歷史沿革
福建雄江黃(huang)楮林國家級自然(ran)保護區(qu)始(shi)建于1985年8月(yue)。
2012年1月(yue)經(jing)國務院批準晉升為國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。
地理環境
福建雄(xiong)江黃楮林國家級自然保護區
福(fu)建雄江黃(huang)楮林國家(jia)級自然保護(hu)區(qu)地處福(fu)建省(sheng)閩清縣的西部,地理(li)坐標北緯26°15′29″~26°22′41″、東經118°39′38″~118°51′19″,總面(mian)積(ji)12513.3hm,其中:核心區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)4198.3hm;緩沖區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)2224.9hm;實驗區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)6090.1hm,森林覆蓋率(lv)達90.5%。
地質
該區(qu)地(di)質構造(zao)屬于華夏古陸的(de)(de)一(yi)部分,由前震旦紀(ji)構成褶皺基底(di),中(zhong)生代時期強烈的(de)(de)燕(yan)山運動形成了新華夏構造(zao)體系,奠定(ding)了本區(qu)域地(di)質面貌(mao)的(de)(de)基本格局,區(qu)域構造(zao)線以北東向(xiang)和北北東向(xiang)為主,是(shi)閩中(zhong)戴(dai)云山脈(mo)東北段與鷲峰山脈(mo)西(xi)南段交接(jie)的(de)(de)中(zhong)低山丘陵區(qu)域。
土壤
土壤主要由花崗巖(yan)(yan)、流(liu)紋巖(yan)(yan)和(he)凝灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)發育而成(cheng)。林地(di)土壤類型相對單一,僅(jin)有紅壤土類,下分(fen)紅壤、黃(huang)紅壤2個亞類。區(qu)內大部(bu)分(fen)林地(di)土壤為紅壤,長箭山、小人仙(xian)附近(jin)主要為黃(huang)紅壤。
氣候
自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)處于亞熱帶海洋性季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)候(hou)區(qu),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫19.7℃,1月(yue)均(jun)(jun)溫6~10℃,7月(yue)均(jun)(jun)溫24~29℃;≥10℃活動(dong)積溫4353~6391℃,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)日照時數1871.4h。無(wu)霜期246~290d。年(nian)降水量(liang)1400~1900mm,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)蒸發量(liang)為(wei)(wei)1500mm,常年(nian)相(xiang)對濕(shi)度為(wei)(wei)83%。夏季(ji)主(zhu)導風(feng)向為(wei)(wei)東南風(feng),高溫多(duo)雨同(tong)期出現(xian),有利于植物生長(chang)。冬季(ji)處于蒙古冷高壓(ya)控制范圍的外(wai)緣(yuan),以北風(feng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),氣(qi)候(hou)較干寒。災害性天氣(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)是由(you)臺風(feng)造成的暴雨山(shan)洪和(he)寒潮帶來的凍害,此外(wai),還有冰雹和(he)干旱等。自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)主(zhu)體(ti)的山(shan)地(di)森林氣(qi)候(hou)特(te)點主(zhu)要(yao)表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)四季(ji)均(jun)(jun)勻、溫暖濕(shi)潤。
自然資源
自然保護區(qu)位于閩(min)江兩(liang)岸的(de)戴(dai)云山脈和(he)鷲(jiu)峰山脈交(jiao)匯的(de)區(qu)域(yu),復雜(za)多樣的(de)生(sheng)境條件造就(jiu)了該區(qu)域(yu)的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性。境內(nei)海拔相對高差千(qian)余(yu)米,植(zhi)被(bei)和(he)動物(wu)存在較(jiao)明顯的(de)垂(chui)直分異。溝谷(gu)溪澗、山脊山坡交(jiao)錯(cuo)棋布,形成多種(zhong)多樣的(de)小地形。本區(qu)域(yu)處于中亞熱帶(dai)的(de)南緣(yuan),是橄(gan)欖天然分布的(de)北緣(yuan)。在湯下(xia)溝谷(gu)中保存有南亞熱帶(dai)的(de)片段景(jing)觀。戴(dai)云山脈和(he)鷲(jiu)峰山脈水熱資(zi)源的(de)差異,在這個交(jiao)接帶(dai)形成新的(de)組合,產生(sheng)多種(zhong)多樣的(de)自然生(sheng)境和(he)豐富的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性。
根據(ju)調查統計(ji),全區有維管束植物(wu)113目(mu)(mu)236科(ke)1660種(zhong)(含種(zhong)下單(dan)位)。脊椎動物(wu)35目(mu)(mu)98科(ke)391種(zhong),其中:兩棲(qi)類(lei)(lei)2目(mu)(mu)7科(ke)30種(zhong);爬行類(lei)(lei)2目(mu)(mu)12科(ke)70種(zhong);鳥類(lei)(lei)18目(mu)(mu)56科(ke)193種(zhong);獸類(lei)(lei)8目(mu)(mu)9科(ke)44種(zhong)。昆蟲有33目(mu)(mu)296科(ke)2134種(zhong)。大型真菌10目(mu)(mu)34科(ke)195種(zhong),土壤和樹體微生物(wu)12目(mu)(mu)18科(ke)55種(zhong)。
保護對象
保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)主(zhu)要保(bao)護(hu)對象:以福(fu)建青岡林(lin)(lin)為代(dai)表中亞熱帶南緣基帶常綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)森林(lin)(lin)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)、溪(xi)流(liu)類濕地生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)、珍稀瀕危(wei)野生(sheng)動植(zhi)物及(ji)棲息地、閩江(jiang)水源涵養林(lin)(lin)。
植物
列(lie)入國(guo)際自(zi)然和(he)自(zi)然資(zi)源保護(hu)聯盟(IUCN)和(he)中(zhong)國(guo)物(wu)種(zhong)紅色名錄,列(lie)入IUCN(1994)瀕危(EN)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)伯樂樹(shu),列(lie)入易危(VU)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)銀鐘花,列(lie)入低(di)危/接近低(di)危(LR/nt)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)福(fu)建(jian)柏等(deng)(deng)6種(zhong),列(lie)入低(di)危/保護(hu)依賴(lai)(LR/cd)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)沉水樟,列(lie)入中(zhong)國(guo)物(wu)種(zhong)紅色名錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類達49種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)瀕危(EN)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)福(fu)建(jian)馬兜鈴、福(fu)建(jian)繡球(qiu)、密花梭羅、細莖(jing)石斛,易危種(zhong)(VU)有(you)(you)福(fu)建(jian)柏等(deng)(deng)25種(zhong),近危種(zhong)(NT)有(you)(you)竹柏等(deng)(deng)20種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)買(mai)麻藤和(he)小葉買(mai)麻藤在保護(hu)區內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)群數(shu)量較大。
在福(fu)建雄(xiong)江黃楮林國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區內有(you)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物有(you)2種(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物有(you)17種(zhong),CITES附錄Ⅱ保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的有(you)金毛(mao)狗、刺(ci)桫欏(luo)、粗(cu)齒(chi)桫欏(luo)和27種(zhong)野生(sheng)蘭科植(zhi)物,CITES附錄Ⅲ保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物有(you)百日青,福(fu)建省重點保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)珍貴樹(shu)木有(you)12種(zhong)。
動物
國(guo)家一級保護(hu)野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家二級保護(hu)野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)33種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);列(lie)入世界自然保護(hu)聯盟(meng)(IUCN)紅(hong)色(se)名錄(lu)(2010)有14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)瀕危(wei)(EN)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),易危(wei)(VU)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),低危(wei)/接近(jin)受危(wei)(LR/nt)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);列(lie)入瀕危(wei)野(ye)生動(dong)植物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)際(ji)貿易公約(CITES)附錄(lu)(2010)有35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)附錄(lu)Ⅰ4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),附錄(lu)Ⅱ31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),附錄(lu)Ⅲ10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);列(lie)入中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紅(hong)色(se)名錄(lu)66種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)極危(wei)(CR)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),瀕危(wei)(EN)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),易危(wei)(VU)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),近(jin)危(wei)(NT)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 在魚綱中(zhong)(zhong),花鰻(man)鱺屬于(yu)國(guo)家二級保護(hu)野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)。
在兩棲綱中(zhong),虎(hu)紋蛙屬于(yu)國家二級保護野(ye)生動物(wu),被列入CITES附錄Ⅱ。中(zhong)國特(te)有種(zhong)有10種(zhong)。
在爬行綱動物中,蟒(mang)蛇屬于國家一級保護野(ye)生動物;列入CITES附(fu)錄Ⅱ的有(you)(you)6種(zhong);列入IUCN紅色名錄的有(you)(you)14種(zhong),其中瀕危(wei)(wei)(EN)的有(you)(you)5種(zhong),易(yi)危(wei)(wei)(VU)的有(you)(you)6種(zhong),低危(wei)(wei)/接(jie)近受危(wei)(wei)(LR/nt)的有(you)(you)3種(zhong)。中國特有(you)(you)種(zhong)有(you)(you)14種(zhong)。
在(zai)鳥(niao)綱中(zhong),國(guo)(guo)家二級保(bao)護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)動物(wu)24種(zhong)(zhong);列入CITES附錄Ⅱ的(de)(de)有20種(zhong)(zhong)猛禽;列入中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)瀕危動物(wu)紅皮書易危種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)有5種(zhong)(zhong)、稀(xi)有種(zhong)(zhong)有5種(zhong)(zhong);在(zai)雙邊國(guo)(guo)際(ji)性協(xie)定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)候鳥(niao)中(zhong),屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)日本(ben)兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府協(xie)定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)候鳥(niao)有66種(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)澳大利亞兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府協(xie)定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)候鳥(niao)有17種(zhong)(zhong);除(chu)了國(guo)(guo)家重點保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)鳥(niao)類以外,尚有22種(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)類屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)福建省重點保(bao)護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)動物(wu),147種(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)類屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)福建省一(yi)般保(bao)護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)動物(wu)。
在哺乳綱中,國(guo)家(jia)一(yi)級保護(hu)野生動(dong)物有云豹,國(guo)家(jia)二級保護(hu)野生動(dong)物有7種(zhong);列(lie)入IUCN易危種(zhong)(VU)的(de)(de)有5種(zhong);列(lie)入CITES附錄(lu)Ⅰ的(de)(de)有4種(zhong),列(lie)入附錄(lu)Ⅱ的(de)(de)有3種(zhong),屬于(yu)附錄(lu)Ⅲ的(de)(de)有7種(zhong)。中國(guo)特有種(zhong)有2種(zhong)。
福建(jian)雄江黃(huang)楮林國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)內昆蟲有33目(mu)296科(ke)2134種(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)昆蟲綱(gang)29目(mu)274科(ke)2017種(zhong)(zhong),蛛形綱(gang)4目(mu)21科(ke)117種(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)陽彩臂(bei)金(jin)龜和戴叉犀金(jin)龜為國(guo)家二級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu),同(tong)時(shi)被列(lie)入CITES附錄(lu)Ⅱ;列(lie)入中(zhong)國(guo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)紅(hong)色名錄(lu)易(yi)危種(zhong)(zhong)(VU)的有陽彩臂(bei)金(jin)龜、戴叉犀金(jin)龜和麝鳳蝶等(deng)3種(zhong)(zhong),近危種(zhong)(zhong)(NT)有8種(zhong)(zhong);有12種(zhong)(zhong)昆蟲列(lie)入“三(san)有動(dong)物(wu)”。
價值意義
保(bao)護(hu)區處(chu)于閩(min)(min)江(jiang)流經(jing)福州的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)關口,良好的(de)(de)(de)森林植(zhi)被增強(qiang)了區域天(tian)然(ran)動態蓄水(shui)(shui)功能,起到涵養(yang)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)、減(jian)少地表徑流、保(bao)育土壤、改善流域水(shui)(shui)環境等作用。保(bao)護(hu)區內(nei)溪(xi)流溝谷(gu)縱橫、水(shui)(shui)系發達、水(shui)(shui)質清澈,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)河流有大(da)雄溪(xi)、磊(lei)溪(xi)、石潭溪(xi)、安仁溪(xi)、湯溪(xi)等,通過這(zhe)些水(shui)(shui)系每年向閩(min)(min)江(jiang)補給大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)優質水(shui)(shui),為(wei)改善閩(min)(min)江(jiang)下游水(shui)(shui)質、保(bao)護(hu)福州水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)安全發揮重要(yao)(yao)作用。
自然(ran)保護區自然(ran)景觀資源(yuan)豐富(fu),生態環境宜人(ren),富(fu)有感染力,是福建省(sheng)會城市福州的(de)(de)后花(hua)園。茂(mao)密的(de)(de)森林植被和豐富(fu)的(de)(de)生物(wu)多樣性(xing)在種質資源(yuan)的(de)(de)保護和可持續(xu)利(li)用、區域氣候調節、改(gai)善(shan)空氣質量(liang)、減免(mian)自然(ran)災(zai)害(hai)、生態文明建設、生態旅游等方(fang)面(mian)都發揮(hui)著重要作用。