芒果视频

歷史沿革

2000年(nian)，山東(dong)省政府批復成立榮成天鵝(e)湖省級(ji)自然保護區。

2007年4月，晉升為國家級自然保護區。

地理環境

位置

榮(rong)成大天(tian)鵝(e)國家(jia)級自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)，地處山(shan)東(dong)半島的東(dong)端，介(jie)于東(dong)經122°23′～122°35′，北緯36°58′～37°25′之(zhi)間，北、東(dong)、南上(shang)面瀕臨黃海，由眾(zhong)多港(gang)灣和淺海灘涂組成，總面積10500平方(fang)公里。

氣候

保護區(qu)屬溫帶季風型濕潤氣(qi)(qi)候區(qu)，四季分明，年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫11.1℃，是(shi)山東(dong)沿海平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫低(di)的海灣之一。極端高溫度36.8℃，極端低(di)溫度-18.3℃，平(ping)均(jun)日照時數(shu)2578.5h，無霜(shuang)期214天，平(ping)均(jun)降水(shui)量786mm。

地貌

保護區(qu)近岸陸地(di)有(you)丘(qiu)陵、臺地(di)、溝谷(gu)、河谷(gu)、平原，發育有(you)棕壤、潮(chao)土、草甸土、風(feng)沙土等土類，海岸帶岬角與(yu)海灣相間排列(lie)，間有(you)河流(liu)入(ru)海灣，形成各類濕地(di)；沿(yan)海濕地(di)水深適中，底有(you)礁石、沙礫(li)、粗礦、粘土質粉砂(sha)。

面積范圍

榮成大天鵝湖(hu)(hu)國家級保(bao)護(hu)區由天鵝湖(hu)(hu)、養魚池灣(wan)(wan)、臨洛(luo)灣(wan)(wan)3個獨立的瀉湖(hu)(hu)組成，即(ji)月湖(hu)(hu)（天鵝湖(hu)(hu)）、朝陽(yang)湖(hu)(hu)（朝陽(yang)天鵝湖(hu)(hu)）以及養魚湖(hu)(hu)（馬山(shan)港天鵝湖(hu)(hu)）。總(zong)面積(ji)10500公頃，其中核心區3720.2公頃、緩(huan)沖區3056.5公頃、實驗(yan)區3723.3公頃。

南(nan)(nan)(nan)湖(hu)(hu)區東(dong)(dong)以(yi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)沙壩的北(bei)端(duan)(duan)為(wei)起點(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)沿(yan)沙壩至(zhi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)瀉湖(hu)(hu)口，再(zai)(zai)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)至(zhi)馬(ma)山(shan)路，沿(yan)馬(ma)山(shan)路向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)至(zhi)與張家路交叉(cha)處，順路南(nan)(nan)(nan)下至(zhi)蘆葦塘東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)角，再(zai)(zai)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)正西(xi)18米至(zhi)養漁池灣(wan)海(hai)(hai)邊，沿(yan)養漁池灣(wan)東(dong)(dong)海(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)，經(jing)養漁池草島(dao)西(xi)岸(an)(an)(an)至(zhi)該(gai)島(dao)的東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)角，再(zai)(zai)沿(yan)-3米等深線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)至(zhi)花斑彩石(shi)正東(dong)(dong)165米處；南(nan)(nan)(nan)以(yi)165米處再(zai)(zai)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)經(jing)姜(jiang)島(dao)至(zhi)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)河(he)入海(hai)(hai)口，順河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)岸(an)(an)(an)至(zhi)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)河(he)橋(qiao)；西(xi)起馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)河(he)橋(qiao)沿(yan)河(he)北(bei)岸(an)(an)(an)至(zhi)入海(hai)(hai)口，順臨(lin)洛灣(wan)西(xi)海(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)北(bei)上至(zhi)301省道(dao)(dao)65.8公里(li)處，沿(yan)301省道(dao)(dao)至(zhi)69.1公里(li)處東(dong)(dong)拐，沿(yan)車(che)祝溝村(cun)后小路至(zhi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)西(xi)岸(an)(an)(an)，順月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)西(xi)岸(an)(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)北(bei)上至(zhi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)西(xi)北(bei)角；北(bei)以(yi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)西(xi)北(bei)角為(wei)起點(dian)，沿(yan)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)岸(an)(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)(dong)至(zhi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)沙壩北(bei)端(duan)(duan)止(zhi)。

保護目標

對象

榮成大(da)(da)天鵝(e)湖國(guo)家級保護區以保護大(da)(da)天鵝(e)等瀕危鳥類和(he)濕(shi)地(di)生態系(xi)統(tong)為主(zhu)，是(shi)鳥類南遷北(bei)移的重要(yao)中轉(zhuan)站和(he)越(yue)冬棲(qi)息地(di)，每(mei)年有近萬只大(da)(da)天鵝(e)來(lai)此(ci)越(yue)冬，是(shi)世界(jie)上(shang)大(da)(da)的大(da)(da)天鵝(e)越(yue)冬種群棲(qi)息地(di)。

動物

保護區(qu)共分布有陸棲脊椎動物185種(zhong)，其中(zhong)兩棲類(lei)3科(ke)(ke)、7種(zhong)，爬行類(lei)7科(ke)(ke)、13種(zhong)，獸(shou)類(lei)7科(ke)(ke)、12種(zhong)，鳥類(lei)15目、41科(ke)(ke)、153種(zhong)，遷徙(xi)性鳥類(lei)特別是旅鳥構成了鳥類(lei)區(qu)系分布的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)類(lei)群，且呈(cheng)現出明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)南北(bei)過渡(du)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)帶性。

保(bao)護(hu)區內有國(guo)家I級保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)東(dong)方(fang)白鸛(guan)(guan)、黑鸛(guan)(guan)、中(zhong)華秋沙鴨、大(da)鴇、白頭鶴、金雕等(deng)6種(zhong)；國(guo)家II級保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)大(da)天(tian)鵝、黃(huang)嘴白鷺、鴛鴦、白鵝雁、灰鶴、小杓鷸(yu)等(deng)17種(zhong)；屬于瀕危野(ye)生(sheng)動植物種(zhong)國(guo)際貿易公約保(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)17種(zhong)；中(zhong)澳候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)保(bao)護(hu)協(xie)(xie)定保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)36種(zhong)；中(zhong)日候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)保(bao)護(hu)協(xie)(xie)定保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)94種(zhong)。

植物

保護區系中的單細胞浮游藻類包括近岸(an)(an)廣(guang)布(bu)(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)116種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近岸(an)(an)暖水(shui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近岸(an)(an)溫帶(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；維(wei)管束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)被(bei)劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)6大生(sheng)態(tai)類群，包括鹽生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、水(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、濕(shi)(shi)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、中生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、旱生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、沙生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，保護區內(nei)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)的建群種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均為(wei)水(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、濕(shi)(shi)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或鹽生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，反映(ying)了濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)的隱域性(xing)；維(wei)管束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)按(an)照生(sheng)活(huo)型劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)，有(you)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高位芽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)上芽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)面芽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、48種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)芽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)和68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1年生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，維(wei)管束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)14個地(di)(di)(di)理分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)區類型，包括世界分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)42屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、溫帶(dai)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)55屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、熱帶(dai)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)30屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、古(gu)地(di)(di)(di)中海(hai)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)2屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、東亞分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)4屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、中國特有(you)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)1屬(shu)(shu)(shu)。

管理措施

①污水(shui)達(da)標排(pai)放(fang)治理(li)。加強天鵝(e)湖入(ru)湖徑流全流域水(shui)體質量監(jian)測，對污水(shui)排(pai)放(fang)終流入(ru)天鵝(e)湖的企事業單位，逐一排(pai)查登記，限期(qi)整改。

②項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)設的審查監管(guan)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區范(fan)圍內不(bu)得(de)新(xin)建(jian)任何破(po)壞(huai)、侵(qin)占(zhan)濕(shi)(shi)地資源的海產養(yang)殖項(xiang)目(mu)；原有(you)侵(qin)占(zhan)濕(shi)(shi)地的養(yang)殖項(xiang)目(mu)，在合同到期后要(yao)(yao)全部收回，并(bing)恢(hui)復濕(shi)(shi)地原貌。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區邊界外(wai)500米范(fan)圍內不(bu)得(de)審批任何商業(ye)、住宅項(xiang)目(mu)；已建(jian)和在建(jian)的要(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)落實污染物(wu)排放治理措施，未經(jing)環保(bao)(bao)部門(men)審驗合格(ge)的，不(bu)得(de)投(tou)入使用(yong)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區邊界外(wai)500—1500米范(fan)圍內不(bu)得(de)建(jian)設產生較大噪音和排放有(you)毒氣體、廢棄(qi)物(wu)的企業(ye)，新(xin)建(jian)建(jian)筑物(wu)高(gao)度不(bu)得(de)超過25米。。

③旅游(you)觀(guan)光人(ren)(ren)(ren)員管理(li)。每年11月1日至翌年3月31日為大天鵝(e)(e)自然保(bao)護(hu)區封(feng)閉管理(li)期，期間進入保(bao)護(hu)區的通道全部實行(xing)封(feng)閉管理(li)，并安排專(zhuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)值守(shou)，未經批準嚴(yan)(yan)禁(jin)任何單位和(he)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)進入保(bao)護(hu)區核心區、緩沖區活動。對(dui)冬季來榮(rong)觀(guan)賞、拍攝大天鵝(e)(e)的人(ren)(ren)(ren)員要(yao)加強宣教和(he)監管，嚴(yan)(yan)禁(jin)轟趕、驚嚇天鵝(e)(e)。為保(bao)持大天鵝(e)(e)自然本(ben)性，非冰凍(dong)封(feng)湖或出現(xian)其他特殊情(qing)況，嚴(yan)(yan)禁(jin)游(you)客私自向天鵝(e)(e)投(tou)食，確需進行(xing)投(tou)食時(shi)，由保(bao)護(hu)區管理(li)部門統(tong)一組織安排。

④入湖(hu)(hu)徑(jing)流全流域生(sheng)態(tai)治(zhi)理。保(bao)護區及周邊松林(lin)、蘆(lu)葦等自然植物群落保(bao)護，嚴禁任何單位(wei)以任何借口進行破壞；對(dui)天鵝湖(hu)(hu)周邊不宜耕(geng)作的農(nong)田逐步(bu)退(tui)耕(geng)還林(lin)還草，主(zhu)栽蘆(lu)葦、牧草等低矮植被(bei)；對(dui)天鵝湖(hu)(hu)西北部(bu)淤(yu)積區域實(shi)施(shi)清淤(yu)治(zhi)理，恢復濕(shi)地生(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能；對(dui)湖(hu)(hu)口沙壩進行保(bao)護性修復，堅決阻止(zhi)沙壩侵(qin)蝕的進一步(bu)發(fa)展。結(jie)合河道治(zhi)理、水系生(sheng)態(tai)綠(lv)化、小流域治(zhi)理和沿海防護林(lin)建設工程，統籌抓好入湖(hu)(hu)徑(jing)流的全流域綠(lv)化。

⑤日常執(zhi)法巡查和違法打(da)擊(ji)。對在保護區及(ji)周邊違法進行(xing)的(de)建設、圍墾、取土(tu)、挖(wa)沙、挖(wa)塘、毀林(lin)、燒荒(huang)、排污、捕(bu)撈(lao)、放牧、養殖、獵捕(bu)、筑(zhu)壩(ba)等行(xing)為(wei)，要(yao)及(ji)時制止(zhi)，從重打(da)擊(ji)。

地位價值

榮成大(da)天鵝湖(hu)(hu)國(guo)家級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)區(qu)內(nei)存在蘆葦(wei)沼澤(ze)、灘涂和淺海及瀉(xie)湖(hu)(hu)四種濕地類型(xing)(xing)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)的(de)沙壩—瀉(xie)湖(hu)(hu)體系，屬(shu)中國(guo)少有(you)的(de)典型(xing)(xing)的(de)沙嘴型(xing)(xing)灣頂瀉(xie)湖(hu)(hu)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)生態系統具有(you)典型(xing)(xing)性、稀有(you)性、脆弱(ruo)性和多(duo)樣性等(deng)特(te)點，具有(you)特(te)殊的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)和重要的(de)科學研究價值。

榮成(cheng)大天鵝國(guo)家級自然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)建立對于(yu)保護(hu)大天鵝這一珍(zhen)稀(xi)、頻危物種(zhong)和生物多樣性，進一步改(gai)善區(qu)域生態環境，維持生態系統良(liang)性循環，促進經濟、社(she)會可持續發展都具有(you)重要意義(yi)。

交通路線

①班(ban)車：威海-成山(shan)衛-煙(yan)墩角-夏莊(zhuang)、威海-埠柳-馬道；

②自(zi)駕：下威海(hai)高速，沿海(hai)濱公(gong)路往路標（“西(xi)霞(xia)口動物園”、“天盡(jin)頭”）方向走。離動物園約(yue)十公(gong)里處，向右拐彎至成山鎮即可。

③包車：可聯系威(wei)海(hai)“自由左岸(an)”老沙的“游(you)威(wei)海(hai)-自由左岸(an)自助(zhu)游(you)服(fu)務(wu)網”提(ti)供包車，拼車服(fu)務(wu)。