人物生平
燕亡入秦
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德年紀還(huan)沒(mei)到(dao)二(er)十歲，身高(gao)(gao)就已經八(ba)尺(chi)二(er)寸，身姿體貌很魁偉，額頭(tou)上有(you)(you)中央隆起的(de)半月形重紋(wen)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德博覽(lan)群書，性情清高(gao)(gao)謹慎，多才多藝。前(qian)燕景昭帝(di)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)繼位(wei)(wei)時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德被封為(wei)(wei)梁公，歷任幽州刺史(shi)、左衛將軍。到(dao)了前(qian)燕幽帝(di)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐繼位(wei)(wei)時(shi)，改封慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德為(wei)(wei)范陽王，漸漸升遷(qian)為(wei)(wei)魏尹，加授散騎(qi)常侍。不久，前(qian)秦(qin)苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)的(de)將領苻(fu)(fu)雙占(zhan)據陜地反叛，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)的(de)將領苻(fu)(fu)柳在枹罕起兵(bing)準備(bei)接(jie)應。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐乘機討伐苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)，言辭(ci)慷慨，有(you)(you)識(shi)之(zhi)士說他(ta)有(you)(you)遠(yuan)大的(de)謀略。但(dan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐始終沒(mei)能采用。墓容(rong)(rong)(rong)德的(de)哥哥慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)很賞識(shi)他(ta)，于是和他(ta)共同(tong)商議軍國大事，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德的(de)意見(jian)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)切當。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德度量(liang)見(jian)識(shi)大有(you)(you)長(chang)進(jin)，并把他(ta)比(bi)作東(dong)吳的(de)呂(lv)蒙。太和四年（369年），在枋(fang)頭(tou)之(zhi)戰中，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德以征南將軍身份和慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)一起打敗了東(dong)晉的(de)軍隊。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)投奔(ben)苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德因受(shou)牽連被免(mian)職(zhi)(zhi)。太和五年（370年），前(qian)燕被苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)所(suo)滅，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德等被遷(qian)到(dao)長(chang)安(an)，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)任命他(ta)為(wei)(wei)張掖太守，數(shu)年以后免(mian)職(zhi)(zhi)回家。
苻(fu)堅率領軍(jun)隊(dui)(dui)到(dao)達臨江時(shi)，授(shou)任(ren)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)為(wei)奮威(wei)將軍(jun)。苻(fu)堅失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)時(shi)，苻(fu)堅和張(zhang)夫人(ren)(ren)走散，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)準備(bei)護衛(wei)(wei)送回她(ta)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)嚴肅地說：“從前楚(chu)莊王(wang)滅(mie)掉陳國，采納巫臣的諫言拋棄夏姬。這種不祥之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，蠱惑人(ren)(ren)主，戰爭的時(shi)候不接近女人(ren)(ren)，前秦(qin)軍(jun)隊(dui)(dui)的失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)就是因(yin)為(wei)這個緣故(gu)。最好是視而不見走過(guo)去，為(wei)什么還(huan)準備(bei)護衛(wei)(wei)她(ta)！”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)不聽，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)騎馬離開了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)。回來(lai)以(yi)后屯駐在滎陽，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)說：“從前越王(wang)勾踐(jian)寄居(ju)在會稽，最終得到(dao)了吳國。圣人(ren)(ren)相(xiang)時(shi)而動(dong)，所(suo)有(you)的舉動(dong)都考慮周(zhou)到(dao)，百(bai)無一(yi)失(shi)(shi)。老天(tian)追悔它(ta)所(suo)造成(cheng)的禍亂，所(suo)以(yi)讓秦(qin)軍(jun)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)，理應乘(cheng)著他們的失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)復興江山社稷(ji)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)不采納他的話。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)便跟(gen)隨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂到(dao)了鄴城。
輔佐后燕
太元九年(nian)（384年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)叛秦(qin)復(fu)國，建(jian)立后(hou)燕(yan)，任命慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)車(che)騎(qi)大將(jiang)軍(jun)，復(fu)封(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)范陽王，居中(zhong)鎮守護衛(wei)，參預決斷政事。很久以后(hou)，升任司(si)徒。當(dang)時慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永(yong)占(zhan)據長子(zi)，擁有十萬軍(jun)隊，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)和(he)大臣們商議討伐他。大臣們都猶豫(yu)不定，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)上(shang)前說：“當(dang)年(nian)三代祖先積德(de)(de)，遺言還回(hui)響在(zai)耳邊，所以陛(bi)下興起，不謀(mou)而合，雖然是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)陛(bi)下圣明英武，也因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大臣們對(dui)王室原有的(de)(de)(de)愛(ai)戴，燕(yan)、趙之人(ren)樂(le)于做(zuo)燕(yan)臣民的(de)(de)(de)緣故。現(xian)在(zai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永(yong)已經建(jian)立偽(wei)號，煽(shan)動漢人(ren)和(he)胡人(ren)作亂，致使豎子(zi)恣肆縱橫，爭(zheng)奪不休，應(ying)該先鏟除他，以統一(yi)大家的(de)(de)(de)視聽。從前光武帝急(ji)速援救蘇茂之難，不考慮(lv)百官疲乏，這難道是(shi)不仁嗎？是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)事情危急(ji)的(de)(de)(de)緣故。兵法中(zhong)有不得已而用之，陛(bi)下能(neng)這樣做(zuo)嗎！”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)笑著對(dui)群臣們說：“司(si)徒的(de)(de)(de)看法和(he)我一(yi)樣。二人(ren)同(tong)心(xin)，利能(neng)斷金(jin)，我的(de)(de)(de)主意已定。”于是(shi)聽從了慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)話。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)臨(lin)終前，告諭(yu)兒子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶把鄴城(cheng)交(jiao)給(gei)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶繼位(wei)后(hou)，任命慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)使持節、都督冀、兗(yan)、青、徐、荊(jing)、豫(yu)六州諸(zhu)軍(jun)事、特進、車(che)騎(qi)大將(jiang)軍(jun)、冀州牧，兼領南蠻(man)校尉，鎮守鄴城(cheng)，取消(xiao)留臺，以都督專門統管南夏。
北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)(wei)將領(ling)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)攻(gong)(gong)打(da)鄴(ye)城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德派南安王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)青等夜里襲擊(ji)并(bing)擊(ji)敗(bai)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)退(tui)駐(zhu)新(xin)城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)青等請求(qiu)去(qu)攻(gong)(gong)打(da)。別駕韓(han)(han)讠卓進言說(shuo)：“古人(ren)(ren)首(shou)先(xian)在(zai)(zai)朝廷里謀劃勝(sheng)(sheng)敗(bai)，然后才作戰。現在(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)攻(gong)(gong)打(da)北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因有(you)四(si)條，后燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)妄(wang)(wang)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)由(you)有(you)三條。北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)(wei)孤軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)深入，野(ye)戰最為(wei)有(you)利(li)，這(zhe)(zhe)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)攻(gong)(gong)打(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一個(ge)(ge)(ge)理(li)(li)由(you)。魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)深入我(wo)們(men)京都附近(jin)，把軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)停留(liu)在(zai)(zai)死(si)地上，這(zhe)(zhe)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)攻(gong)(gong)打(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)理(li)(li)由(you)。他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前鋒(feng)打(da)了敗(bai)仗之后，后陣剛剛穩(wen)固，這(zhe)(zhe)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)攻(gong)(gong)打(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三個(ge)(ge)(ge)理(li)(li)由(you)。他(ta)們(men)人(ren)(ren)多，我(wo)們(men)人(ren)(ren)少，這(zhe)(zhe)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)攻(gong)(gong)打(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第四(si)個(ge)(ge)(ge)理(li)(li)由(you)。我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)在(zai)(zai)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)土上作戰．這(zhe)(zhe)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)妄(wang)(wang)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一個(ge)(ge)(ge)理(li)(li)由(you)。去(qu)攻(gong)(gong)打(da)如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)取勝(sheng)(sheng)，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)心就(jiu)難以(yi)安定(ding)，這(zhe)(zhe)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)妄(wang)(wang)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)理(li)(li)由(you)。城(cheng)郭還沒(mei)有(you)修筑(zhu)完(wan)善，敵人(ren)(ren)來(lai)了無法防備，這(zhe)(zhe)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)妄(wang)(wang)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三個(ge)(ge)(ge)理(li)(li)由(you)。這(zhe)(zhe)些都是兵(bing)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大忌，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)把溝(gou)壑再(zai)加(jia)深，把壘壁再(zai)加(jia)高，以(yi)逸待勞。他(ta)們(men)從千里之外(wai)運(yun)送糧(liang)食，曠野(ye)上沒(mei)有(you)能(neng)(neng)搶掠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東西，時(shi)間一長，三軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)就(jiu)會(hui)耗盡資財，攻(gong)(gong)打(da)起來(lai)就(jiu)會(hui)死(si)掉很多兵(bing)馬，士氣(qi)一衰落，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)心就(jiu)會(hui)離散，那時(shi)我(wo)們(men)再(zai)周密地謀劃攻(gong)(gong)打(da)他(ta)們(men)，就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)取勝(sheng)(sheng)了。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德說(shuo)：“韓(han)(han)別駕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，是張(zhang)良、陳平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)策。”于是命(ming)令(ling)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)青撤回軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)。北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)(wei)又派遼西公賀(he)賴盧率領(ling)騎兵(bing)和(he)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)一起圍攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德派參軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)劉藻向后秦(qin)姚(yao)興請求(qiu)救援，并(bing)且致以(yi)同母之兄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問候(hou)，但是姚(yao)興的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)來(lai)，大家非常(chang)恐懼。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德便親自犒(kao)賞戰士，多加(jia)撫慰(wei)，人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)感激他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩德，都樂意為(wei)他(ta)效命(ming)。適逢拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)、賀(he)墮盧內(nei)部(bu)互相紛爭，各自率領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)暗中逃(tao)跑。拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司馬丁(ding)建率領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)來(lai)投降，并(bing)說(shuo)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)士氣(qi)低(di)落，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)打(da)敗(bai)他(ta)們(men)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德派將領(ling)去(qu)追趕(gan)并(bing)打(da)敗(bai)了拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)，人(ren)(ren)心才開始安定(ding)。
隆安元(yuan)年（397年），魏軍進入中山，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶出奔到薊，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)詳又自(zi)立為帝(di)。適(shi)逢劉(liu)藻(zao)(zao)從姚(yao)興那里來(lai)到，姚(yao)興的(de)(de)太史(shi)令高魯派他的(de)(de)外(wai)甥王景暉隨從劉(liu)藻(zao)(zao)送(song)(song)來(lai)一紐玉璽，并送(song)(song)來(lai)圖(tu)讖秘文，說：“有德者昌，無(wu)德者亡。有德的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)接受天命，柔弱會變得剛強(qiang)。”又有歌謠說：“大風蓬勃揚(yang)起塵埃，八井三刀突然來(lai)。四(si)海鼎沸中山崩，惟有德人(ren)(ren)占(zhan)三臺。”于是慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德的(de)(de)大臣們一起商(shang)議(yi)，認(ren)為慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)詳在(zai)(zai)中山自(zi)立，魏軍在(zai)(zai)冀州勢力強(qiang)盛，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶還(huan)生(sheng)死(si)未卜，就(jiu)勸慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德繼位。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德不同意(yi)。適(shi)逢慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)達從龍城投奔鄴城，稱(cheng)說慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶還(huan)活著，大家的(de)(de)議(yi)論(lun)才停止。不久，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶任慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德為丞相，兼領(ling)冀州牧，秉承皇帝(di)旨意(yi)在(zai)(zai)南方自(zi)主行事。
建立南燕
慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)哥(ge)哥(ge)的(de)(de)兒子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟從義(yi)臺(tai)(tai)投奔鄴城，向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)游說道(dao)：“中(zhong)山覆沒以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)定會(hui)乘勝(sheng)攻(gong)打(da)鄴城，鄴城雖然積儲了(le)糧食(shi)(shi)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)城大(da)難以(yi)(yi)固(gu)守，而(er)且(qie)士氣低落，不(bu)能戰斗。趁著魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)還沒有(you)到(dao)來(lai)，聚集軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)南(nan)渡(du)，依(yi)附魯陽(yang)王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)和(he)，占據滑(hua)(hua)(hua)臺(tai)(tai)（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)縣東），招集兵(bing)馬，積聚糧食(shi)(shi)，伺機而(er)動，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)上策。魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)即使攻(gong)下中(zhong)山，勢(shi)必(bi)不(bu)會(hui)久留，不(bu)過是(shi)(shi)(shi)驅趕(gan)人(ren)口(kou)和(he)搶掠財(cai)物回去(qu)。人(ren)們不(bu)喜(xi)歡(huan)遷徙，自(zi)然會(hui)發生變故，然后(hou)，我(wo)們振奮威武前(qian)去(qu)救援(yuan)，北魏(wei)(wei)就(jiu)會(hui)內外受敵，使迷戀(lian)舊土(tu)的(de)(de)人(ren)有(you)所依(yi)靠，廣(guang)泛地顯示恩愛(ai)信義(yi)，招集遣民，就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)一(yi)舉而(er)攻(gong)取。”此前(qian)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)和(he)也勸慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)南(nan)遷，這(zhe)時慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)就(jiu)同意了(le)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟的(de)(de)主(zhu)張。于隆安二年（398年），率(lv)領(ling)(ling)四萬(wan)戶、二萬(wan)七千(qian)乘車，從鄴城準備遷移到(dao)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)臺(tai)(tai)。遇(yu)到(dao)大(da)風，船只沉沒，魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將要趕(gan)到(dao)，大(da)家都害怕(pa)，商議想(xiang)退(tui)守黎陽(yang)。當天晚上河(he)面(mian)上漂浮的(de)(de)冰(bing)塊凍合在(zai)一(yi)起，封住了(le)河(he)面(mian)，當夜軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)渡(du)過了(le)河(he)，第二天早晨，魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)到(dao)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)河(he)面(mian)上的(de)(de)冰(bing)塊已經分裂了(le)，就(jiu)像有(you)神(shen)幫助一(yi)樣。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)便把黎陽(yang)津改為(wei)天橋津。到(dao)達滑(hua)(hua)(hua)臺(tai)(tai)，景星在(zai)尾宿箕宿出現(xian)(xian)。又在(zai)漳(zhang)水得到(dao)白玉，形狀如璽。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)依(yi)照燕(yan)元(yuan)舊例，自(zi)稱燕(yan)王(wang)，稱元(yuan)年，建立南(nan)燕(yan)，大(da)赦境內死(si)罪(zui)以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)罪(zui)犯，設置(zhi)百官。任命慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)司空(kong)、兼領(ling)(ling)尚書令(ling)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)法為(wei)中(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，慕(mu)輿拔為(wei)尚書左仆射(she)，丁通(tong)為(wei)尚書右(you)仆射(she)，其余人(ren)封授(shou)官職各有(you)不(bu)等。當初(chu)，河(he)間有(you)麟出現(xian)(xian)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)己的(de)(de)祥瑞。到(dao)此時，秘(mi)密地策劃反叛，事情發覺被(bei)賜死(si)。當年夏(xia)天，魏(wei)(wei)將賀賴盧率(lv)領(ling)(ling)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)歸附慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)。
怒殺趙思
此時，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)從龍城南(nan)逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)黎陽，派中黃(huang)門令趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)去(qu)叫慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘(zhong)來(lai)迎接自己。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘(zhong)本來(lai)是(shi)(shi)首先倡(chang)議(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)王的(de)(de)(de)，聽到(dao)(dao)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)來(lai)了(le)，很(hen)是(shi)(shi)憎(zeng)惡，把(ba)他抓起來(lai)送(song)到(dao)(dao)監獄，然后(hou)派人飛速(su)地(di)向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)報告(gao)情況。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)對下(xia)臣們(men)說(shuo)：“你(ni)們(men)以(yi)前為了(le)國家(jia)大(da)計，勸我(wo)(wo)攝政。我(wo)(wo)也因為繼位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)國君(jun)逃(tao)亡在(zai)外，入神都沒有了(le)君(jun)主(zhu)，所(suo)以(yi)權且(qie)服從大(da)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)建議(yi)，以(yi)撫眾望。現在(zai)上天(tian)正(zheng)在(zai)追悔所(suo)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)禍難(nan)(nan)，繼位(wei)國君(jun)能夠回(hui)(hui)來(lai)，我(wo)(wo)將準備車．駕(jia)去(qu)迎接，并在(zai)行(xing)宮前謝罪，然后(hou)回(hui)(hui)家(jia)隱(yin)居，各位(wei)以(yi)為如何？”黃(huang)門侍郎張(zhang)華(hua)進(jin)言說(shuo)：“在(zai)爭奪(duo)天(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)時代，沒有雄(xiong)才不(bu)(bu)能奮起；在(zai)兵馬馳騁(cheng)之年(nian)，豈是(shi)(shi)懦夫能夠成(cheng)大(da)事的(de)(de)(de)！陛下(xia)如果施(shi)行(xing)匹婦之仁，舍棄上天(tian)授予的(de)(de)(de)大(da)業，威勢和權力一去(qu)，就(jiu)會性命不(bu)(bu)保，還(huan)會有什么退讓之事呢！”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)因為像古人那樣(yang)逆取(qu)順守(shou)，統治之道(dao)不(bu)(bu)足，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)中途徘徊猶豫，沒下(xia)決心(xin)而已。”慕(mu)(mu)輿護請求火速(su)去(qu)探問慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)虛實，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)流著眼淚送(song)走了(le)他。慕(mu)(mu)輿護于是(shi)(shi)率(lv)領數百名勇士(shi)，跟著趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)北(bei)(bei)去(qu)，謀劃殺(sha)死慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)。當初，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)派趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)出(chu)去(qu)以(yi)后(hou)，知道(dao)了(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)替代了(le)自己登(deng)上王位(wei)，很(hen)害怕，就(jiu)向北(bei)(bei)逃(tao)跑。慕(mu)(mu)輿護到(dao)(dao)了(le)黎陽未見到(dao)(dao)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)，就(jiu)押著趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)回(hui)(hui)來(lai)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)因為趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)熟習典制掌故，準備任用他。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)說(shuo)：“當年(nian)關羽被曹操看(kan)重，還(huan)忘不(bu)(bu)了(le)先主(zhu)劉備的(de)(de)(de)恩(en)德(de)(de)(de)(de)。我(wo)(wo)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)雖然是(shi)(shi)死而后(hou)生的(de)(de)(de)役隸，但是(shi)(shi)蒙受國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)恩(en)寵，犬馬尚且(qie)有報恩(en)之心(xin)，何況人呢！請允許我(wo)(wo)回(hui)(hui)去(qu)，以(yi)表明我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)節操。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)堅決留(liu)他，趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)憤怒地(di)說(shuo)：“周(zhou)室(shi)衰微時，晉(jin)國、鄭國輔佐；漢(han)朝有七國之難(nan)(nan)，依賴梁孝王扶持(chi)。殿(dian)下(xia)從親(qin)戚上說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)上的(de)(de)(de)叔父，從地(di)位(wei)上說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)三(san)公(gong)，不(bu)(bu)能率(lv)領公(gong)卿(qing)匡扶王室(shi)，卻希望王室(shi)傾(qing)覆(fu)而去(qu)做趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)王司馬倫之事。我(wo)(wo)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)雖然無法仿(fang)效(xiao)申包胥到(dao)(dao)秦國哭求援軍，卻羨(xian)慕(mu)(mu)君(jun)賓不(bu)(bu)活(huo)在(zai)王莽稱(cheng)帝之時。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)怒，殺(sha)了(le)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)。
敗晉殺廣
東晉南陽太守閭丘(qiu)羨、寧朔(shuo)將(jiang)軍(jun)鄧啟方率領二萬(wan)軍(jun)隊來攻打，軍(jun)隊駐(zhu)扎在管城。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德派出他的中軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)法、撫(fu)軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)和等人(ren)前(qian)去(qu)抵抗(kang)，晉軍(jun)被打得大敗。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)法沒(mei)有窮追猛打晉軍(jun)很生(sheng)氣，于(yu)是殺(sha)了(le)他的撫(fu)軍(jun)司馬(ma)靳瑰。
當(dang)初，苻(fu)登(deng)被姚(yao)興(xing)消(xiao)滅(mie)以后，苻(fu)登(deng)的弟弟苻(fu)廣(guang)率(lv)領(ling)部落向慕容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)投降(jiang)，慕容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)任命他為冠軍(jun)將軍(jun)，安置在(zai)乞(qi)活堡。此時(shi)有火星停留(liu)在(zai)井宿(su)，有人說(shuo)前秦將會(hui)重新興(xing)起，苻(fu)廣(guang)于是自稱(cheng)秦王，打(da)敗了慕容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)的將領(ling)慕容(rong)鐘。當(dang)時(shi)慕容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)初定都在(zai)滑臺(tai)，介于東晉(jin)、北魏之(zhi)間(jian)，地沒有十(shi)城，軍(jun)隊(dui)不過數萬。到(dao)了慕容(rong)鐘打(da)了敗仗，反覆無常之(zhi)人大多歸附苻(fu)廣(guang)。慕容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)就留(liu)下慕容(rong)和守滑臺(tai)，親自率(lv)領(ling)軍(jun)隊(dui)討(tao)伐苻(fu)廣(guang)，殺了苻(fu)廣(guang)。
諸縣投降
當(dang)(dang)初，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶到(dao)黎陽(yang)的時(shi)候，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和的長史李辯(bian)勸慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和接納慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和不同意。李辯(bian)害(hai)怕計(ji)謀泄露，就帶領晉軍(jun)來到(dao)管城(cheng)，希(xi)望慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)能(neng)親(qin)自率(lv)領軍(jun)隊(dui)出戰(zhan)，自己(ji)在后面作(zuo)亂。但(dan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)不出來，李辯(bian)更(geng)加(jia)不安；到(dao)了慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)這次(ci)出征(zheng)時(shi)，李辯(bian)又勸慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和謀反(fan)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和不聽從。李辯(bian)很憤(fen)怒，殺(sha)了慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和，以(yi)滑(hua)臺(tai)投降(jiang)北魏。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)將士們(men)的家人(ren)都(dou)(dou)在滑(hua)臺(tai)城(cheng)內，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)準備攻(gong)打(da)滑(hua)臺(tai)，韓范對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)說(shuo)：“魏軍(jun)已經(jing)進城(cheng)，占據了國(guo)都(dou)(dou)作(zuo)為(wei)資本，客主之間的形(xing)勢，已經(jing)顛倒，人(ren)情已經(jing)改變，不能(neng)夠攻(gong)打(da)。應該(gai)首先占據一(yi)方，作(zuo)為(wei)關中的基地，然后再積蓄力(li)量攻(gong)打(da)，這是(shi)上(shang)策。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)這才停止(zhi)攻(gong)城(cheng)的計(ji)謀。
慕容德的(de)(de)(de)(de)右(you)衛將軍(jun)慕容云殺了(le)李辯(bian)，率領將士的(de)(de)(de)(de)二萬多(duo)家(jia)屬沖(chong)出了(le)滑臺城(cheng)(cheng)，三軍(jun)歡(huan)慶。慕容德和大(da)家(jia)一(yi)起商議(yi)說(shuo)：“苻廣雖然被平(ping)定(ding)了(le)，但撫(fu)軍(jun)進退兩難，進有強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)敵人(ren)，退又沒有安身的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)，諸位有何良策？”張華進言說(shuo)：“彭(peng)城(cheng)(cheng)這個(ge)地方(fang)有山川(chuan)阻(zu)隔，是楚國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)都，地形險要(yao)，人(ren)口眾多(duo)，可(ke)以攻打占(zhan)領其地，作(zuo)為發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)基地。”慕容鐘、慕輿護、封逞(cheng)、韓讠卓等堅決勸(quan)慕容德攻打滑臺，潘(pan)聰：“滑臺四(si)通(tong)八達，不(bu)是帝(di)王長(chang)住(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)。而且北邊(bian)和強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)魏相(xiang)通(tong)，西邊(bian)和強(qiang)盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)秦接連(lian)，這兩個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)，都不(bu)是可(ke)以高(gao)枕無(wu)憂(you)來對待的(de)(de)(de)(de)。彭(peng)城(cheng)(cheng)地廣人(ren)稀(xi)，地平(ping)而沒有險要(yao)之(zhi)處(chu)，又是東(dong)晉的(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)鎮，一(yi)定(ding)會受到(dao)抵(di)抗。又和江(jiang)、淮靠近，水路通(tong)達，秋(qiu)夏連(lian)日(ri)大(da)雨，千里之(zhi)地變成了(le)湖(hu)泊。而且水戰(zhan)是我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短處(chu)，是東(dong)晉的(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)處(chu)，即(ji)使攻下了(le)彭(peng)城(cheng)(cheng)，也不(bu)是長(chang)久之(zhi)計(ji)。青(qing)、齊土(tu)(tu)地肥沃(wo)，號稱‘東(dong)秦’，土(tu)(tu)地方(fang)圓二千里，人(ren)口超過十萬戶，四(si)面險要(yao)，背(bei)靠大(da)海，可(ke)以說(shuo)是用武之(zhi)地。三蠻的(de)(de)(de)(de)豪杰，立(li)(li)志(zhi)以待，誰(shui)不(bu)想(xiang)得遇圣明的(de)(de)(de)(de)君主建立(li)(li)功業！廣固是曹嶷營建的(de)(de)(de)(de)，山川(chuan)險峻，足以作(zuo)為帝(di)王之(zhi)都。最好(hao)先派一(yi)個(ge)能言善辯(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)飛速(su)前(qian)去(qu)游說(shuo)，然后大(da)軍(jun)跟著前(qian)進。避閭渾從前(qian)辜負過國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)恩(en)德，現在一(yi)定(ding)會翻然悔悟。如果他還是堅持錯誤不(bu)歸順，大(da)軍(jun)到(dao)達之(zhi)時(shi)，他們自然土(tu)(tu)崩瓦解。占(zhan)據(ju)廣固以后，閉關(guan)而養(yang)精(jing)蓄銳，伺機(ji)而動，這也是像二漢(han)占(zhan)據(ju)了(le)關(guan)中、河內地區。”
慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德猶(you)豫不(bu)決。沙門(men)郎公素來懂得(de)通(tong)過觀察(cha)天象(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)化來預測吉兇(xiong)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德于是(shi)(shi)去拜訪他。郎公說：“我恭敬地(di)(di)(di)看(kan)了這三個策略，潘尚書(shu)的(de)言(yan)論可以說是(shi)(shi)興邦之(zhi)(zhi)術(shu)。今(jin)年初，長星在奎宿(su)、婁宿(su)之(zhi)(zhi)間出(chu)現，進而(er)掃過虛宿(su)、危(wei)宿(su)，而(er)虛危(wei)二宿(su)對應齊地(di)(di)(di)，是(shi)(shi)除舊布新(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)。應當首先平(ping)定(ding)魯(lu)地(di)(di)(di)，巡撫瑯(lang)邪(xie)，等到(dao)秋(qiu)風當令(ling)，然后(hou)轉向北到(dao)達齊地(di)(di)(di)，這是(shi)(shi)天道。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德非常高興，帶領(ling)軍隊(dui)向南走，兗州北部邊界各縣全都投降，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德設置地(di)(di)(di)方官吏(li)安(an)(an)撫他們。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德訪問當地(di)(di)(di)的(de)老年人，軍隊(dui)沒有搶掠的(de)，老百姓感到(dao)平(ping)安(an)(an)，犒勞慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德的(de)牛和(he)酒絡(luo)繹不(bu)絕。
慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)派人勸導齊郡(jun)太守避(bi)閭渾(hun)(hun)，避(bi)閭渾(hun)(hun)不(bu)聽從，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)派慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘率領(ling)二萬(wan)(wan)步兵騎兵攻打避(bi)閭渾(hun)(hun)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)據瑯邪，徐、兗兩州有十(shi)多(duo)(duo)萬(wan)(wan)人歸附，從瑯邪而北，有四(si)萬(wan)(wan)多(duo)(duo)人迎(ying)接(jie)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)前進(jin)(jin)攻打莒(ju)城(cheng)，守城(cheng)的(de)將領(ling)任安放(fang)棄城(cheng)邑逃跑，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)讓潘聰鎮守莒(ju)城(cheng)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘把檄(xi)文傳發到(dao)(dao)青州各(ge)(ge)郡(jun)。避(bi)閭渾(hun)(hun)聽說(shuo)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)軍隊(dui)將要到(dao)(dao)來，就(jiu)把八(ba)千多(duo)(duo)戶遷進(jin)(jin)廣(guang)固(gu)。各(ge)(ge)郡(jun)都在接(jie)到(dao)(dao)檄(xi)文后(hou)向慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)投降。避(bi)閭渾(hun)(hun)很害怕，帶著妻子兒女投奔北魏。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)派射聲校尉劉綱追趕避(bi)閭渾(hun)(hun)，在莒(ju)城(cheng)追上并殺(sha)了他(ta)。避(bi)閭渾(hun)(hun)的(de)參(can)軍張锳常(chang)給避(bi)閭渾(hun)(hun)作檄(xi)文，文辭(ci)大多(duo)(duo)傲慢(man)。這(zhe)時，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)俘獲并責罵他(ta)。張锳神色自(zi)若，從容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)地回(hui)答說(shuo)：“避(bi)閭渾(hun)(hun)有了我，就(jiu)像韓信有了蒯通(tong)。蒯通(tong)碰(peng)到(dao)(dao)漢(han)太祖(zu)后(hou)得到(dao)(dao)了寬(kuan)恕，我碰(peng)到(dao)(dao)陛下卻(que)受到(dao)(dao)殺(sha)戮，跟古人相比(bi)，我認為是不(bu)幸。受到(dao)(dao)像防風氏那樣的(de)誅殺(sha)，我心甘情愿(yuan)，但恐堯、舜那樣的(de)教化不(bu)能弘(hong)揚四(si)海。”慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)開始很贊賞他(ta)的(de)話，后(hou)來終于殺(sha)了他(ta)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)入廣(guang)固(gu)。
稱帝除亂
隆(long)安(an)四年（400年），慕容(rong)德在南(nan)郊正式稱帝(di)，大(da)赦天下(xia)，改年號為(wei)(wei)建平。在宮廷南(nan)設立(li)臨時宗廟，派人(ren)拿(na)著策(ce)書(shu)去報(bao)告(gao)事成。進升慕容(rong)鐘為(wei)(wei)司徒，慕輿(yu)拔為(wei)(wei)司空，封(feng)孚為(wei)(wei)左仆射，慕輿(yu)護為(wei)(wei)右仆射。派度(du)支(zhi)尚書(shu)封(feng)愷、中書(shu)侍(shi)郎封(feng)逞去觀察風俗(su)得失，大(da)宴將士(shi)。立(li)他妻(qi)子段季妃(fei)為(wei)(wei)皇后。建立(li)學(xue)官(guan)，簡選公卿以下(xia)子弟和二品士(shi)門共(gong)二百人(ren)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)學(xue)生。
第二年（401年），慕容德(de)去齊(qi)城，登上(shang)營(ying)丘(qiu)，看見了晏(yan)(yan)嬰之墓，對(dui)身邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)說(shuo)：“根據禮法，大夫不靠近城里安(an)葬(zang)。晏(yan)(yan)平仲是古代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)賢人(ren)(ren)，是通達禮法的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)，但他(ta)活著的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候居住在(zai)靠近市肆的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方，死(si)(si)后(hou)埋葬(zang)在(zai)城附近，難(nan)道有(you)什(shen)么深意(yi)嗎(ma)？”青州秀才晏(yan)(yan)謨(mo)回(hui)答(da)說(shuo)：“孔子稱贊我的(de)(de)(de)(de)先人(ren)(ren)晏(yan)(yan)平仲是賢人(ren)(ren)，那就是賢人(ren)(ren)了。難(nan)道還不懂得增高其屋梁，豐(feng)富其禮儀嗎(ma)？大概是政令出自(zi)大夫之家，所以(yi)用(yong)儉樸來矯正(zheng)世(shi)俗。活著的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候居住在(zai)低下狹小的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方，死(si)(si)后(hou)難(nan)道還挑選安(an)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方嗎(ma)？不遠離家門安(an)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因，仍然(ran)是希望人(ren)(ren)們理解他(ta)平生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心志(zhi)。”慕容德(de)就讓晏(yan)(yan)謨(mo)跟隨自(zi)己到(dao)了漢城陽景王廟，在(zai)申池宴請老人(ren)(ren)，往(wang)北登上(shang)社首(shou)山，向東看鼎足，注(zhu)視著牛(niu)山感嘆說(shuo)： “自(zi)古以(yi)來沒有(you)不死(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)！”悲愴而有(you)死(si)(si)后(hou)葬(zang)在(zai)這(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)心意(yi)。接著詢問晏(yan)(yan)謨(mo)關于齊(qi)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山川丘(qiu)陵，以(yi)及(ji)賢哲們的(de)(de)(de)(de)舊事。晏(yan)(yan)謨(mo)一一詳細(xi)地(di)(di)(di)回(hui)答(da)，并在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)畫出了圖。慕容德(de)非常贊賞晏(yan)(yan)謨(mo)，任他(ta)為(wei)尚書郎。慕容德(de)在(zai)商山安(an)排了鑄造器具的(de)(de)(de)(de)工匠，在(zai)烏常澤設置(zhi)鹽官，用(yong)以(yi)擴(kuo)大軍(jun)隊和(he)國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)物資(zi)供給。
慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)原來的(de)官(guan)員趙(zhao)融(rong)從長安來，說(shuo)到了(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)母親和哥哥的(de)死訊。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)放(fang)聲(sheng)痛哭以至(zhi)于吐血，因而(er)臥(wo)病不(bu)起。司(si)隸校尉慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)達因此策劃反(fan)叛(pan)，派(pai)牙門(men)皇(huang)璆率領(ling)軍隊(dui)攻(gong)打(da)端門(men)，殿中(zhong)帥侯赤(chi)眉(mei)打(da)開城(cheng)門(men)接應。中(zhong)黃(huang)門(men)遜進(jin)扶著慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)越過城(cheng)墻，躲到遜進(jin)的(de)房舍里。段(duan)宏(hong)等(deng)人聽說(shuo)宮(gong)中(zhong)有(you)變故，就(jiu)率領(ling)軍隊(dui)駐守四門(men)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)入宮(gong)，殺了(le)侯赤(chi)眉(mei)等(deng)人，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)達害怕而(er)投奔北魏。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)法和魏軍在(zai)濟水北邊的(de)摽榆(yu)俗交戰，魏軍被打(da)得(de)大敗(bai)。
納議聚儒
尚書韓(han)讠(yan)卓(zhuo)上疏，提(ti)出休(xiu)養軍隊，修煉兵器，擴大農耕(geng)，積儲糧食，審(shen)核戶籍(ji)、增加(jia)軍資等建議，慕容(rong)德采(cai)納了他的建議，派(pai)車騎將軍慕容(rong)鎮率領三(san)千騎兵，沿著邊界嚴(yan)密(mi)地設(she)防，防備(bei)老百姓逃跑。任命韓(han)讠(yan)卓(zhuo)為使(shi)持(chi)節、散騎常侍、行臺尚書，巡(xun)行到各郡縣進行審(shen)核，查得佃客五萬八(ba)千人(ren)。韓(han)讠(yan)卓(zhuo)公正廉潔，到了哪(na)里都是在野外住宿，不打(da)擾(rao)當地人(ren)民。
慕容(rong)德大規模地聚集(ji)儒生(sheng)，親自策試。又(you)設宴招待，慕容(rong)德登上高處眺望遠方，回過頭對(dui)尚書(shu)魯邃說：“齊、魯一帶(dai)本來就多君(jun)子，在從前全(quan)盛的時代，接、慎、巴生(sheng)、淳于、鄒、田(tian)這批人，避居(ju)在長檐之(zhi)下，面對(dui)著清(qing)澈的池(chi)水，乘著紅漆輪子的華貴(gui)車(che)子飛(fei)奔，佩帶(dai)長劍，隨意發揮像(xiang)白(bai)馬非馬這樣(yang)的雄辯(bian)，像(xiang)鄒衍談(tan)天那樣(yang)的論辯(bian)，揮手則(ze)(ze)紅紫(zi)成(cheng)為(wei)錦章(zhang)，前俯(fu)后仰則(ze)(ze)丘陵(ling)生(sheng)出韻律(lv)。到(dao)了今天，荒草頹(tui)墳(fen)，氣消(xiao)煙減，長言千載流傳(chuan)，能不(bu)依然如故(gu)！”魯邃回答說：“周武(wu)王在比干的墳(fen)墓(mu)(mu)上添(tian)土(tu)，漢太祖祭(ji)奠信陵(ling)君(jun)的墳(fen)墓(mu)(mu)，這都(dou)是重視圣賢(xian)的人，常常思念他(ta)們(men)過去(qu)的事跡。陛下比周武(wu)王和(he)漢太祖還要仁(ren)慈，德澤(ze)施到(dao)了九泉(quan)之(zhi)下，如果(guo)他(ta)們(men)地下有(you)知，難道還不(bu)感(gan)恩(en)戴德！”
伐晉去世
當時(shi)東(dong)晉桓玄準備(bei)(bei)篡奪東(dong)晉政(zheng)權，誅殺不(bu)(bu)歸附自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。冀(ji)州刺(ci)史劉軌、襄城太守(shou)(shou)司馬(ma)休之(zhi)、征虜(lu)將軍(jun)劉敬宣、廣(guang)陵相高雅之(zhi)、江(jiang)都(dou)長張誕都(dou)心里(li)不(bu)(bu)安，全部投奔了(le)慕(mu)容(rong)德。慕(mu)容(rong)德的(de)(de)(de)中書(shu)侍郎韓范上(shang)疏說：“帝王(wang)之(zhi)道，一定是崇尚(shang)籌劃和治理。有(you)時(shi)機(ji)(ji)卻沒有(you)人(ren)才，濟世(shi)之(zhi)功就(jiu)會落空(kong)；有(you)人(ren)才卻沒有(you)時(shi)機(ji)(ji)，英武大志(zhi)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)伸展。能(neng)夠(gou)成就(jiu)王(wang)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)，是人(ren)才和時(shi)機(ji)(ji)都(dou)具備(bei)(bei)。自(zi)從東(dong)晉內(nei)亂(luan)(luan)，到現在(zai)已經七年。桓玄叛亂(luan)(luan)，比(bi)(bi)董卓更(geng)加暴虐(nve)，神怒人(ren)怨(yuan)，他的(de)(de)(de)禍殃已經積(ji)累了(le)。可乘之(zhi)機(ji)(ji)，沒有(you)比(bi)(bi)現在(zai)更(geng)適合的(de)(de)(de)了(le)。憑著(zhu)(zhu)陛下的(de)(de)(de)神武，規劃這件事情，指揮著(zhu)(zhu)樂于(yu)奮(fen)勇(yong)的(de)(de)(de)士兵，乘人(ren)民厭惡禍亂(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)機(ji)(ji)，就(jiu)好像(xiang)是發出聲(sheng)音后(hou)馬(ma)上(shang)就(jiu)有(you)回(hui)聲(sheng)，身(shen)形一動影子馬(ma)上(shang)跟(gen)著(zhu)(zhu)，還不(bu)(bu)足以比(bi)(bi)喻事情的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)易。而且江(jiang)、淮南北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)口不(bu)(bu)多，公私人(ren)馬(ma)不(bu)(bu)過數(shu)百(bai)，守(shou)(shou)備(bei)(bei)之(zhi)事也很(hen)少。如果(guo)用(yong)一萬(wan)騎兵步兵，發動雷霆萬(wan)鉤的(de)(de)(de)攻勢，長驅(qu)直入，直指江(jiang)、會，一定會使敵人(ren)見我們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)戰旗(qi)而投降(jiang)，老百(bai)姓犒勞我們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)酒食擺(bai)滿(man)道路(lu)。地方跨越數(shu)千(qian)里(li)，軍(jun)隊超過十萬(wan)人(ren)，可以向西兼并強秦，向北(bei)抵抗北(bei)魏(wei)。想要開拓邊境，使國(guo)家安定，再沒有(you)比(bi)(bi)現在(zai)更(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)機(ji)(ji)了(le)。如果(guo)錯(cuo)過時(shi)機(ji)(ji)，豪杰們(men)(men)再次興起，誅除(chu)了(le)桓玄，推行維新教化，遠近都(dou)安定，人(ren)們(men)(men)沒有(you)其他的(de)(de)(de)想望(wang)，不(bu)(bu)但(dan)建(jian)鄴(ye)難(nan)以攻滅，就(jiu)連江(jiang)北(bei)也沒有(you)希望(wang)。時(shi)機(ji)(ji)錯(cuo)過，禍難(nan)滋(zi)生，憂患一定會到來(lai)。天(tian)意給與卻不(bu)(bu)去獲(huo)取，悔恨就(jiu)要降(jiang)臨。希望(wang)陛下看我的(de)(de)(de)奏章。”
慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德說：“近來多次遭(zao)受(shou)厄運(yun)，國家綱紀突(tu)然廢弛，使得(de)奸逆禍(huo)亂華夏，原來的(de)(de)京都成了廢墟，每次遭(zao)逢惡運(yun)，我(wo)都是感(gan)到憤憤不平。從前少康用一(yi)(yi)旅的(de)(de)軍隊，恢復夏朝配享上(shang)天(tian)，何況朕占據著三(san)(san)齊之地(di)，憑藉著五州之眾(zhong)，把打(da)仗(zhang)的(de)(de)本領(ling)教給(gei)他們(men)，用禮讓的(de)(de)道(dao)理(li)引(yin)導他們(men)，上(shang)下(xia)都懂得(de)大(da)(da)(da)義，人(ren)人(ren)都發(fa)奮而(er)起，整軍待機，已(yi)經很久(jiu)。原想先安定中(zhong)原，掃除(chu)逃亡的(de)(de)罪人(ren)，然后廣泛(fan)傳播(bo)淳樸的(de)(de)風(feng)氣，治理(li)全國，飲馬長江，在(zai)隴坂掛起旌(jing)旗。這個志(zhi)向還沒有實現，暫且(qie)收起兵(bing)器而(er)已(yi)。現在(zai)的(de)(de)事情，希(xi)望各位王公們(men)詳密地(di)討論。”大(da)(da)(da)家都認(ren)為(wei)(wei)桓玄(xuan)剛剛得(de)志(zhi)，不能(neng)攻打(da)他，便作罷。于(yu)(yu)是在(zai)城西講習武(wu)藝，共有步(bu)兵(bing)三(san)(san)十七(qi)萬(wan)，戰車一(yi)(yi)萬(wan)七(qi)千(qian)(qian)乘，騎兵(bing)五萬(wan)三(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)，人(ren)馬連山，旌(jing)旗遍野，釭鼓聲(sheng)震天(tian)動地(di)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德登上(shang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)處察看，回(hui)過頭來對劉軌、高(gao)(gao)(gao)雅(ya)(ya)之說：“當(dang)年郤克怨恨齊國，伍子胥(xu)損怨恨楚國，終于(yu)(yu)能(neng)夠(gou)伸(shen)張其剛毅勇烈，名聲(sheng)流傳千(qian)(qian)古(gu)。你們(men)既然知(zhi)曉投(tou)身有道(dao)明(ming)君，應當(dang)使自己(ji)無愧于(yu)(yu)古(gu)人(ren)啊。”高(gao)(gao)(gao)雅(ya)(ya)之等頓首回(hui)答(da)說：“我(wo)們(men)有幸承蒙陛下(xia)天(tian)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)恩情，地(di)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)德澤，存亡斷絕，正在(zai)這圣明(ming)的(de)(de)時代，我(wo)們(men)即(ji)使死上(shang)一(yi)(yi)萬(wan)次，也不能(neng)上(shang)報陛下(xia)的(de)(de)恩德！”不久(jiu)就(jiu)聽到了桓玄(xuan)失敗的(de)(de)消息，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德任命慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鎮為(wei)(wei)前鋒(feng)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)都督，用二萬(wan)步(bu)兵(bing)，五千(qian)(qian)騎兵(bing)，限定日期出發(fa)，但慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德恰巧生病，便停止出兵(bing)。
當(dang)初，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)派人去長安(an)接他哥哥慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)納之子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)超(chao)，義熙(xi)元(yuan)年（405年），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)超(chao)才被接回南燕。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)晚上(shang)夢見父親慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝對他說：“你(ni)既然沒有兒(er)子(zi)，為(wei)什么不及早立(li)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)超(chao)為(wei)太(tai)子(zi)？不然，惡人就(jiu)要篡位(wei)了(le)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)醒后(hou)告訴他的妻(qi)子(zi)說：“這是(shi)(shi)先帝的神明所告，體會(hui)這個(ge)夢的意思，我(wo)就(jiu)要死(si)了(le)。”于是(shi)(shi)下詔立(li)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)超(chao)為(wei)皇(huang)太(tai)子(zi)，大赦境內，兒(er)子(zi)繼承(cheng)父親的每人爵(jue)升二級。當(dang)月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)去世，時年七十歲。連夜(ye)做(zuo)了(le)十多口棺材，分別從四個(ge)門抬(tai)出，秘密地安(an)葬在(zai)(zai)山(shan)谷里，最終無(wu)人知道他的尸(shi)體葬在(zai)(zai)什么地方，對外謊稱葬于東陽(yang)陵。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)共在(zai)(zai)位(wei)六年，謚號獻武皇(huang)帝，廟號世宗。
趣聞軼事
爭進直言
慕(mu)容德稱帝(di)(di)之后(hou)，有一(yi)次乘(cheng)著宴會群臣(chen)，喝(he)酒正酣時(shi)，笑(xiao)著說(shuo)道：“朕雖然(ran)德行寡薄，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)莊嚴端正地坐(zuo)在(zai)朝廷上(shang)(shang)接受諸(zhu)侯的(de)(de)朝見，在(zai)上(shang)(shang)位卻不(bu)傲慢(man)(man)，整天為自己的(de)(de)職責不(bu)敢怠(dai)慢(man)(man)，可以和(he)自古以來什么(me)樣的(de)(de)君主相(xiang)比？”青州刺史鞠仲說(shuo)：“陛(bi)下(xia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中興的(de)(de)圣(sheng)明君主，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)少康、光(guang)武(wu)帝(di)(di)一(yi)類的(de)(de)皇帝(di)(di)。”慕(mu)容德回過頭(tou)命令(ling)侍臣(chen)賞賜鞠仲一(yi)千匹帛(bo)。鞠仲以賞賜太(tai)多為由推讓，慕(mu)容德說(shuo)：“你(ni)懂得嘲笑(xiao)我(wo)，我(wo)就(jiu)不(bu)懂得嘲笑(xiao)你(ni)嗎！你(ni)的(de)(de)回答夸(kua)大(da)而不(bu)符(fu)合實(shi)際，所以我(wo)也用假話來獎賞你(ni)。獎賞并沒有錯加到你(ni)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)，哪里(li)值得推辭呢(ni)！”韓范(fan)進(jin)(jin)言(yan)說(shuo)：“我(wo)認為天子無戲言(yan)，忠(zhong)臣(chen)無亂答。今天的(de)(de)談論，上(shang)(shang)下(xia)相(xiang)欺(qi)，可以說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君臣(chen)都不(bu)對。”慕(mu)容德非常高興，賞賜韓范(fan)五(wu)十匹絹。從此以后(hou)人(ren)們爭著進(jin)(jin)獻正直有益的(de)(de)言(yan)論，朝廷多耿直之士。
探問兄母
慕(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)的(de)(de)母親(qin)(qin)和(he)哥哥原先在(zai)長(chang)安(an)，慕(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)派平(ping)原人(ren)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)去(qu)長(chang)安(an)探問(wen)他們(men)是否還活(huo)著。杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)說(shuo)：“我(wo)到(dao)了長(chang)安(an)，如果不能(neng)知道太后(hou)的(de)(de)情況，當即(ji)就西去(qu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)掖，用死(si)(si)來(lai)報(bao)效(xiao)。我(wo)的(de)(de)父親(qin)(qin)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)雄年過(guo)六十，還沒有(you)得(de)到(dao)過(guo)榮(rong)華富貴，懇請(qing)給予本縣的(de)(de)俸祿，用以表達我(wo)烏鴉反(fan)哺那樣(yang)的(de)(de)孝心(xin)。”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)華進言說(shuo)：“杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)還沒有(you)動身就請(qing)求祿利(li)，求取(qu)利(li)益之心(xin)太重(zhong)，不能(neng)派他去(qu)。”慕(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)說(shuo)：“我(wo)正在(zai)散我(wo)所看輕的(de)(de)錢財，招致我(wo)所看重(zhong)的(de)(de)效(xiao)死(si)(si)之士(shi)，何況為了我(wo)的(de)(de)母親(qin)(qin)，能(neng)舍不得(de)錢財嗎！況且(qie)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)為君主迎接(jie)親(qin)(qin)人(ren)，為父親(qin)(qin)求取(qu)祿利(li)，雖然從表面(mian)看來(lai)是求取(qu)私(si)利(li)，內心(xin)卻是忠孝。”任命杜(du)(du)(du)(du)雄為平(ping)原令。杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)到(dao)了張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)掖，被盜賊殺死(si)(si)，慕(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)知道后(hou)很悲傷，優待撫恤杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)的(de)(de)妻子兒(er)女。
譏笑王始
泰山人(ren)王(wang)始(shi)在泰山聚集(ji)人(ren)馬，自稱太(tai)平皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)，稱他父(fu)親(qin)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)上皇(huang)(huang)，哥(ge)哥(ge)為(wei)(wei)征(zheng)(zheng)東(dong)將軍(jun)(jun)，弟弟為(wei)(wei)征(zheng)(zheng)西(xi)將軍(jun)(jun)。慕容鎮討伐并(bing)擒獲了(le)(le)他，要在都市斬首。在即將行(xing)刑(xing)的(de)時(shi)候，有人(ren)問王(wang)始(shi)他父(fu)親(qin)和兄弟在什么地(di)方，王(wang)始(shi)回答說(shuo)：“太(tai)上皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)流亡在外，征(zheng)(zheng)東(dong)將軍(jun)(jun)、征(zheng)(zheng)西(xi)將軍(jun)(jun)被亂軍(jun)(jun)殺害，惟有朕一(yi)人(ren)，孤獨沒有了(le)(le)依賴。”他的(de)妻(qi)子生氣地(di)說(shuo)：“就是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)你這張嘴，才到(dao)了(le)(le)這一(yi)地(di)步，為(wei)(wei)什么又胡(hu)說(shuo)八(ba)道(dao)！”王(wang)始(shi)說(shuo)：“皇(huang)(huang)后！自古以來(lai)難道(dao)有永(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)破敗的(de)家(jia)，永(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)滅(mie)亡的(de)國嗎！”行(xing)刑(xing)的(de)人(ren)用刀鑲擊打他，他兩眼仰(yang)視，說(shuo)：“駕崩就駕崩，永(yong)(yong)遠不(bu)(bu)改(gai)帝(di)(di)號(hao)。”慕容德聽到(dao)此事后譏笑王(wang)始(shi)。
歷史評價
慕容垂：“汝器識(shi)長進，非(fei)復吳下(xia)阿蒙(meng)也(ye)。”
房玄齡等《晉書》：①“慕容(rong)德(de)以(yi)季父之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)親，居鄴中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重，朝危未聞其節，君存遽(ju)踐其位，豈人理哉！然稟倜儻(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雄姿(zi)，韞縱橫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遠略，屬分崩(beng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運，成角逐(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資，跨有(you)(you)全齊，竊弄神器，撫劍而爭衡秦、魏，練甲而志(zhi)靜荊(jing)、吳，崇儒術以(yi)弘(hong)風，延讜(dang)言而勵己，觀其為(wei)國，有(you)(you)足稱焉。” ②“德(de)實奸雄，轉(zhuan)敗為(wei)功。奄有(you)(you)青(qing)土，淫名域中。”；③“年未弱(ruo)冠，身長八尺二寸，姿(zi)貌雄偉(wei)，額有(you)(you)日角偃(yan)月重文。博觀群書，性清慎，多才藝(yi)。”
一笑易歡 
