內(nei)(nei)蒙古薩拉烏蘇(su)(su)國家濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)位于內(nei)(nei)蒙古自治區(qu)烏審旗無定河(he)(he)(he)鎮和蘇(su)(su)力德蘇(su)(su)木(mu)境內(nei)(nei),規(gui)劃面(mian)積(ji)3000.4 公(gong)(gong)頃,其中濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有1295.5 公(gong)(gong)頃,占總面(mian)積(ji)的(de)43.2%。公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)的(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)主(zhu)要由無定河(he)(he)(he)流域河(he)(he)(he)流濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)及(ji)巴圖灣水(shui)庫湖(hu)泊濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)組成(cheng),北靠(kao)廣袤的(de)毛烏素沙地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),南接溝(gou)壑縱橫的(de)黃土丘陵,橫亙(gen)在兩大自然地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)區(qu)的(de)分(fen)界(jie)線(xian)上,南北景觀迥異,森林、沙地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和草地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)呈斑塊狀分(fen)布于公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)水(shui)域兩岸,公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)主(zhu)要由河(he)(he)(he)流濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、湖(hu)泊濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)構成(cheng),是(shi)我國少有的(de)沙漠(mo)大峽谷濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。
濕地(di)公園濕地(di)資源整體呈西南—東(dong)北(bei)向分布,包括無定河上(shang)游的范家溝灣(wan)(wan)、楊四溝灣(wan)(wan)、米浪(lang)溝灣(wan)(wan)、三岔溝灣(wan)(wan)、巴(ba)圖(tu)灣(wan)(wan)水庫和水庫大(da)壩下游到新(xin)窯(yao)卯水電(dian)站之間的河段,其中巴(ba)圖(tu)灣(wan)(wan)水庫兩側(ce)邊(bian)界距(ju)庫岸約(yue)500米左右。
豐富(fu)的(de)濕地(di)資源孕育了(le)(le)河套人文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、大夏文(wen)化(hua)(hua)和(he)蒙古文(wen)化(hua)(hua)等人類古代文(wen)明,對保護黃(huang)河上游一級支(zhi)流無定河水源水質恢(hui)復濕地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統(tong)功能(neng)、保護水資源起(qi)到至關重要的(de)作用,也為野生(sheng)(sheng)動植物(wu)提(ti)供了(le)(le)良好(hao)生(sheng)(sheng)境,特別是河谷濕地(di)資源為鳥(niao)類繁衍生(sheng)(sheng)息創造了(le)(le)良好(hao)的(de)條(tiao)件,是我國候鳥(niao)遷徙中轉、越冬和(he)繁殖地(di)之一。享(xiang)有“大漠碧湖 飛鳥(niao)天(tian)堂”的(de)美譽。
薩拉烏蘇(su)國家濕地(di)公園以(yi)濕地(di)景觀(guan)為(wei)主體,是(shi)我國少有的(de)(de)沙(sha)漠大峽谷濕地(di),上游無定(ding)河河谷曲(qu)折蜿蜒(yan),雄壯幽深(shen);巴圖灣(wan)水(shui)庫(ku)湖水(shui)清澈透亮(liang),水(shui)面恬(tian)靜開(kai)闊;周邊沙(sha)地(di)草(cao)原景觀(guan)環繞(rao),森(sen)林(lin)景觀(guan)以(yi)塊或帶點綴其中,形成(cheng)了由濕地(di)(水(shui)域(yu))、沙(sha)地(di)、草(cao)原、森(sen)林(lin)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)獨(du)特景觀(guan)。
薩拉烏蘇國家(jia)(jia)濕地(di)(di)(di)公園(yuan)有(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)162 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)被子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)148 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),裸子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)9 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),蕨類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)2 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),菌類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)水(shui)生(sheng)和陸生(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)163 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)候(hou)鳥(niao)62 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占76.5%。薩拉烏蘇濕地(di)(di)(di)公園(yuan)有(you)國家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)點保護(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)13 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)國家(jia)(jia)Ⅰ級保護(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)4 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),為(wei)黑鸛、東方白鸛、金雕和大鴇(bao);國家(jia)(jia)II 級重(zhong)點保護(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)9 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),為(wei)白琵(pi)鷺(lu)、大天(tian)鵝、小天(tian)鵝、疣鼻天(tian)鵝、蓑(suo)羽鶴、長耳(er)鸮(xiao)(xiao)、紅角鸮(xiao)(xiao)、縱紋腹小鸮(xiao)(xiao)和兔猻,其(qi)中(zhong)8 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)鳥(niao)類(lei)。主要分布于濕地(di)(di)(di)公園(yuan)南部的范家(jia)(jia)溝灣(wan)(wan)、楊四溝灣(wan)(wan)、米浪溝灣(wan)(wan)、三岔溝灣(wan)(wan)和巴圖(tu)灣(wan)(wan)水(shui)庫(ku)庫(ku)尾地(di)(di)(di)帶。
人(ren)類(lei)總是逐水而居,江河兩岸是人(ren)類(lei)較(jiao)早的(de)棲息地,也孕育和滋(zi)養了人(ren)類(lei)的(de)古代(dai)文明。薩拉烏蘇國家濕地公(gong)園位于無定河上(shang)游,地處(chu)游牧(mu)文化(hua)與(yu)農耕文化(hua)互相(xiang)碰撞、互相(xiang)補充(chong)、互相(xiang)融合的(de)區域,孕育了悠久燦爛的(de)河套人(ren)文化(hua)、大夏文化(hua)和蒙古文化(hua),承載著厚重的(de)歷史。