成、發(fa)展和演化的最(zui)佳場所。
地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質遺(yi)(yi)跡的保護(hu)和(he)利用是地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質公(gong)園(yuan)建設(she)與(yu)(yu)(yu)發展的核心。河北(bei)省承德丹霞地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)國家地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質公(gong)園(yuan)是以丹霞地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)為(wei)主,集(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質構造(zao)(zao)、古生物、河流、熱(re)泉(quan)景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體的綜合(he)性地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質公(gong)園(yuan)。漫長(chang)的地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質演化(hua)(hua)及承德盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)特(te)殊的構造(zao)(zao)和(he)自然地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)位置使公(gong)園(yuan)內地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質遺(yi)(yi)跡類型(xing)多(duo)(duo)樣、發育(yu)典型(xing),多(duo)(duo)重要(yao)構造(zao)(zao)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)及地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)記錄。丹霞地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)是由中國學(xue)者提出來的一(yi)(yi)種獨立地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)類型(xing),公(gong)園(yuan)內以承德礫巖為(wei)主要(yao)構景(jing)(jing)層(ceng)的丹霞地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)演化(hua)(hua)階段(duan)完(wan)整,露頭規(gui)模較大,形態多(duo)(duo)樣奇特(te),在(zai)我(wo)國北(bei)方罕見(jian)且較典型(xing),在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)學(xue)研(yan)究、科普教育(yu)方面有(you)著重要(yao)科學(xue)內涵。公(gong)園(yuan)的建立及園(yuan)內丹霞地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)區(qu)特(te)有(you)小環境形成的溝谷效應為(wei)生態研(yan)究與(yu)(yu)(yu)保護(hu)提供(gong)了條件(jian)。同時,研(yan)究區(qu)內眾多(duo)(duo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質遺(yi)(yi)跡所(suo)形成的自然景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)極具(ju)觀(guan)(guan)賞與(yu)(yu)(yu)美學(xue)價值,對承德旅(lv)游開(kai)發與(yu)(yu)(yu)規(gui)劃獨具(ju)意義(yi)。
丹霞地貌(mao)發育始于(yu)第三紀(ji)晚期的(de)(de)喜馬拉雅造(zao)山運動。這次運動使(shi)部(bu)分紅(hong)色地層(ceng)發生傾斜和(he)舒緩褶曲,并使(shi)紅(hong)色盆(pen)地抬升,形成(cheng)(cheng)外流(liu)區。流(liu)水向(xiang)盆(pen)地中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)低(di)洼處(chu)(chu)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong),沿巖(yan)層(ceng)垂直節理(li)進(jin)行(xing)侵蝕(shi),形成(cheng)(cheng)兩壁直立的(de)(de)深(shen)溝,稱為巷谷。巷谷崖(ya)麓的(de)(de)崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)物(wu)在流(liu)水不(bu)(bu)能全(quan)部(bu)搬(ban)走時(shi),形成(cheng)(cheng)坡(po)度較緩的(de)(de)崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)錐。隨(sui)著溝壁的(de)(de)崩(beng)(beng)塌(ta)后退,崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)錐不(bu)(bu)斷向(xiang)上增(zeng)長(chang),覆(fu)蓋基巖(yan)面的(de)(de)范(fan)圍也不(bu)(bu)斷擴大(da),崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)錐下部(bu)基巖(yan)形成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)和(he)崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)錐傾斜方向(xiang)一(yi)致的(de)(de)緩坡(po)。崖(ya)面的(de)(de)崩(beng)(beng)塌(ta)后退還(huan)使(shi)山頂(ding)面范(fan)圍逐漸(jian)縮小(xiao),形成(cheng)(cheng)堡狀殘(can)峰、石(shi)(shi)墻或石(shi)(shi)柱等地貌(mao)。隨(sui)著進(jin)一(yi)步的(de)(de)侵蝕(shi),殘(can)峰、石(shi)(shi)墻和(he)石(shi)(shi)柱也將消失,形成(cheng)(cheng)緩坡(po)丘陵。在紅(hong)色砂(sha)礫(li)巖(yan)層(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)不(bu)(bu)少石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)巖(yan)礫(li)石(shi)(shi)和(he)碳酸(suan)鈣(gai)膠(jiao)結物(wu),碳酸(suan)鈣(gai)被水溶解(jie)后常形成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)些溶溝、石(shi)(shi)芽和(he)溶洞,或者形成(cheng)(cheng)薄層(ceng)的(de)(de)鈣(gai)化沉積(ji),甚至(zhi)發育有(you)石(shi)(shi)鐘乳(ru)。沿節理(li)交匯處(chu)(chu)還(huan)發育漏斗。
在(zai)砂巖中,因(yin)有(you)交錯層(ceng)理所形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)錦(jin)繡般的(de)(de)地(di)形(xing)(xing),稱為(wei)錦(jin)石(shi)。河(he)流深切(qie)的(de)(de)巖層(ceng),可形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)頂部平齊、四壁(bi)陡(dou)峭的(de)(de)方山,或被切(qie)割成(cheng)(cheng)各(ge)種各(ge)樣的(de)(de)奇(qi)峰:有(you)直(zhi)立的(de)(de)、堡壘狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)、寶塔狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)等(deng)。在(zai)巖層(ceng)傾角(jiao)較大的(de)(de)地(di)區,則侵(qin)蝕(shi)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)起伏如(ru)龍的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)斜山脊;多個(ge)單(dan)(dan)斜山脊相鄰,稱為(wei)單(dan)(dan)斜峰群。巖層(ceng)沿垂直(zhi)節理發(fa)(fa)生大面積崩塌,則形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)高大、壯觀(guan)的(de)(de)陡(dou)崖(ya)坡;陡(dou)崖(ya)坡沿某組主要(yao)節理的(de)(de)走向發(fa)(fa)育,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)高大的(de)(de)石(shi)墻(qiang);石(shi)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)蝕(shi)穿(chuan)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)窗;石(shi)窗進一(yi)步擴大,變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)橋。各(ge)巖塊之間常(chang)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)狹陡(dou)的(de)(de)巷谷,其巖壁(bi)因(yin)紅色而(er)名為(wei)“赤壁(bi)”,壁(bi)上常(chang)發(fa)(fa)育有(you)沿層(ceng)面的(de)(de)巖洞。