呼(hu)倫湖國(guo)家級自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區位(wei)于(yu)內蒙(meng)古呼(hu)倫貝爾(er)市西部,北(bei)鄰俄(e)羅斯邦,南與蒙(meng)古國(guo)相接,處于(yu)中蒙(meng)俄(e)三國(guo)交界處。地理坐標(biao):北(bei)緯47°45′50″~49°20′20″;東經116°50′10″~118°10′10″。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區總(zong)面(mian)積74萬公(gong)頃。
保(bao)護區(qu)內由達(da)賚湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(呼倫湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))、貝爾湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(中國部分)、新達(da)賚湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、烏(wu)蘭(lan)諾爾、烏(wu)爾遜河、克(ke)魯倫河入(ru)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)口等(deng)河流和大小(xiao)型湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo)以及湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)河岸漫灘(tan)組成的濕(shi)地面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為325300公(gong)頃,占(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的44%;草(cao)原面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為408300公(gong)頃,占(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的55%;沙地面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)6400公(gong)頃,占(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的0.9%。
有(you)600多種(zhong)高等植物:有(you)蘆葦(wei)和(he)沼澤草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸、東(dong)方(fang)香蒲、苔(tai)草(cao)(cao)(cao)、小葉章及(ji)實蕨。湖泊四周自然草(cao)(cao)(cao)地的(de)優勢種(zhong)包括(kuo)狼針茅、大針茅、阿爾泰(tai)針茅、羊草(cao)(cao)(cao)、糙隱子草(cao)(cao)(cao)和(he)蔥類。
包括丹頂鶴大鴇等世界級瀕危物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)鳥(niao)303種(zhong)(zhong),蒙古高(gao)原(yuan)特有種(zhong)(zhong)黃(huang)羊等獸類13科35種(zhong)(zhong),魚6科30種(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中,被列入國家一、二級保(bao)護名錄(lu)的(de)就有55種(zhong)(zhong),我國分布的(de)8種(zhong)(zhong)鶴,6種(zhong)(zhong)是該保(bao)護區(qu)的(de)候鳥(niao)和(he)旅鳥(niao)。保(bao)護區(qu)為(wei)(wei)澳洲——東亞候鳥(niao)遷徙的(de)重要通道和(he)集散地,也是亞洲水禽的(de)重要繁(fan)(fan)殖地。保(bao)護區(qu)三湖(呼倫湖、貝爾(er)湖、烏蘭(lan)(lan)諾(nuo)爾(er)湖)和(he)三河(克魯倫河、烏爾(er)遜河、達蘭(lan)(lan)鄂羅木(mu)河)為(wei)(wei)供魚類棲息、繁(fan)(fan)衍的(de)天(tian)然有機水系,形成了一個漁業生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)整體。烏爾(er)遜河中游的(de)烏蘭(lan)(lan)泡水生(sheng)植物(wu)豐富(fu),為(wei)(wei)鯉魚、鯽魚的(de)主(zhu)要產(chan)卵(luan)地。
呼倫湖附近有(you)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)17目(mu)(mu)(mu)38科190種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及2亞(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)古北(bei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),廣布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),沒(mei)有(you)東洋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)侵入。遷(qian)徙鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)172種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)夏候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)98種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),旅(lv)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)69種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。雀形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)79種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),水禽7目(mu)(mu)(mu)13科72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)雁形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鶴(he)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鷗8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),猛禽24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。國(guo)家保護鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)一類(lei)(lei)(lei)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(黑(hei)鸛、白鶴(he)、丹頂鶴(he)等(deng)(deng)),二類(lei)(lei)(lei)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(白琵鷺、大(da)(da)天鵝(e)、小杓(shao)鷸(yu)、雕等(deng)(deng))、三(san)類(lei)(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(猛禽、灰鶴(he)、大(da)(da)鴇(bao)及蓑羽鶴(he)等(deng)(deng))。該區有(you)一定數量的大(da)(da)天鵝(e)繁殖種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群,及目(mu)(mu)(mu)前我國(guo)發(fa)現數量大(da)(da)的蓑羽鶴(he)繁殖種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群。在(zai)后來的調查中(zhong)(zhong)又發(fa)現包括(kuo)大(da)(da)鴇(bao)、金雕等(deng)(deng)國(guo)家一級保護鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)在(zai)內的鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)3科51種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)鶴(he)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。呼倫湖區總計鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)17目(mu)(mu)(mu)41科241種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)總數的1/5。
呼倫(lun)湖(hu)中已記錄到4目(mu)6科26種魚(yu),包括粲條(tiao)、紅鰭鰉(huang)、蒙古紅鰉(huang)、哲羅魚(yu)、鯉魚(yu)、東北雅羅魚(yu)、鯽(ji)魚(yu)、狗(gou)魚(yu)、麥穗魚(yu)、鯰魚(yu)、唇(chun)鯛、花(hua)鯛等。呼倫(lun)湖(hu)區哺乳類(lei)已記錄到6目(mu)13科35種,包括狼、沙狐(hu)、艾(ai)鼬(you)、狗(gou)獾、草(cao)兔、達烏利(li)黃(huang)(huang)鼠(shu)(shu)、黃(huang)(huang)鼬(you)、三趾跳鼠(shu)(shu)、小毛足鼠(shu)(shu)和(he)黃(huang)(huang)羊。已發現爬行類(lei)2種(麗斑麻晰與白條(tiao)錦(jin)蛇),兩棲類(lei)2種(中華林蛙與花(hua)背蟾蜍)。
保護(hu)區(qu)內主(zhu)要(yao)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)類型(xing)包括永久(jiu)性(xing)河流、湖(hu)泊(bo)、灌叢濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)等,符合(he)《濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公約》國際重(zhong)要(yao)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)指定(ding)標準的(de)(de) 5、6、7、8,該濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)正常狀況下(xia)維持了20000只以(yi)上水(shui)禽。保護(hu)區(qu)內濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)為保持和改善本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)氣候條件(jian)起著至關重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,主(zhu)要(yao)表(biao)現在(zai)(zai)增加(jia)空氣濕(shi)度,增加(jia)降(jiang)水(shui)量,保持地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)位,維持呼(hu)倫(lun)貝(bei)爾草原的(de)(de)可持續利(li)用。達賚湖(hu)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)也是(shi)研(yan)究草原和濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)態系(xi)統及動植物的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)研(yan)究場所。呼(hu)倫(lun)湖(hu)在(zai)(zai)維持生(sheng)物多樣(yang)性(xing)和豐富的(de)(de)生(sheng)物資源(yuan)方面(mian)發揮著巨大(da)作(zuo)用,在(zai)(zai)區(qu)域(yu)環境保護(hu)中具有特(te)殊的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)位。呼(hu)倫(lun)湖(hu)面(mian)積大(da),與(yu)多條草原河流溝通;地(di)(di)(di)處高緯地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),氣溫低,對湖(hu)體(ti)浮游(you)生(sheng)物有一定(ding)的(de)(de)抑(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)用;湖(hu)體(ti)構(gou)造特(te)殊,露(lu)出(chu)30余個泉點,有地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)補給。因此,呼(hu)倫(lun)湖(hu)具有較強的(de)(de)自凈能力。
《內蒙古草地類自然保護(hu)區規劃(hua)》于1985年將達(da)賚湖(呼倫湖)保護(hu)區規劃(hua)其中(zhong)。
1986年(nian),該規劃經內蒙古自治區(qu)(qu)人民政(zheng)(zheng)府批(pi)準實施。同年(nian),新巴爾虎右旗人民政(zheng)(zheng)府批(pi)準建立“達賚(lai)湖(hu)(呼倫湖(hu))珍(zhen)禽、濕地、草原生態系統自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)”。
1990年12月(yue),由內蒙古自(zi)治區(qu)人民政府批準該保(bao)護區(qu)晉升為(wei)自(zi)治區(qu)級自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)。
1992年十月,由國務院批準(zhun)晉(jin)升(sheng)為國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)。保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)功能區(qu)(qu)劃(hua)分為烏(wu)蘭諾爾核(he)(he)心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)、嘎拉(la)達白(bai)辛核(he)(he)心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)、呼倫溝核(he)(he)心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)、貝爾湖核(he)(he)心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)、小河口旅游(you)區(qu)(qu)和成吉思汗拴馬樁旅游(you)區(qu)(qu)。
1994年3月29日(ri)中(zhong)俄蒙共(gong)同在邊(bian)境地區建(jian)立國(guo)(guo)際(ji)自然(ran)保護區——“CMR達(da)(da)烏爾”國(guo)(guo)際(ji)自然(ran)保護區,納入中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)達(da)(da)賚(lai)湖、蒙古國(guo)(guo)的(de)蒙古達(da)(da)烏爾和俄羅斯聯邦的(de)達(da)(da)烏爾斯克。
2002年列入《國(guo)際重(zhong)要濕地(di)名錄(lu)》,同年被中國(guo)人與生(sheng)物圈(quan)委(wei)員會批準(zhun)納入“人與生(sheng)物圈(quan)保護(hu)區網絡” 。
呼倫(lun)湖國(guo)家級自然保護區(qu)(qu)是一個以(yi)保護珍禽鳥類(lei)及(ji)其賴以(yi)生存的(de)(de)湖泊、草原(yuan)和(he)濕地等(deng)生態(tai)系統為主(zhu)的(de)(de)綜(zong)合性自然保護區(qu)(qu)。其主(zhu)要保護對象為保護區(qu)(qu)內(nei)的(de)(de)湖泊、河流(liu)濕地和(he)典型草原(yuan)生態(tai)系統以(yi)及(ji)達賚湖地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)生物多樣性。即在(zai)保護區(qu)(qu)內(nei)棲(qi)息(xi)繁殖和(he)遷徙過境(jing)的(de)(de)眾多水禽和(he)瀕危珍稀物種。
保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥類監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作開始于1995年,采(cai)(cai)用鳥類遷(qian)徙考察、巡(xun)護監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)和常年監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)方(fang)法對(dui)鳥類進(jin)行監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)保(bao)護。2002年開始對(dui)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)植物進(jin)行監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)。監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)采(cai)(cai)取了植物樣線的(de)方(fang)式,在典(dian)型(xing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域內(nei)共設濕地區(qu)(qu)(qu),沙(sha)生植被區(qu)(qu)(qu),退化草(cao)原(yuan)區(qu)(qu)(qu),草(cao)原(yuan)向(xiang)濕地過渡區(qu)(qu)(qu),草(cao)原(yuan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)等五個監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)點。每年做(zuo)50多樣方(fang)。
已于區域內建立6個(ge)管(guan)護(hu)站,每個(ge)管(guan)護(hu)站常年有3人(ren)工作。
呼倫(lun)湖在史前(qian)已經有人(ren)類居住。歷史上曾數易其名(ming):《山(shan)海經》稱(cheng)大澤,唐朝(chao)時(shi)稱(cheng)俱倫(lun)泊,遼(liao)、金時(shi)稱(cheng)栲(kao)栳濼,元朝(chao)時(shi)稱(cheng)闊連海子,明(ming)朝(chao)時(shi)稱(cheng)闊灤海子,清(qing)朝(chao)時(shi)稱(cheng)庫楞湖,當地牧(mu)人(ren)稱(cheng)達賚(lai)諾爾(蒙(meng)古(gu)語(yu),意為(wei)(wei)“像海一(yi)樣的(de)(de)湖泊”)。而(er)呼倫(lun)湖是近(jin)代才有的(de)(de)名(ming)稱(cheng),呼倫(lun)的(de)(de)蒙(meng)語(yu)大意為(wei)(wei)“水獺”,貝(bei)爾的(de)(de)蒙(meng)語(yu)大意為(wei)(wei)“雄(xiong)水獺”,與貝(bei)爾湖一(yi)陰(yin)一(yi)陽,因為(wei)(wei)歷史上兩湖中有很多的(de)(de)水獺。