“炳靈丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌(mao)地(di)(di)質(zhi)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)”位(wei)于(yu)甘肅永(yong)靖縣城西南部楊塔鄉,距永(yong)靖縣城35公(gong)里,總面積(ji)26.64平方(fang)公(gong)里,平均海拔1783米(mi)。園(yuan)(yuan)內保留著大(da)量形成(cheng)于(yu)白堊(e)紀時代(dai)(dai)的丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌(mao)和唐、明(ming)、清等歷代(dai)(dai)佛家石窟及(ji)廟宇(yu)。其地(di)(di)質(zhi)特征是白堊(e)紀紫紅色(se)細砂巖堆積(ji)而成(cheng)的丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌(mao)。
基本情況
“炳靈(ling)丹霞地(di)(di)貌(mao)地(di)(di)質公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)”位于(yu)(yu)甘肅永(yong)靖縣城西南(nan)部楊塔鄉,距(ju)永(yong)靖縣城35公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),總(zong)面積26.64平方公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),平均(jun)海拔1783米(mi),游覽路線總(zong)長8公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。園(yuan)(yuan)內集自(zi)然風光和人文(wen)景觀于(yu)(yu)一體(ti),保(bao)留著大量形成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)白堊紀時代(距(ju)今約1.2~1.44億年前(qian))的丹霞地(di)(di)貌(mao)和唐、明、清等歷代佛(fo)家石窟及廟宇。炳靈(ling)丹霞地(di)(di)貌(mao)地(di)(di)質公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)是國(guo)家AAAA級旅游景區(qu)黃河三峽的重要組成(cheng)部分,于(yu)(yu)2007年被甘肅省國(guo)土(tu)資源廳批準設立。
地質特征
炳(bing)靈地(di)質公園是白堊紀(ji)紫紅(hong)色細砂(sha)巖堆積而成的丹(dan)霞地(di)貌,保存了大量(liang)的造山帶構造珍(zhen)貴的地(di)質遺跡,蘊藏著豐(feng)富的地(di)球科(ke)學信(xin)息,發(fa)育峽谷、石柱、峰林、丹(dan)山赤(chi)壁、天然蝕(shi)刻象(xiang)形和造型,形成了規模宏(hong)大的丹(dan)霞式(shi)地(di)貌景觀(guan),極具地(di)學研究(jiu)和旅游開發(fa)價值。
旅游價值
被譽為“天下第一奇觀(guan)”的炳靈石(shi)林千峰(feng)壁立,萬壑(he)縱(zong)橫(heng),數(shu)百條支溝曲(qu)折(zhe)蜿蜒,與形態各異的石(shi)峰(feng)共同(tong)組成(cheng)(cheng)了奇異的石(shi)林世(shi)界。由萬佛谷、大寺溝、靜寧(ning)溝、馬龍(long)溝四大溝組成(cheng)(cheng)。游覽線(xian)路(lu)沿(yan)途(tu)有文(wen)成(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)藏、夏禹王峰(feng)、佛陀講(jiang)經、九龍(long)和融(rong)、女媧補天、達摩(mo)面(mian)壁、飛天赤壁、一線(xian)天等景觀(guan),令人贊嘆(tan)不絕。
甘肅(su)炳靈丹霞地貌省級地質公園,為黃河三峽增添(tian)了一處極具吸(xi)引力(li)的(de)旅游(you)(you)景(jing)點,將極大地提升黃河三峽旅游(you)(you)品位,對永靖旅游(you)(you)業的(de)快速發(fa)展(zhan)起到積極的(de)推動作用。
地質地貌
炳靈丹(dan)霞(xia)地(di)貌(mao)(mao)主(zhu)要發育(yu)于侏羅(luo)紀(ji)至第三紀(ji)的水(shui)平或緩傾的紅(hong)色(se)地(di)層(ceng)中,這種(zhong)地(di)貌(mao)(mao)以粵北地(di)區韶(shao)關市內的丹(dan)霞(xia)山(shan)最為典(dian)型,所以稱(cheng)為丹(dan)霞(xia)地(di)貌(mao)(mao)。丹(dan)霞(xia)地(di)貌(mao)(mao)是(shi)紅(hong)色(se)砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)經(jing)長期風化剝離(li)和流水(shui)侵蝕而形成的孤立(li)山(shan)峰和陡峭的奇(qi)巖(yan)怪(guai)石,是(shi)巨厚紅(hong)色(se)砂(sha)(sha)、礫巖(yan)層(ceng)中沿(yan)垂直節(jie)理發育(yu)的各種(zhong)丹(dan)霞(xia)奇(qi)峰的總(zong)稱(cheng)。
所謂“紅(hong)(hong)層”是指在(zai)中生代侏羅紀(ji)至(zhi)新生代第(di)三紀(ji)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)色巖(yan)系,一般(ban)稱為“紅(hong)(hong)色砂(sha)礫巖(yan)”。丹(dan)霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌發(fa)育始于第(di)三紀(ji)晚(wan)期的(de)(de)(de)喜馬拉雅運動。這次(ci)運動使部分紅(hong)(hong)色地(di)(di)層發(fa)生傾(qing)斜和(he)舒緩褶曲(qu),并使紅(hong)(hong)色盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)抬升,形(xing)成外(wai)流(liu)區。流(liu)水(shui)向盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)中部低洼處集中,沿巖(yan)層垂直(zhi)(zhi)節(jie)理進(jin)行侵(qin)蝕,形(xing)成兩壁直(zhi)(zhi)立的(de)(de)(de)深溝,稱為巷谷。巷谷崖麓(lu)的(de)(de)(de)崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)物在(zai)流(liu)水(shui)不(bu)能全部搬走時,形(xing)成坡度較緩的(de)(de)(de)崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)錐(zhui)。隨著(zhu)溝壁的(de)(de)(de)崩(beng)(beng)塌后退,崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)錐(zhui)不(bu)斷(duan)向上增長,覆蓋基(ji)巖(yan)面的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)也不(bu)斷(duan)擴大,崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)錐(zhui)下部基(ji)巖(yan)形(xing)成一個(ge)和(he)崩(beng)(beng)積(ji)錐(zhui)傾(qing)斜方向一致的(de)(de)(de)緩坡。崖面的(de)(de)(de)崩(beng)(beng)塌后退還使山(shan)頂(ding)面范(fan)圍(wei)逐漸縮小,形(xing)成堡狀(zhuang)殘(can)峰、石墻或石柱等(deng)地(di)(di)貌。隨著(zhu)進(jin)一步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)蝕,殘(can)峰、石墻和(he)石柱也將消失,形(xing)成緩坡丘陵(ling)。
在紅色砂礫巖層(ceng)中有(you)不少石灰巖礫石和(he)(he)碳(tan)酸(suan)鈣膠結物(wu),碳(tan)酸(suan)鈣被(bei)水溶(rong)解后常(chang)形成(cheng)一些溶(rong)溝、石芽和(he)(he)溶(rong)洞,或者形成(cheng)薄層(ceng)的鈣化沉積,甚至發(fa)育有(you)石鐘乳。沿(yan)節(jie)理(li)交匯(hui)處還發(fa)育漏斗。
在(zai)砂巖中(zhong),因(yin)有交錯層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)理所形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)錦繡般的(de)地(di)形(xing)(xing),稱為(wei)錦石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。河流深切(qie)的(de)巖層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),可形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)頂部平齊(qi)、四壁(bi)陡(dou)(dou)(dou)峭的(de)方山,或被切(qie)割成(cheng)(cheng)各種(zhong)各樣的(de)奇峰(feng),有直(zhi)立的(de),堡壘狀的(de)、寶塔狀的(de)等(deng)。在(zai)巖層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)傾角較大的(de)地(di)區(qu),則侵蝕(shi)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)起伏如龍(long)的(de)單(dan)斜山脊;多個單(dan)斜山脊相鄰,稱為(wei)單(dan)斜峰(feng)群。巖層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)沿(yan)垂(chui)直(zhi)節(jie)理發(fa)生大面(mian)積崩塌,則形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)高大、壯觀的(de)陡(dou)(dou)(dou)崖(ya)坡(po);陡(dou)(dou)(dou)崖(ya)坡(po)沿(yan)某組(zu)主要節(jie)理的(de)走向發(fa)育,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)高大的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墻;石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墻的(de)蝕(shi)穿形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)窗;石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)窗進(jin)一(yi)步擴大,變成(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)橋。各巖塊之間常形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)狹陡(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)巷(xiang)谷,其(qi)巖壁(bi)因(yin)紅色而名(ming)為(wei)“赤壁(bi)”,壁(bi)上(shang)常發(fa)育有沿(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)的(de)巖洞(dong)。丹霞地(di)貌最(zui)突出(chu)的(de)物(wu)點是“赤石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壁(bi)丹崖(ya)”廣泛發(fa)育,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了頂平、身陡(dou)(dou)(dou)、麓緩的(de)方山、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墻、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峰(feng)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱等(deng)奇險的(de)地(di)貌形(xing)(xing)態,各異(yi)的(de)山石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)種(zhong)觀賞(shang)價值很高的(de)風景地(di)貌,是名(ming)副(fu)其(qi)實(shi)的(de)“紅石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)園”。