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傳奇少年

咸康五年(nian)（前燕六年(nian)，339年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸13歲。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)擊高(gao)句麗，兵(bing)及新(xin)城，高(gao)句麗王釗乞盟(meng)，乃還(huan)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)又使(shi)授予慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸為騎都尉(wei)，令其(qi)跟隨(sui)其(qi)兄長慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪（慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)第(di)四子）擊宇文別部。時年(nian)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸年(nian)僅十三(san)歲，卻勇冠三(san)軍。

慕容(rong)(rong)霸甚(shen)得父親寵愛，甚(shen)至(zhi)比起身為世子的(de)哥哥慕容(rong)(rong)儁更多(duo)，故(gu)此慕容(rong)(rong)儁忿(fen)忿(fen)不平(ping)。

屢立戰功

咸康八年（前燕九年，342年），慕容霸16歲。燕王慕容皝率軍(jun)(jun)攻(gong)(gong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)(ju)麗(li)。時前燕與(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)(ju)麗(li)相鄰，慕(mu)容皝常懼其乘虛(xu) 入，視(shi)為心腹之患，遂于(yu)十(shi)一月(yue)采(cai)用庶兄、建威將軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容翰之策略，分兵兩路(lu)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)(ju)麗(li)。慕(mu)容皝自(zi)率主力精銳(rui)4萬(wan)從南(nan)道(dao)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)，而慕(mu)容霸則與(yu)慕(mu)容翰為前鋒(feng)。慕(mu)容皝還(huan)另(ling)命長史王寓等率兵1.5萬(wan)從北道(dao)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)(ju)麗(li)王高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)聞知(zhi)，判斷燕軍(jun)(jun)主力必從北道(dao)而來，乃使其弟高(gao)(gao)(gao)武(wu)率精兵5萬(wan)防(fang)守北道(dao)，自(zi)率弱旅(lv)防(fang)南(nan)道(dao)。前燕軍(jun)(jun)在南(nan)道(dao)大敗高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)(ju)麗(li)軍(jun)(jun)，乘勝追入丸都（高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)(ju)麗(li)都城，今吉林集安西），高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)只(zhi)身逃走(zou)。

東晉建元二年(nian)(nian)（前燕十一年(nian)(nian)，344年(nian)(nian)），慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)18歲。二月(yue)，燕王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝親自(zi)帶兵攻(gong)宇文(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)，以建威將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)為前鋒將(jiang)軍(jun)，劉佩為副將(jiang)；并命慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)與(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)軍(jun)、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪及折(zhe)沖將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)輿根等率兵分三路并進(jin)。宇文(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)派(pai)南羅城(cheng)大（即城(cheng)主）涉夜干(gan)率精兵迎擊(ji)；慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)出戰(zhan)涉夜干(gan)，兩軍(jun)激戰(zhan)之(zhi)時，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)則(ze)率軍(jun)從側(ce)翼殺出，殺涉夜干(gan)，宇文(wen)軍(jun)不戰(zhan)自(zi)潰，燕軍(jun)乘勝追(zhui)擊(ji)，攻(gong)克(ke)宇文(wen)氏都城(cheng)紫蒙川（今遼寧朝陽西北）。宇文(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)敗(bai)逃，死于漠北。宇文(wen)氏從此散(san)亡，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝收其畜產，徙其部眾5000余落于昌(chang)黎，辟地(di)千余里，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)因功(gong)被封(feng)為都鄉侯(hou)。

東晉永和元年（345年），后(hou)趙將(jiang)領鄧(deng)恒領兵數萬駐屯樂安(an)（今河北(bei)樂亭縣東北(bei)），意圖并吞前燕。慕(mu)容(rong)皝以慕(mu)容(rong)霸為平狄將(jiang)軍，駐軍徒河（今遼(liao)寧錦州(zhou)西(xi)北(bei)），鄧(deng)恒因(yin)為畏懼(ju)慕(mu)容(rong)霸而不敢進犯。

東晉(jin)永和四(si)年(nian)（348年(nian)），時年(nian)22歲(sui)，燕王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝去世，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝次子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊即燕王位(wei)，就以慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸曾經(jing)墮馬而(er)撞斷了牙(ya)齒為(wei)由改其名為(wei)“慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)夬“，后更(geng)去“夬”而(er)改名慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂。

永和五(wu)年（349年），后趙主(zhu)石虎死，后趙大亂。可慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)俊卻認(ren)為(wei)后趙新遭大喪，未同意(yi)進(jin)取(qu)中原(yuan)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸急至龍城（今遼寧朝(chao)陽(yang)），親自(zi)對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁說：“難(nan)得而易失者，時也。萬一(yi)石氏衰而復興，或有英雄(xiong)據其成資，豈(qi)惟失此大利，亦恐(kong)更為(wei)后患。”于是，在封奕等人的支持下，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂為(wei)前鋒(feng)都督、建鋒(feng)將軍，選(xuan)二十多萬精(jing)兵準(zhun)備伐趙。

永(yong)和六年（350年）二月(yue)(yue)，慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)命慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)領二萬兵(bing)經(jing)循東路經(jing)徒河伐趙(zhao)(zhao)，另遣慕輿(yu)于(yu)出西(xi)道(dao)，自率(lv)(lv)中軍(jun)，兵(bing)分三路伐趙(zhao)(zhao)。慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)到三陘（今(jin)河北撫寧縣矛石山），鄧恒(heng)驚懼而燒倉庫出逃，退(tui)保薊城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)北京(jing)）。慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)到后盡收樂安、北平兩郡兵(bing)糧，與慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)會(hui)合共攻薊城(cheng)(cheng)。三月(yue)(yue)，燕軍(jun)攻下薊城(cheng)(cheng)，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)勸止了慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)盡坑(keng)后趙(zhao)(zhao)士卒的決定。不久慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)又親率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)隊(dui)進(jin)攻鄧恒(heng)，至清(qing)(qing)梁（今(jin)河北清(qing)(qing)苑縣西(xi)南）時(shi)趙(zhao)(zhao)將鹿勃(bo)早率(lv)(lv)數千人夜襲燕軍(jun)，突入(ru)慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)幕下，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)于(yu)是(shi)奮力反擊，手刃了十多人，遏制了鹿勃(bo)早的攻擊，及后慕輿(yu)根等人領兵(bing)擊敗鹿勃(bo)早，成(cheng)功擊退(tui)了來襲。

永和八年（352年）三月，趙立義將(jiang)軍(jun)段(duan)勤聚胡、羯萬余人(ren)保據(ju)繹(yi)幕，自(zi)稱趙帝。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)率軍(jun)前(qian)去攻打，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)軍(jun)至繹(yi)幕，段(duan)勤與(yu)弟段(duan)思(si)陪舉城(cheng)投降。由于燕(yan)衛將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪、撫軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)軍(jun)、左(zuo)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)彪等屢薦慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)有命世之才，宜當大(da)任。燕(yan)主慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)俊(jun)遂于同年以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)為使持節、安(an)東將(jiang)軍(jun)、北冀(ji)州剌史，鎮常(chang)山。

永和十年（354年）四(si)月，慕(mu)容(rong)俊稱(cheng)帝，建號元璽(xi)，史稱(cheng)前燕(yan)。慕(mu)容(rong)霸因訓練(lian)軍(jun)隊之時，座騎受驚(jing)而墜馬(ma)，進而折齒(chi)，更名為慕(mu)容(rong)垂。慕(mu)容(rong)垂被封(feng)為吳(wu)王，遷(qian)鎮(zhen)信(xin)都，以侍中(zhong)、右禁將軍(jun)錄留(liu)臺事(shi)，大(da)收(shou)東北之利(li)。這便慕(mu)容(rong)俊更加忌妒(du)慕(mu)容(rong)垂，下詔將其召(zhao)還。

升(sheng)平(ping)元(yuan)年（前燕(yan)光壽元(yuan)年，357年），前燕(yan)發兵(bing)進攻塞(sai)北(bei)(bei)（長城(cheng)以北(bei)(bei)）敕(chi)(chi)(chi)勒(le)。敕(chi)(chi)(chi)勒(le)，又名丁零，高車。魏(wei)晉南北(bei)(bei)朝時(shi)，大(da)批敕(chi)(chi)(chi)勒(le)人(ren)入塞(sai)與(yu)其(qi)他少數(shu)民族雜居，留居漠北(bei)(bei)草原的敕(chi)(chi)(chi)勒(le)則在四世紀日益(yi)強大(da)，不斷侵擾(rao)中原。前燕(yan)入居中原后，經常遭到敕(chi)(chi)(chi)勒(le)人(ren)襲擾(rao)。同年五月，慕(mu)容(rong)俊(jun)派(pai)遣(qian)慕(mu)容(rong)垂（時(shi)為撫軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)）與(yu)中軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)虔、護軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)平(ping)熙率步(bu)騎(qi)8萬進軍(jun)(jun)塞(sai)北(bei)(bei)，攻敕(chi)(chi)(chi)勒(le)，大(da)敗之，俘(fu)斬達(da)10余萬人(ren)，獲馬13萬匹(pi)、牛羊無(wu)數(shu)。北(bei)(bei)部邊境復安。

為兄所忌

升(sheng)平二年(nian)（358年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)娶段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)末(mo)柸女段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)生子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)才高(gao)性(xing)烈，與(yu)(yu)皇(huang)(huang)后可足渾(hun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)睦，皇(huang)(huang)后引以為恨。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)向來對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿，時有人(ren)奉可足渾(hun)之(zhi)(zhi)令告段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)及吳國典書令遼東高(gao)弼(bi)為巫(wu)蠱，想(xiang)借此(ci)把慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)牽(qian)連(lian)進來。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)將段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)及高(gao)弼(bi)下獄，進行拷問。但二人(ren)“志氣確然(ran)，終無撓辭(ci)”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心痛，暗中派人(ren)對段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)說：“人(ren)生會當(dang)一死(si)，何(he)堪楚毒如(ru)此(ci)！不(bu)(bu)(bu)若引服(fu)。”段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)嘆息(xi)道：“吾豈愛死(si)者耶(ye)！若自誣以惡逆，上辱祖宗，下累于(yu)王，固(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)為也！”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）后段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)死(si)于(yu)獄中，而慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)也因此(ci)得免(mian)。出平州(zhou)刺史，鎮遼東。并以段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)妹為繼(ji)室，皇(huang)(huang)后又將其黜之(zhi)(zhi)，并將其妹嫁與(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心中不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿，這使他與(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)關系(xi)更加(jia)惡劣(lie)。

升平(ping)三年(nian)（359年(nian)）十二月(yue)，慕容(rong)(rong)俊(jun)病危，召(zhao)慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)回鄴城（今河北臨漳西(xi)南）。

升(sheng)平四年(nian)（360年(nian)）正(zheng)月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊病逝，太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐即位。二(er)月(yue)，尊可足渾后(hou)為(wei)皇太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)，以太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)為(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)宰，專錄朝(chao)政；上庸王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)為(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)傅，陽騖為(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)為(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)師，參輔朝(chao)政。時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)自恃先朝(chao)元勛，心不服(fu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)，舉動(dong)倨傲。時(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)可足渾氏也頗(po)干預(yu)外事(shi)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)想要謀(mou)反(fan)，便(bian)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)一起(qi)謀(mou)反(fan)，遭(zao)到拒(ju)絕。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)將(jiang)此事(shi)告之(zhi)于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)便(bian)勸(quan)其(qi)誅(zhu)(zhu)殺(sha)(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)以大局為(wei)重，沒有同意。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)密謀(mou)誅(zhu)(zhu)殺(sha)(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)，二(er)人聞(wen)后(hou)，遂將(jiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)誅(zhu)(zhu)殺(sha)(sha)。三月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為(wei)使持節、征南(nan)將(jiang)軍(jun)、都督河(he)南(nan)諸軍(jun)事(shi)、兗州牧、荊州刺史，鎮梁國之(zhi)蠡臺。

興寧(ning)三(san)年（365年）二月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂隨(sui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)共攻洛(luo)陽。三(san)月(yue)，克之，俘殺揚武將軍沈勁。隨(sui)即慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)略地至崤、澠，關中大(da)震，秦王苻堅屯陜城以(yi)防(fang)燕軍。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂為都督荊、揚、洛(luo)、徐、兗(yan)、豫、雍、益、涼、秦十(shi)州諸軍事(shi)、征南大(da)將軍、荊州牧，配(pei)兵一萬，鎮魯陽。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂變現出來的(de)軍事(shi)才能(neng)大(da)為驚(jing)奇(qi)，甚為倚(yi)重。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)病重，深慮慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)手中無權，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評又多猜忌。五月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)病逝，臨(lin)(lin)終前，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)親臨(lin)(lin)問(wen)以(yi)后(hou)事(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)次向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)推薦(jian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂。

枋頭大捷

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪病(bing)死后，太和(he)四年（前(qian)(qian)燕建(jian)(jian)熙十年，369年）四月，東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大(da)(da)司馬桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)親(qin)率(lv)步騎(qi)5萬(wan)(wan)開始北(bei)伐前(qian)(qian)燕（參(can)見晉(jin)(jin)攻前(qian)(qian)燕之戰(zhan)）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)建(jian)(jian)威將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)檀玄攻克湖陸（今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)魚(yu)臺東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)），俘燕慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)忠。前(qian)(qian)燕下邳王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)厲(li)為征(zheng)討(tao)大(da)(da)都(dou)督和(he)晉(jin)(jin)軍(jun)戰(zhan)于(yu)(yu)黃(huang)墟（今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)開封東(dong)(dong)(dong)），燕軍(jun)大(da)(da)敗(bai)，燕高(gao)平太守徐翻舉郡降(jiang)晉(jin)(jin)。晉(jin)(jin)鄧(deng)遐和(he)朱序又打敗(bai)燕將(jiang)(jiang)傅顏。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)于(yu)(yu)是派散騎(qi)常侍李鳳(feng)去前(qian)(qian)秦求(qiu)援。七月，桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)進駐(zhu)武陽(yang)(yang)（今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)莘縣(xian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)），前(qian)(qian)燕孫元率(lv)宗(zong)族起兵響應，桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)到達枋(fang)頭（今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)浚縣(xian)西南(nan)(nan)）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大(da)(da)軍(jun)連戰(zhan)連勝，使慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)和(he)太傅慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評十分恐(kong)懼，商議欲逃(tao)故(gu)都(dou)和(he)龍（今(jin)遼寧朝陽(yang)(yang)）。這時(shi)，吳王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂請求(qiu)率(lv)兵抗晉(jin)(jin)，他(ta)說：“不然。臣請擊之，若戰(zhan)不捷，走(zou)未晚也(ye)。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)載記(ji)》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂代(dai)替慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)臧為南(nan)(nan)討(tao)大(da)(da)都(dou)督，率(lv)征(zheng)南(nan)(nan)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德等5萬(wan)(wan)步騎(qi)抵御桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)。

慕容暐又(you)派(pai)散(san)(san)騎侍郎樂(le)嵩往前秦(qin)求救(jiu)，并(bing)答應以(yi)割，讓虎牢（今(jin)河南滎陽西北汜(si)水鎮(zhen)）以(yi)西的(de)土(tu)地(di)給秦(qin)為條件(jian)。前秦(qin)王(wang)苻堅(jian)召集群(qun)臣商(shang)議，采納王(wang)猛先援(yuan)弱(ruo)擊強，后再乘燕(yan)衰而取(qu)的(de)建議。八月，派(pai)將軍茍池和洛(luo)州刺史鄧(deng)羌率領步騎2萬救(jiu)援(yuan)前燕(yan)。援(yuan)軍從(cong)秦(qin)洛(luo)州（今(jin)河南）出(chu)發，出(chu)洛(luo)陽進(jin)屯(tun)潁(ying)川（今(jin)河南許昌東），又(you)派(pai)散(san)(san)騎侍郎姜撫去燕(yan)國(guo)報信。

桓溫(wen)接連失利，糧草(cao)中斷，又聽說前(qian)秦(qin)援兵將要(yao)到達，遂下(xia)令(ling)焚燒戰(zhan)船，丟(diu)下(xia)輜重(zhong)、鎧仗，率軍(jun)從陸路撤(che)回(hui)。桓溫(wen)從東燕(yan)(yan)（治今河南(nan)汲(ji)縣(xian)東南(nan)）出發，撤(che)退途(tu)中恐前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)追兵在(zai)上(shang)游放毒，命士卒(zu)鑿(zao)井取水(shui)飲用(yong)，這樣一(yi)直行走了700里(li)。前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)諸(zhu)將爭(zheng)欲追擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，慕容(rong)(rong)垂說：“不(bu)可(ke)。溫(wen)初退惶恐，必嚴設警(jing)備，簡精(jing)銳為后拒，擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未必得志，不(bu)如緩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。彼幸吾未至，必晝夜疾趨(qu)；俟其士眾力盡氣衰(shuai)，然后擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無不(bu)克矣。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第(di)(di)一(yi)百二》）于(yu)是，慕容(rong)(rong)垂親率騎兵8000尾隨桓溫(wen)軍(jun)行進。桓溫(wen)果然加速退兵，幾天以后，慕容(rong)(rong)垂告諸(zhu)將曰：“溫(wen)可(ke)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)矣。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第(di)(di)一(yi)百二》）遂令(ling)諸(zhu)將急進，在(zai)襄(xiang)邑（今河南(nan)睢縣(xian)）追上(shang)桓溫(wen)。慕容(rong)(rong)德先率領4000名精(jing)銳騎兵埋(mai)伏于(yu)襄(xiang)邑東澗中，和慕容(rong)(rong)垂東西夾擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)桓溫(wen)，大(da)敗晉軍(jun)，斬首3萬人。

時秦將茍池又(you)于譙(qiao)郡截(jie)擊桓(huan)溫，晉軍死(si)者復(fu)以萬計。晉將孫元據守武陽抵(di)抗燕軍，被燕左衛(wei)將軍孟高擒獲。十月，天氣漸冷，桓(huan)溫收集(ji)余(yu)眾，屯于山陽（今(jin)江蘇淮安）。至此，桓(huan)溫攻燕以失敗告終。

出奔前秦

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大(da)敗桓溫，威名大(da)振，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)是(shi)又(you)忌又(you)恨。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)提出獎勵麾下將士，但被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評壓住不(bu)報。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大(da)為不(bu)滿，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評相(xiang)爭。太后(hou)可(ke)(ke)足渾(hun)氏素(su)恨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，遂毀其(qi)戰功(gong)，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評相(xiang)謀，欲殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷及慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)舅(jiu)蘭建知(zhi)道后(hou)，告訴慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“先發(fa)制人(ren)，但除評及樂安王(wang)臧，馀無能(neng)為矣。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心(xin)中不(bu)忍，說：“骨肉相(xiang)殘而首(shou)亂于國(guo)，吾有死而已(yi)，不(bu)忍為也(ye)。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒(jian)·卷(juan)第(di)一(yi)百二》）不(bu)久，二人(ren)又(you)告訴慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“內意已(yi)決，不(bu)可(ke)(ke)不(bu)早發(fa)。” 慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“必不(bu)可(ke)(ke)彌縫，吾寧(ning)避之于外，馀非(fei)所議。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒(jian)·卷(juan)第(di)一(yi)百二》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)心中憂慮(lv)，未敢將此(ci)事告(gao)訴諸子(zi)(zi)，同時(shi)也是怕引起諸子(zi)(zi)的騷動。世子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)說(shuo)：“尊比者如有(you)憂色，豈非以(yi)(yi)主(zhu)上幼(you)沖，太傅(fu)疾賢，功(gong)高望重，愈見猜(cai)邪？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“然。吾竭力致命以(yi)(yi)破(po)強(qiang)寇，本欲(yu)保全家國，豈知功(gong)成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，返令(ling)身(shen)(shen)無所(suo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。汝既(ji)知吾心，何以(yi)(yi)為(wei)吾謀？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)說(shuo)：“主(zhu)上暗(an)弱，委(wei)任太傅(fu)，一(yi)旦禍(huo)發，疾于駭機。今(jin)(jin)欲(yu)保族全身(shen)(shen)，不(bu)(bu)失大義，莫(mo)若逃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)城(cheng)，遜(xun)辭謝(xie)罪，以(yi)(yi)待主(zhu)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)察，若周公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居東，庶(shu)幾可(ke)以(yi)(yi)感寤而(er)得(de)還(huan)，此(ci)幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者也。如其(qi)不(bu)(bu)然，則內撫燕(yan)、代，外懷群(qun)夷，守(shou)肥如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險以(yi)(yi)自(zi)保，亦(yi)其(qi)次也。”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)二》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)覺得(de)這個辦法(fa)很好，遂同意。十(shi)一(yi)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)(yi)打獵為(wei)由(you)，微服出鄴，準備回故都龍(long)城(cheng)。到邯(han)鄲時(shi)，卻出了(le)意外，幼(you)子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟向來不(bu)(bu)為(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)所(suo)寵(chong)愛，便(bian)向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)告(gao)狀，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)左右(you)也多有(you)離去。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)知道后(hou)，在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)面前盡說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)壞話，遂派西平(ping)公慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)率精騎追之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，到范陽（今(jin)(jin)北京）時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)斷后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)不(bu)(bu)敢追趕。時(shi)天將晚慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“本欲(yu)保東都以(yi)(yi)自(zi)全，今(jin)(jin)事已(yi)泄(xie)，謀不(bu)(bu)及設。秦主(zhu)方招延英杰，不(bu)(bu)如往歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“如今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)，舍此(ci)安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)二》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)“乃散騎滅跡，傍(bang)南山復(fu)還鄴，隱于(yu)趙之(zhi)顯原陵”（《資(zi)治通(tong)(tong)鑒·卷第一(yi)百二(er)(er)》）。又殺白馬以(yi)祭天。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)(ling)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“太傅(fu)忌賢(xian)疾能，構事(shi)以(yi)來，人(ren)(ren)尤忿恨。今(jin)鄴城(cheng)之(zhi)中(zhong)，莫知尊處，如(ru)嬰兒之(zhi)思母，夷、夏(xia)同之(zhi)。若(ruo)順(shun)眾(zhong)心，襲(xi)其無備，取之(zhi)如(ru)指掌耳。事(shi)定之(zhi)后，革弊(bi)簡能，大匡朝政，以(yi)輔主上，安國存家，功之(zhi)大者也。現(xian)今(jin)之(zhi)便，誠不(bu)可(ke)失，愿給騎數人(ren)(ren)，足以(yi)辦之(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“如(ru)汝(ru)之(zhi)謀(mou)，事(shi)成誠為大福(fu)，不(bu)成悔之(zhi)何及！不(bu)如(ru)西(xi)奔，可(ke)以(yi)萬(wan)全。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)(tong)鑒·卷第一(yi)百二(er)(er)》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)遂率部(bu)西(xi)行，至河陽，斬津吏而渡。遂自(zi)洛陽與段夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)，子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)(ling)、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之(zhi)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷，舅蘭建，郎中(zhong)令(ling)(ling)(ling)高弼一(yi)起投奔前(qian)秦，只留可(ke)足渾(hun)氏于(yu)鄴。乙泉戌主吳歸率兵(bing)追擊，被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)(ling)擊退(tui)。

自慕(mu)容(rong)恪死后，前秦王苻(fu)堅(jian)便有伐燕(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)意，但一直未成(cheng)(cheng)，一是因內亂，二是忌憚慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)之(zhi)(zhi)威名(ming)。苻(fu)堅(jian)聞慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)來(lai)歸(gui)，大喜，親(qin)自到郊(jiao)外(wai)迎接，執其手說：“天生賢杰，必相與共成(cheng)(cheng)大功，此自然之(zhi)(zhi)數也(ye)。要當與卿共定天下，告成(cheng)(cheng)岱宗，然后還卿本邦(bang)，世(shi)封幽州，使卿去國不(bu)(bu)失為子之(zhi)(zhi)孝，歸(gui)朕不(bu)(bu)失事君之(zhi)(zhi)忠，不(bu)(bu)亦美乎！”慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)感謝地說：“羈旅之(zhi)(zhi)臣，免罪為幸。本邦(bang)之(zhi)(zhi)榮，非所敢(gan)望！”（《資治通鑒(jian)·卷第一百二》）苻(fu)堅(jian)愛慕(mu)容(rong)令及慕(mu)容(rong)楷(kai)之(zhi)(zhi)才，皆厚相待(dai)，賞(shang)賜(si)巨萬(wan)，每次進(jin)見，都(dou)屬目觀(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)。關中士民素(su)聞慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)父子名(ming)，皆向(xiang)慕(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)。

秦相王(wang)猛(meng)深知慕容(rong)垂有(you)雄(xiong)略(lve)，怕將來引以為患，便(bian)對苻(fu)堅說(shuo)：“慕容(rong)垂，燕之戚屬(shu)，世雄(xiong)東夏，寬(kuan)仁惠(hui)下，恩結士庶，燕、趙之間咸有(you)奉戴之意。觀其才略(lve)，權智無方(fang)(fang)，兼(jian)其諸子明毅有(you)干藝(yi)，人之杰(jie)也。蛟龍猛(meng)獸，非可(ke)馴之物，不如除之。”苻(fu)堅未從(cong)，說(shuo)：“吾方(fang)(fang)以義致英豪，建不世之功(gong)。且其初至，吾告之至誠，今而害之，人將謂我(wo)何！”（《晉書·苻(fu)堅載(zai)記》）并以慕容(rong)垂為冠軍將軍，封賓都侯，食華(hua)陰五百戶。

時前(qian)燕綱(gang)頹紀(ji)紊，日益腐(fu)敗。桓溫攻燕結束(shu)后(hou)，前(qian)燕反悔食(shi)言(yan)，未將虎牢（今河南滎陽西北汜水鎮(zhen)）以(yi)西土地(di)割讓給前(qian)秦，前(qian)秦遂以(yi)此為借口，于(yu)十一月派王猛(meng)統將軍(jun)梁成、鄧(deng)羌等率(lv)步騎3萬，進攻前(qian)燕（參見前(qian)秦滅前(qian)燕之(zhi)戰(zhan)），并以(yi)慕(mu)容令(ling)為參軍(jun)，充當向(xiang)導。

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)令(ling)逃回(hui)前燕后，因忽(hu)叛忽(hu)歸(gui)，而慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂又(you)無恙，反而受到(dao)猜疑。燕廷(ting)將(jiang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)令(ling)變(bian)相(xiang)發配，派到(dao)極北的沙(sha)城去戍守，嚴加監視。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)令(ling)欲在(zai)沙(sha)城聯絡舊部，準備起事，又(you)被慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟告了密(mi)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)令(ling)被誅(zhu)殺。（參見金刀計）

太和四年(nian)（369年(nian)）十(shi)一月，王猛滅前(qian)燕(yan)，慕(mu)(mu)容垂隨苻(fu)堅(jian)入(ru)鄴(ye)，收集諸子，相對(dui)(dui)而哭(ku)。慕(mu)(mu)容垂見(jian)燕(yan)公卿大夫(fu)及故時僚吏(li)，慕(mu)(mu)容垂想起當年(nian)的窘(jiong)迫，有(you)不悅(yue)之(zhi)色。前(qian)郎中(zhong)令高(gao)弼暗中(zhong)對(dui)(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容垂曰(yue)：“大王以(yi)(yi)命(ming)世之(zhi)姿(zi)，遭無妄之(zhi)運，迍邅(zhan)凄伏，艱亦至矣。天啟嘉會，靈命(ming)暫遷(qian)，此乃鴻漸之(zhi)始，龍變之(zhi)初，深愿仁慈有(you)以(yi)(yi)慰之(zhi)。且夫(fu)高(gao)世之(zhi)略必懷遺俗之(zhi)規，方當網(wang)漏吞舟，以(yi)(yi)弘(hong)苞養之(zhi)義(yi)；收納舊臣之(zhi)胄，以(yi)(yi)成為(wei)山之(zhi)功，奈(nai)何(he)以(yi)(yi)一怒捐(juan)之(zhi)？竊為(wei)大王不取(qu)。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容垂載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容垂深納其言。但慕(mu)(mu)容垂對(dui)(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容評卻怨氣(qi)難消，咸安二(er)年(nian)（372）二(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)容垂便對(dui)(dui)苻(fu)堅(jian)說：“臣叔(shu)父評，燕(yan)之(zhi)惡來輩(bei)也，不宜復污圣(sheng)朝，愿陛下為(wei)燕(yan)戮之(zhi)。”但苻(fu)堅(jian)未同意，還讓慕(mu)(mu)容評為(wei)范陽太守(shou)，前(qian)燕(yan)諸王也悉補邊郡(jun)。

時苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)已統一(yi)中國北方大部，而鮮卑(bei)(bei)人的(de)(de)(de)勢力(li)也逐漸增大，這(zhe)引(yin)起(qi)了一(yi)些(xie)氐(di)族貴(gui)族的(de)(de)(de)不安，寧(ning)康(kang)二(er)年(nian)(nian)（373年(nian)(nian)），有彗星出現，太史令張孟認為(wei)不詳(xiang)，便對苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)說：“彗起(qi)尾(wei)箕，而掃東(dong)井，此燕滅秦(qin)之(zhi)象。”（《晉書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)載記》）并(bing)勸苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)誅(zhu)殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)氏，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)未(wei)從。并(bing)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐為(wei)尚書(shu)(shu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)京兆尹，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)為(wei)平陽太守。寧(ning)康(kang)二(er)年(nian)(nian)（374年(nian)(nian)）十二(er)月，也許是處于王猛或者(zhe)苻(fu)(fu)氏重臣的(de)(de)(de)授意，社(she)會(hui)上謠言(yan)四起(qi)，說鮮卑(bei)(bei)人圖謀復國。甚至有人闖入明光殿(dian)大呼：“甲申乙(yi)酉，魚(yu)羊（魚(yu)羊即為(wei)鮮卑(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)鮮字(zi)）食(shi)人，悲哉無復遺。”（《晉書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)載記》）秘書(shu)(shu)監朱肜、秘書(shu)(shu)侍郎略陽趙整等乘機請苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)誅(zhu)殺(sha)諸鮮卑(bei)(bei)人，但苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)未(wei)聽。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)再(zai)逃一(yi)劫。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)及鮮卑人(ren)就這樣如履薄(bo)冰般的(de)(de)過了(le)幾年(nian)，至到寧康二(er)年(nian)（375）七月，王(wang)(wang)(wang)猛病(bing)逝(shi)，才得以(yi)解脫(tuo)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)猛的(de)(de)死，對(dui)苻(fu)堅是個很(hen)大的(de)(de)打擊。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)在前秦雖(sui)處(chu)于鼎(ding)盛時(shi)期，但鼎(ding)盛的(de)(de)后面，卻潛伏(fu)著社(she)會危(wei)機。王(wang)(wang)(wang)猛死后不久，前秦的(de)(de)社(she)會危(wei)機逐漸(jian)暴露出來了(le)。太元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)（376），陽平國常侍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹覺(jue)察到這種變(bian)化，對(dui)其兄慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷說(shuo)(shuo)：“秦恃其強大，務勝(sheng)不休，北戍云中，南守(shou)蜀、漢(han)，轉運萬(wan)里(li)，道(dao)殣相望。兵疲(pi)于外(wai)，民困于內，危(wei)亡近(jin)矣(yi)。冠軍(jun)叔（慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)）仁智度英(ying)拔，必能恢復燕祚，吾(wu)屬但當(dang)(dang)愛身以(yi)待時(shi)耳！”（《資治(zhi)通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷(juan)第一百四》）太元(yuan)二(er)年(nian)（377），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)也暗中對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“自王(wang)(wang)(wang)猛之(zhi)死，秦之(zhi)法(fa)制，日以(yi)頹靡(mi)，今又重之(zhi)以(yi)奢侈，殃將至矣(yi)，圖讖之(zhi)言(yan)，行當(dang)(dang)有驗。大王(wang)(wang)(wang)宜結納英(ying)杰(jie)以(yi)承天意，時(shi)不可失(shi)也！”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)此(ci)時(shi)已有此(ci)意，為防外(wai)泄，便笑(xiao)著說(shuo)(shuo)：“天下(xia)事(shi)非爾所及”。

太元三年（378年），苻堅為實現統(tong)一(yi)中國(guo)的(de)愿望，在滅涼、并代，解后顧之憂后，又經一(yi)年的(de)休(xiu)整(zheng)，開始(shi)對(dui)東晉用(yong)兵。二月，苻堅派征(zheng)南(nan)(nan)大(da)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、都督征(zheng)討諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事、長(chang)樂(le)公苻丕和武(wu)衛將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)茍萇、尚書(shu)慕(mu)容(rong)暐率(lv)步(bu)騎7萬(wan)進(jin)攻東晉襄陽(yang)，并以(yi)荊州刺吏(li)楊安率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)作為先(xian)鋒。征(zheng)虜將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)石越率(lv)精(jing)騎1萬(wan)出魯陽(yang)關（今河(he)南(nan)(nan)平(ping)頂山西）；領軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)茍池、右將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)毛(mao)當、強弩將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)王顯率(lv)4萬(wan)人出武(wu)當（今湖北丹江口市西北）；而京兆(zhao)尹慕(mu)容(rong)垂則與揚武(wu)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)姚萇率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)5萬(wan)出南(nan)(nan)鄉（今河(he)南(nan)(nan)浙(zhe)川西南(nan)(nan)）攻南(nan)(nan)陽(yang)，各軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)會攻襄陽(yang)（今屬(shu)湖北）。

由于晉(jin)軍(jun)襄(xiang)陽守(shou)將(jiang)朱序頑強防御(yu)，致秦軍(jun)久攻(gong)不(bu)下(xia)。后慕容垂攻(gong)克了南陽（今屬河(he)南），與(yu)苻(fu)丕(pi)會于襄(xiang)陽。襄(xiang)陽久攻(gong)不(bu)下(xia)，前秦朝野嘩然。十二月(yue)，苻(fu)堅(jian)派黃門侍郎韋(wei)華持節見(jian)苻(fu)丕(pi)，賜給他一把劍，如果來年春(chun)天(tian)仍(reng)攻(gong)不(bu)下(xia)襄(xiang)陽，令(ling)其自殺(sha)(sha)。次(ci)年正月(yue)，苻(fu)丕(pi)在苻(fu)堅(jian)催逼下(xia)，命諸(zhu)軍(jun)全(quan)力攻(gong)襄(xiang)陽。三月(yue)初六，克襄(xiang)陽，俘朱序。苻(fu)堅(jian)沒殺(sha)(sha)朱序，以(yi)其為度(du)支尚書。

太元七年（382年）十月，前秦王(wang)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)長(chang)安(an)（今(jin)西安(an)西北）與(yu)群臣(chen)商議進(jin)攻東晉的(de)事宜。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)此(ci)(ci)時躊躇(chu)滿志，他(ta)認為(wei)前秦可(ke)以動員97萬(wan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)軍(jun)，并(bing)準備親自出討，以統一天(tian)下，朝臣(chen)多反(fan)對(dui)。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)本來(lai)還是比較能(neng)夠納諫(jian)的(de)，但在(zai)伐(fa)晉這(zhe)個問題上，變得異常固執(zhi)，聽(ting)不進(jin)任(ren)何不同意(yi)見。后(hou)來(lai)，雖然太子苻(fu)(fu)(fu)宏、釋道(dao)安(an)、寵妃(fei)張(zhang)(zhang)夫人、愛子苻(fu)(fu)(fu)詵以及朝中許多大(da)(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)都一再(zai)進(jin)諫(jian)，但苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)主意(yi)既定，不為(wei)所(suo)(suo)動。時慕(mu)容(rong)垂已有(you)二(er)心(xin)，便力主苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)攻晉，他(ta)對(dui)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)說：“弱并(bing)于強，小(xiao)并(bing)于大(da)(da)(da)(da)，此(ci)(ci)理勢自然，非難知也。以陛下神武(wu)應期，威加海外，虎旅百(bai)萬(wan)，韓、白(bai)滿朝，而蕞爾江南，獨(du)違王(wang)命(ming)，豈可(ke)復留之(zhi)以遺子孫哉(zai)！《詩》云：‘謀(mou)夫孔多，是用不集。’陛下斷自圣心(xin)足(zu)矣，何必廣詢朝眾！晉武(wu)平(ping)吳，所(suo)(suo)仗者張(zhang)(zhang)、杜二(er)三臣(chen)而已，若從朝眾之(zhi)言，豈有(you)混壹之(zhi)功乎！”苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)聞(wen)后(hou)大(da)(da)(da)(da)悅，說：“與(yu)吾共定天(tian)下者，獨(du)卿而已。”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一百(bai)四》）并(bing)賜帛五百(bai)匹。

慕容垂東走

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)逃出樊籠，如(ru)魚(yu)得(de)水。而(er)權(quan)翼則秘密派(pai)兵(bing)在慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)經過的(de)橋下埋伏，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)已起疑心，自(zi)涼馬臺扎草筏渡河而(er)去(qu)。十二月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)至安陽，派(pai)參軍田山(shan)拿信去(qu)見鎮(zhen)守鄴城(cheng)的(de)長樂公苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)聞慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)北(bei)來，雖懷(huai)疑其(qi)欲叛秦(qin)，但仍然前去(qu)迎接(jie)。趙秋勸慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)乘機殺死(si)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)認為(wei)自(zi)己羽(yu)翼未豐(feng)，沒(mei)有同(tong)意(yi)。而(er)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)也想(xiang)殺死(si)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，后(hou)侍(shi)郎天水姜讓(rang)勸阻(zu)說：“垂(chui)反形未著，而(er)明公擅殺之(zhi)，非臣子之(zhi)義；不如(ru)待以(yi)上賓之(zhi)禮(li)，嚴(yan)兵(bing)衛之(zhi)，密表(biao)情狀，聽敕(chi)而(er)后(hou)圖之(zhi)。”苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)認為(wei)姜讓(rang)之(zhi)言有理。

苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)讓慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)住在鄴(ye)西，并與其相見，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)將兵敗(bai)之事詳(xiang)細告訴(su)了苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)。苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)走后，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)與前(qian)燕舊臣暗中聯系，準備重建(jian)燕國。時(shi)洛陽附近的丁零人翟斌(bin)起兵叛秦，準備攻豫州牧(mu)、平(ping)原公(gong)苻(fu)(fu)暉于洛陽，翟斌(bin)部(bu)中有大批的前(qian)燕人，苻(fu)(fu)堅便派慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)前(qian)去平(ping)叛。

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)想入(ru)鄴城參拜宗(zong)廟(miao)，苻丕(pi)(pi)不(bu)許，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)著便服入(ru)城，但被亭(ting)(ting)(ting)吏(li)阻攔(lan)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大怒，殺(sha)吏(li)燒亭(ting)(ting)(ting)而(er)去。石(shi)越對(dui)苻丕(pi)(pi)說：“垂(chui)(chui)之在燕，破(po)國亂(luan)(luan)家(jia)，及投命圣朝，蒙超常之遇，忽敢(gan)輕(qing)侮方(fang)鎮，殺(sha)吏(li)焚亭(ting)(ting)(ting)，反形已露，終(zhong)為亂(luan)(luan)階。將老兵疲(pi)，可襲(xi)而(er)取之矣。”苻丕(pi)(pi)優(you)柔(rou)寡斷，說：“淮南之敗，眾(zhong)散親離，而(er)垂(chui)(chui)侍(shi)衛圣躬，誠不(bu)可忘。”石(shi)越又(you)說：“垂(chui)(chui)既不(bu)忠于燕，其肯(ken)盡(jin)忠于我乎(hu)！且其亡虜也(ye)，主(zhu)上寵同功舊，不(bu)能(neng)銘(ming)澤誓(shi)忠，而(er)首謀(mou)為亂(luan)(luan)，今不(bu)擊之，必為后(hou)害。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）苻丕(pi)(pi)未(wei)從。石(shi)越出來后(hou)對(dui)別人(ren)說：“公父子好存小仁，不(bu)顧天下大計，吾屬終(zhong)當為鮮卑虜矣。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）

慕(mu)容(rong)垂留慕(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)楷、慕(mu)容(rong)紹于(yu)鄴城，行至安陽湯池，閔亮、李毘(pi)自鄴城趕來，將苻(fu)丕與苻(fu)飛龍之(zhi)言告訴了慕(mu)容(rong)垂。慕(mu)容(rong)垂乘(cheng)機以此(ci)激(ji)怒其眾，說：“吾盡忠于(yu)苻(fu)氏，而(er)彼(bi)專欲(yu)圖吾父子，吾雖欲(yu)已，得(de)乎(hu)？”（《資治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百五》）于(yu)是(shi)便(bian)以兵少為(wei)由，于(yu)河內(nei)募兵，幾天(tian)時間便(bian)達(da)至8000人(ren)。

平(ping)原公苻(fu)暉遣使(shi)責備慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，讓其(qi)趕緊進(jin)兵(bing)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)便(bian)對苻(fu)飛(fei)龍(long)說：“今寇賊不遠，當晝止夜行，襲其(qi)不意。”（《資治(zhi)通(tong)鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)五》）苻(fu)飛(fei)龍(long)覺得有(you)理，便(bian)同意了(le)。一(yi)日(ri)夜，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)率兵(bing)居前，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆率兵(bing)跟隨自己，并把氐兵(bing)分散編入隊伍，并與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)擊鼓(gu)為號，一(yi)起動手。半夜，鼓(gu)聲(sheng)響，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)部前后(hou)合擊，全殲(jian)擊苻(fu)飛(fei)龍(long)與氐兵(bing)。并給苻(fu)堅寫信，告訴其(qi)殺苻(fu)飛(fei)龍(long)的(de)原因(yin)。

當初，其(qi)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)(lin)曾告(gao)(gao)發(fa)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)投秦(qin)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)一(yi)怒之(zhi)下(xia)殺其(qi)母，但未忍心(xin)殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)(lin)。時(shi)殺苻飛(fei)龍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)(lin)屢獻計謀，啟發(fa)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)非常(chang)高(gao)興，遂待其(qi)諸子(zi)一(yi)樣。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)及前燕舊臣之(zhi)子(zi)燕郡王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)騰(teng)、遼(liao)西段延等(deng)聞翟斌(bin)起兵，各(ge)帥其(qi)部前去歸(gui)附。平(ping)原公苻暉使武平(ping)武侯毛當去討伐(fa)翟斌(bin)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)說：“鳳(feng)今(jin)將雪(xue)先(xian)王之(zhi)恥，請為斬(zhan)此氐奴。”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第(di)一(yi)百(bai)五》）遂出兵擊毛當，大(da)敗秦(qin)兵，斬(zhan)毛當。 癸未，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)渡河焚橋，已(yi)有兵3萬人，下(xia)令說：“吾本外假秦(qin)聲，內規興復(fu)。亂法者軍(jun)有常(chang)刑(xing)，奉命者賞不(bu)逾日，天下(xia)既定，封爵有差(cha)，不(bu)相負也。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)留遼(liao)東鮮(xian)卑(bei)可(ke)足渾潭集兵于(yu)河內的沙城(cheng)，派田山至鄴城(cheng)，將起兵之(zhi)事告(gao)(gao)之(zhi)于(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)等(deng)，讓其(qi)起兵相應。時(shi)天色已(yi)晚，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)留宿鄴城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹先(xian)出城(cheng)至蒲池，盜符丕駿(jun)馬數百(bai)匹，等(deng)候慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)。月末，二(er)人率數十(shi)騎微服(fu)出鄴城(cheng)與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹會(hui)合，逃往列人（今(jin)河北邯(han)鄲(dan)市東）。

太元九年（384年）正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)、王騰、段延皆勸(quan)(quan)翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)奉(feng)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)盟主(zhu)，翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)從之(zhi)(zhi)。時慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)欲襲洛陽，不(bu)知翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)來降是真是假，便(bian)拒(ju)(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)，說(shuo)：“吾父子寄命秦朝，危(wei)而(er)(er)獲濟，荷主(zhu)上不(bu)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)恩，蒙更(geng)生之(zhi)(zhi)惠，雖曰君臣，義深父子，豈(qi)可(ke)因其(qi)小(xiao)隙，便(bian)懷(huai)二三。吾本救(jiu)豫(yu)州，不(bu)赴(fu)君等，何(he)為(wei)斯議(yi)而(er)(er)及于我？”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)至洛陽，平原公(gong)符暉聞其(qi)殺苻飛(fei)龍，閉(bi)門(men)拒(ju)(ju)守。翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)見慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)對自己不(bu)來歸有懷(huai)疑，便(bian)派長(chang)史(shi)郭通(tong)前去勸(quan)(quan)說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)還(huan)是不(bu)信，后郭通(tong)說(shuo)：“將(jiang)軍所(suo)以拒(ju)(ju)通(tong)者，豈(qi)非以翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)兄(xiong)弟(di)山野異類，無奇(qi)才(cai)遠略，必無所(suo)成故邪？獨不(bu)念將(jiang)軍現(xian)今(jin)憑之(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)以濟大業乎？”（《資治(zhi)通(tong)鑒·卷(juan)第一百五》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)這才(cai)相信，翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)歸附后，便(bian)勸(quan)(quan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)稱(cheng)王，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)沒同(tong)意，說(shuo)：“新興(xing)侯，國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)統，孤之(zhi)(zhi)君也。若以諸(zhu)君之(zhi)(zhi)力(li)，得平關(guan)東，當以大義喻秦，奉(feng)迎(ying)反正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。無上自尊，非孤心(xin)也。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)認為(wei)：“洛陽四(si)面受敵，北阻大河，至于控馭燕、趙，非形勝之(zhi)(zhi)便(bian)，不(bu)如(ru)北取鄴(ye)都，據之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)制天下。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）眾人同(tong)意，遂(sui)回師向東。

故扶余王余蔚為滎(ying)陽(yang)太守，率(lv)(lv)眾(zhong)投(tou)降(jiang)慕容垂。慕容垂軍(jun)(jun)至滎(ying)陽(yang)，稱燕王，封官拜爵，以(yi)其弟慕容德為車騎(qi)大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封范陽(yang)王；其侄慕容楷為征(zheng)西大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封太原(yuan)王；翟斌為建義大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封河(he)南王；余蔚為征(zheng)東將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，統府左司馬，封扶余王；衛駒(ju)為鷹揚(yang)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，慕容鳳為建策(ce)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。親率(lv)(lv)20余萬軍(jun)(jun)隊，從石(shi)門（今(jin)河(he)南滎(ying)陽(yang)石(shi)門）渡黃河(he)，長驅攻前(qian)秦鄴城。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)到河北列(lie)人(ren)后，召集(ji)鮮卑、烏桓等(deng)部(bu)眾，舉兵(bing)反(fan)叛。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)號令(ling)嚴(yan)整，沿途(tu)招兵(bing)買馬，攻(gong)城(cheng)掠地(di)，兵(bing)至(zhi)數萬。苻丕派石(shi)越率步騎兵(bing)萬余討伐慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)，石(shi)越率軍到達列(lie)人(ren)西面(mian)，被燕將(jiang)趙(zhao)秋及參(can)軍綦母滕擊(ji)敗，石(shi)越設(she)圍自守。諸將(jiang)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)乘勝(sheng)快速進擊(ji)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)認(ren)為秦(qin)軍裝備(bei)精良，如果白天(tian)與(yu)之交戰，燕軍易生懼，不如待天(tian)黑(hei)以(yi)(yi)后進攻(gong)，遂命令(ling)部(bu)隊(dui)嚴(yan)陣(zhen)以(yi)(yi)待。待到天(tian)黑(hei)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)率軍在城(cheng)西列(lie)陣(zhen)，先派400名壯士突破(po)敵陣(zhen)，大(da)軍隨(sui)后沖擊(ji)，秦(qin)兵(bing)大(da)敗，石(shi)越被斬，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)將(jiang)其首級送給(gei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂。石(shi)越與(yu)毛當(dang)都是前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)驍(xiao)將(jiang)，所以(yi)(yi)苻堅派二(er)人(ren)幫助(zhu)二(er)子(zi)鎮守要地(di)，如今(jin)相繼(ji)被殺，前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)上下人(ren)心浮動(dong)。

康臺略馬

后燕燕元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)（東晉孝(xiao)武(wu)帝太元(yuan)九年(nian)(nian)，384年(nian)(nian)）正月，前(qian)秦(qin)大將慕容(rong)垂叛秦(qin)復(fu)燕。遣三子慕容(rong)農在康臺澤（今邱(qiu)縣邱(qiu)城東南五里）略取前(qian)秦(qin)牧馬數千匹。自此步騎云集，奠(dian)定后燕立國基礎。

中興后燕

不(bu)久，慕容垂到(dao)達鄴城(cheng)附(fu)近，改(gai)前(qian)秦建元二(er)十年為(wei)燕(yan)元年。以前(qian)岷山公庫傉官偉為(wei)左(zuo)長(chang)(chang)史(shi)，前(qian)尚書段崇為(wei)右(you)長(chang)(chang)史(shi)，滎陽鄭豁等為(wei)從事中郎，并立慕容寶為(wei)太子(zi)。慕容農也率軍與之會合。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)遂(sui)招集前燕(yan)舊將與各(ge)路大(da)軍(jun)(jun)會攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)指揮大(da)軍(jun)(jun)攻(gong)(gong)城(cheng)，克外城(cheng)。苻丕退守中城(cheng)。二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)又率領(ling)包括丁(ding)零、烏桓(huan)等各(ge)少數民族部眾共20多萬人用云梯、挖地道攻(gong)(gong)城(cheng)，均未攻(gong)(gong)下(xia)。遂(sui)修(xiu)筑長圍，與秦(qin)軍(jun)(jun)相持，并(bing)把老(lao)弱轉移到肥(fei)鄉(xiang)（今(jin)河北(bei)肥(fei)鄉(xiang)西南(nan)），又修(xiu)筑新(xin)興城(cheng)，用來放置輜重(zhong)。四(si)月，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)久(jiu)(jiu)攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)不下(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)召集群臣商議對(dui)策(ce)，右司馬封衡建議引漳(zhang)水(shui)灌城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)贊同。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)打(da)獵(lie)，于華林園飲(yin)酒，前秦(qin)知道后(hou)，派兵(bing)偷襲，矢下(xia)如雨，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)幾(ji)乎不得而(er)出，多虧冠軍(jun)(jun)大(da)將軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆率騎兵(bing)打(da)退秦(qin)軍(jun)(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)才得以(yi)(yi)幸免。七月，翟斌恃功(gong)(gong)驕(jiao)縱，索求無厭(yan)。時鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)久(jiu)(jiu)功(gong)(gong)不下(xia)，翟斌漸有(you)叛心(xin)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶請求將其殺掉，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“河南(nan)之盟，不可負也(ye)。若(ruo)其為(wei)難，罪由于斌。今(jin)事未有(you)形(xing)而(er)殺之，人必謂我(wo)忌(ji)憚其功(gong)(gong)能；吾方(fang)收攬豪杰以(yi)(yi)隆大(da)業(ye)，不可示人以(yi)(yi)狹，失(shi)天(tian)下(xia)之望也(ye)。藉彼有(you)謀，吾以(yi)(yi)智防(fang)之，無能為(wei)也(ye)。”范陽(yang)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)、陳留王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹、驃騎大(da)將軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農都說：“翟斌兄(xiong)弟(di)恃功(gong)(gong)而(er)驕(jiao)，必為(wei)國(guo)患。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“驕(jiao)則速敗(bai)，焉能為(wei)患？彼有(you)大(da)功(gong)(gong)，當聽(ting)其自斃耳。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一百五(wu)》）對(dui)其禮遇更(geng)重(zhong)。

翟斌還想當尚書令，慕容垂說：“翟王之功，宜居上輔；但臺既未建，此官不可遽置耳。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一百五》）翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)大怒，遂反，暗中(zhong)與鄴(ye)城內苻丕(pi)聯絡，又派丁零兵(bing)決堤放水，解(jie)除鄴(ye)城被淹的危險。事泄，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)殺翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)兄弟，余者皆免。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)侄翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)乘夜逃往(wang)邯(han)鄲(dan)（今屬河北）。太原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和(he)陳(chen)留王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“丁零非有(you)大志，但(dan)寵(chong)過(guo)為(wei)(wei)亂耳。今急之則(ze)屯聚為(wei)(wei)寇(kou)，緩(huan)之則(ze)自(zi)散。散而擊之，無(wu)不克(ke)矣。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)從(cong)之。八月，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)率(lv)部從(cong)邯(han)鄲(dan)逃走。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)派太原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和(he)驃騎(qi)大將軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)率(lv)騎(qi)兵(bing)追擊。追至下邑(yi)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷見敵陣(zhen)不整，欲出戰，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)認為(wei)(wei)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)營陣(zhen)只見老弱，不見壯士，必(bi)有(you)埋伏，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷不納，下令攻擊，燕軍大敗。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)繼(ji)續(xu)北進(jin)，直趨中(zhong)山（今河北定州）。后翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)為(wei)(wei)其司(si)馬鮮于乞所殺。

時(shi)前秦鄴城(cheng)守軍(jun)長(chang)期(qi)被圍(wei)(wei)，糧草漸盡。慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)認為(wei)：“苻丕窮寇，必守死不降。丁零叛擾，乃我腹心之患。吾(wu)欲(yu)遷(qian)師(shi)新城(cheng)，開其逸路，進以謝秦主(zhu)疇昔之恩，退以嚴擊(ji)真(zhen)之備。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)載記(ji)》）燕軍(jun)遂(sui)解圍(wei)(wei)退至新興城(cheng)，另(ling)派慕(mu)(mu)容農到(dao)清河、平原一帶征收租賦，得到(dao)大批軍(jun)用物資。

十二月(yue)，前燕帝慕(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)欲殺(sha)苻堅，事(shi)泄(xie)被殺(sha)。群僚聞后，勸慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)稱帝，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)以“慕(mu)容(rong)沖稱號關中”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)載記》）為由，未(wei)許(xu)。

苻丕(pi)仍然保據鄴(ye)(ye)城，沒(mei)有(you)離開之(zhi)(zhi)意。慕(mu)容垂復率(lv)兵包圍(wei)鄴(ye)(ye)城，只留出苻丕(pi)西走之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)。苻丕(pi)勢窮糧竭，急忙(mang)向東晉(jin)謝(xie)玄(xuan)求援。謝(xie)玄(xuan)派劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)、滕(teng)恬之(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)率(lv)領2萬人馬救援鄴(ye)(ye)城，并從水陸(lu)運(yun)米2000斛(hu)接濟(ji)苻丕(pi)。

太元十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)（385年(nian)）二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進至(zhi)枋頭（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南浚縣西(xi)(xi)(xi)南）。苻(fu)丕發(fa)(fa)覺部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)楊膺、姜讓(rang)曾(ceng)上(shang)表晉(jin)廷，許諾若晉(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來援(yuan)，當稱臣于(yu)晉(jin)，遂殺(sha)膺、讓(rang)。劉牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獲悉，徘(pai)徊不(bu)(bu)(bu)進。三月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)將(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)去冀(ji)(ji)州(zhou)，命令(ling)撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屯(tun)(tun)駐信都(dou)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)冀(ji)(ji)縣），樂浪王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫(wen)屯(tun)(tun)中(zhong)山(shan)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)定(ding)州(zhou)），召驃騎(qi)(qi)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)回(hui)(hui)鄴(ye)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫(wen)派遣萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)名士兵(bing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)遠送軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，并(bing)在(zai)中(zhong)山(shan)營造宮室。就在(zai)同月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)劉牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進攻駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)孫就柵（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南浚縣境內）的后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)黎陽(yang)太守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)劉撫，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)親自率(lv)(lv)(lv)兵(bing)救(jiu)(jiu)援(yuan)。苻(fu)丕聞后，乘機偷襲，但(dan)被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)擊(ji)(ji)敗(bai)。劉牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)交(jiao)戰(zhan)，也被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)擊(ji)(ji)退(tui)，于(yu)是(shi)退(tui)屯(tun)(tun)黎陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南浚縣東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)）。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擊(ji)(ji)敗(bai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)退(tui)至(zhi)新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)，又從新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)退(tui)。劉牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)予苻(fu)丕打(da)招呼，便率(lv)(lv)(lv)兵(bing)追(zhui)(zhui)擊(ji)(ji)，苻(fu)丕得知此(ci)事，也發(fa)(fa)兵(bing)跟(gen)進。時(shi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)情緊急(ji)(ji)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)連戰(zhan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)勝，士氣低落，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“秦(qin)、晉(jin)瓦合，相待為(wei)(wei)(wei)強。一勝則(ze)俱豪，一失則(ze)俱潰，非同心也。今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相繼，勢(shi)既未合，宜(yi)急(ji)(ji)擊(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”劉牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)(ji)行軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)200里(li)，在(zai)五橋澤（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)廣宗北(bei)(bei)(bei)）急(ji)(ji)奪后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)戰(zhan)備(bei)物資時(shi)，被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)打(da)得大敗(bai)，死(si)數(shu)千(qian)人(ren)(ren)。劉牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)單(dan)騎(qi)(qi)逃走，適逢苻(fu)丕率(lv)(lv)(lv)援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來救(jiu)(jiu)，得以(yi)入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，收集(ji)散(san)兵(bing)，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勢(shi)稍振，旋被召回(hui)(hui)。時(shi)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧盡，無(wu)力堅(jian)(jian)持。苻(fu)丕率(lv)(lv)(lv)眾(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)尋找糧食。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)、秦(qin)兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相持經年(nian)，幽、冀(ji)(ji)兩(liang)州(zhou)發(fa)(fa)生饑荒，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)多(duo)有(you)餓死(si)者，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了以(yi)桑椹充軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，于(yu)是(shi)下令(ling)禁止農(nong)民(min)養蠶。丁零(ling)翟真被鮮于(yu)乞所(suo)殺(sha)后，丁零(ling)人(ren)(ren)又殺(sha)鮮于(yu)乞并(bing)立翟真的堂弟翟成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)首領。五月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)常山(shan)，將(jiang)(jiang)翟成(cheng)(cheng)圍于(yu)行唐。并(bing)命帶(dai)方王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐鎮守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)寧朝(chao)陽(yang)）。六月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)進攻遼(liao)東(dong)（郡(jun)治遼(liao)陽(yang)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐派司馬郝景率(lv)(lv)(lv)兵(bing)救(jiu)(jiu)援(yuan)，被高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)打(da)敗(bai)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)乘勝追(zhui)(zhui)擊(ji)(ji)，連克遼(liao)東(dong)、玄菟（郡(jun)治今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)沈陽(yang)東(dong)）。七(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)返回(hui)(hui)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。時(shi)余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)叛燕(yan)(yan)(yan)，自武邑（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)）北(bei)(bei)(bei)攻幽州(zhou)（治薊(ji)，今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京西(xi)(xi)(xi)南）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)派人(ren)(ren)至(zhi)幽州(zhou)告訴守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)平(ping)規(gui)：“但(dan)固守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)勿戰(zhan)，比破丁零(ling)，吾當自討之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）平(ping)規(gui)未聽，出(chu)戰(zhan)，果(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)所(suo)敗(bai)。余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)入薊(ji)，掠(lve)千(qian)余(yu)(yu)戶而去，遂占據令(ling)支（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)遷安西(xi)(xi)(xi)）。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)，翟成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)史鮮于(yu)得斬成(cheng)(cheng)出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)屠行唐，盡坑(keng)翟成(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)眾(zhong)。八月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)姚萇所(suo)殺(sha)。苻(fu)丕率(lv)(lv)(lv)領城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)男女共6萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)撤出(chu)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)赴潞川（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)濁(zhuo)漳河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)），苻(fu)丕聞苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)死(si)，遂即皇帝位。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也乘機入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)魯王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和為(wei)(wei)(wei)南中(zhong)郎(lang)將(jiang)(jiang)，鎮守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)攻鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)結束(shu)。并(bing)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)眾(zhong)穿過蠮螉(weng)塞（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)居庸關）北(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)，經凡城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)平(ping)泉(quan)南），直(zhi)搗(dao)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)寧朝(chao)陽(yang)），討伐余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)一月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)至(zhi)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，就地休(xiu)整，十(shi)(shi)(shi)余(yu)(yu)日后，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)步(bu)騎(qi)(qi)3萬(wan)至(zhi)令(ling)支，余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)眾(zhong)震駭，不(bu)(bu)(bu)少人(ren)(ren)相繼逾城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降，余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)計(ji)窮而降，為(wei)(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)所(suo)殺(sha)。隨(sui)即率(lv)(lv)(lv)步(bu)騎(qi)(qi)3萬(wan)反擊(ji)(ji)高(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)，大敗(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，收復遼(liao)東(dong)和玄菟二郡(jun)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)使持節(jie)、都(dou)督幽、平(ping)二州(zhou)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)狄諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事、幽州(zhou)牧，鎮守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)中(zhong)山(shan)，對諸將(jiang)(jiang)曰：“樂浪王(wang)(wang)招流散(san)，實倉(cang)廩(lin)，外給(gei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，內營宮室，雖蕭何(he)何(he)以(yi)加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)！”不(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)，定(ding)都(dou)中(zhong)山(shan)。

太元十一年（386年）正月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)自(zi)立為(wei)帝，改元建興，史(shi)稱后(hou)(hou)燕（？）。“立寶為(wei)太子。以其(qi)(qi)左長史(shi)庫辱(ru)官偉、右長史(shi)段崇、龍(long)驤張(zhang)崇，中(zhong)山(shan)尹封衡(heng)為(wei)吏部尚(shang)書，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)為(wei)侍(shi)中(zhong)、都督中(zhong)外(wai)諸軍事、領司隸(li)校(xiao)尉，撫軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)為(wei)衛大(da)將(jiang)軍，其(qi)(qi)余(yu)拜授有(you)差。追(zhui)尊母蘭氏為(wei)文昭皇后(hou)(hou)，遷皝后(hou)(hou)段氏，以蘭氏配饗。博士(shi)劉詳、董謐(mi)議以堯母妃位(wei)第(di)三，不(bu)以貴陵(ling)姜嫄，明圣(sheng)王(wang)之(zhi)道以至(zhi)公為(wei)先(xian)(xian)。垂(chui)(chui)不(bu)從。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）六月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遣(qian)太原王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)、陳留(liu)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、章武王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)宙等(deng)攻(gong)秦苻定(ding)、苻紹、苻謨、苻亮(liang)等(deng)部；慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷先(xian)(xian)先(xian)(xian)寫信給眾人，陳述利害，苻定(ding)等(deng)遂降。八月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留(liu)太子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶守中(zhong)山(shan)，以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)為(wei)尚(shang)書右仆射(she)，錄留(liu)臺。自(zi)己率領范陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)等(deng)向南(nan)略取土地。十月(yue)(yue)，后(hou)(hou)燕宦官吳深(shen)(shen)在清河(he)（郡(jun)治(zhi)清陽，今屬(shu)河(he)北(bei)）反叛后(hou)(hou)燕，后(hou)(hou)燕主慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)發兵(bing)攻(gong)打，不(bu)克。十二月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)攻(gong)吳深(shen)(shen)壘，拔(ba)之(zhi)，吳深(shen)(shen)單騎而逃。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)進屯(tun)聊城之(zhi)逢關(guan)陂。

太(tai)元十二(er)年(nian)（387年(nian)）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂舉(ju)行閱兵式。高陽王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂建議：“溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)徒，皆白(bai)面儒生，烏合為群，徒恃長(chang)河(he)以(yi)(yi)自固，若大軍濟河(he)，必(bi)望旗震壞，不(bu)待戰也。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂從之(zhi)。溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)原為燕臣，后降(jiang)于(yu)東晉，晉任為濟北(bei)(bei)太(tai)守，屯(tun)東阿(a)（今(jin)(jin)山東陽谷東北(bei)(bei)阿(a)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂命鎮(zhen)(zhen)北(bei)(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)軍蘭汗和護軍將(jiang)(jiang)軍平(ping)幼率軍進攻溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)。后燕軍于(yu)碻磝（古津渡，今(jin)(jin)山東茌平(ping)西(xi)南古黃(huang)河(he)南岸(an)）西(xi)40里處渡過黃(huang)河(he)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆率大軍于(yu)北(bei)(bei)岸(an)列陣以(yi)(yi)待。溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)溫(wen)攀、溫(wen)楷(kai)見之(zhi)即逃往東阿(a)，平(ping)幼部(bu)追擊，大破之(zhi)。溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)攜家人夜逃彭城(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)江蘇(su)徐州），其部(bu)眾3萬余戶向后燕軍投(tou)降(jiang)。此后，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂以(yi)(yi)太(tai)原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)為兗州刺史，鎮(zhen)(zhen)守東阿(a)，以(yi)(yi)加強(qiang)該地統治。

太(tai)(tai)(tai)元(yuan)十(shi)三年(nian)（388年(nian)）二月(yue)(yue)(yue)，丁零翟(zhai)真(zhen)之子翟(zhai)遼遣司馬(ma)眭(sui)瓊向后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)謝罪(zui)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂認為其反(fan)復無常，斬(zhan)司馬(ma)眭(sui)瓊。翟(zhai)遼索性自(zi)稱(cheng)魏(wei)天(tian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)，改元(yuan)建光，并置百官。三月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂以太(tai)(tai)(tai)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶錄(lu)尚書事，政事都讓(rang)其處理，自(zi)己則總(zong)大(da)綱而已(yi)。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂立夫人段氏為皇后(hou)，以太(tai)(tai)(tai)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶領大(da)單于。追謚前妃段氏為成昭皇后(hou)。八月(yue)(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)(yan)護(hu)軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)平幼與(yu)章武王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)宙共同發兵(bing)(bing)攻(gong)打吳深，吳深敗走。九月(yue)(yue)(yue)，張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)攻(gong)廣(guang)平（今河(he)(he)北(bei)雞澤東南(nan)）、王(wang)(wang)(wang)祖攻(gong)樂陵(ling)（今山東樂陵(ling)南(nan)），燕(yan)(yan)高陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)發兵(bing)(bing)攻(gong)討。至十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)，太(tai)(tai)(tai)原王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟與(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)三路大(da)軍(jun)會(hui)師于合口（今河(he)(he)北(bei)滄州(zhou)市西南(nan)），攻(gong)張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)祖為救援夜襲燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)，遭燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)反(fan)擊大(da)敗而逃。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟繼續圍攻(gong)張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)與(yu)部將(jiang)(jiang)平幼兵(bing)(bing)分兩路乘夜追擊，及至天(tian)明，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)大(da)獲(huo)全勝，將(jiang)(jiang)所斬(zhan)首級懸掛于張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)陣前。張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)見(jian)大(da)勢已(yi)去，遂繳械投(tou)降，王(wang)(wang)(wang)祖亦歸降。次年(nian)五(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，清河(he)(he)民(min)孔金(jin)斬(zhan)吳深，將(jiang)(jiang)其首級送中山（今河(he)(he)北(bei)定州(zhou)）。

太(tai)元十四年(nian)（389年(nian)）正月，慕(mu)容(rong)垂召慕(mu)容(rong)農(nong)為侍(shi)中(zhong)、司隸校(xiao)尉。以(yi)(yi)高(gao)陽(yang)王慕(mu)容(rong)隆(long)為都督幽、平二州諸軍(jun)事、征北(bei)大將(jiang)軍(jun)、幽州牧(mu)，建留臺(tai)(tai)于龍城，以(yi)(yi)慕(mu)容(rong)隆(long)錄留臺(tai)(tai)尚(shang)書(shu)事。又以(yi)(yi)護軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)平幼為征北(bei)長史，散(san)騎常(chang)侍(shi)封孚(fu)為司馬，并(bing)兼留臺(tai)(tai)尚(shang)書(shu)。

鮮卑(bei)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)(ne)、賀(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)兄(xiong)弟為爭(zheng)奪(duo)本部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)統治權而(er)發生(sheng)內亂，而(er)后(hou)燕(yan)及(ji)鐵弗劉衛辰(chen)也(ye)極力與(yu)魏爭(zheng)奪(duo)對(dui)(dui)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的控制(zhi)權。太(tai)元(yuan)十五年(nian)（390年(nian)），劉衛辰(chen)派軍(jun)攻(gong)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，拓(tuo)跋珪出兵擊退(tui)之，遷賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)(ne)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)眾于(yu)魏之東境，與(yu)后(hou)燕(yan)毗鄰。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)乘機(ji)對(dui)(dui)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)(ne)軟硬兼(jian)施(shi)，誘逼其(qi)叛魏降(jiang)燕(yan)，封為歸善(shan)王(wang)。賀(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)聞訊，頗嫉其(qi)兄(xiong)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)(ne)飛黃騰達(da)，謀攻(gong)殺而(er)代(dai)之。太(tai)元(yuan)十六(liu)(liu)年(nian)（391年(nian)）正月(yue)，賀(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)與(yu)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)(ne)舉兵相攻(gong)。拓(tuo)跋珪請后(hou)燕(yan)討伐之。四月(yue)，后(hou)燕(yan)鎮(zhen)北將軍(jun)蘭(lan)汗率兵大破賀(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)于(yu)牛都（其(qi)地在牛川(chuan)，放(fang)牧聚會謂之都）。六(liu)(liu)月(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)遣趙王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟率軍(jun)擊賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)(ne)，生(sheng)擒賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)(ne)于(yu)赤(chi)城（今內蒙古托(tuo)克托(tuo)縣東南黃河西岸），降(jiang)其(qi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)眾數萬(wan)。后(hou)燕(yan)主慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)命釋放(fang)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)(ne)，并還其(qi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)眾于(yu)原地，而(er)徙賀(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)及(ji)其(qi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)眾于(yu)中山（今河北定(ding)州），企圖完(wan)全控制(zhi)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，并用以牽(qian)制(zhi)北魏。

傲視關東

前秦被消(xiao)滅的時候，慕(mu)容(rong)垂已經將關(guan)東七州緊緊地握于(yu)手(shou)中(zhong)。按理(li)說，和胡戎眾生的關(guan)中(zhong)隴(long)西(xi)地區比起來，關(guan)東的形勢應(ying)該要(yao)簡明很多。但由于(yu)西(xi)燕慕(mu)容(rong)永這慕(mu)容(rong)家(jia)旁支的徙入，加上在(zai)河南(nan)一帶(dai)不停叛亂的丁(ding)零(ling)翟氏(shi)、悄然崛起的鮮卑(bei)別部拓(tuo)跋氏(shi)，慕(mu)容(rong)垂統一關(guan)東的步伐邁得并不輕松(song)。

后燕建興元年（386年）八月(yue)，慕容(rong)垂在(zai)剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)稱帝不久(jiu)便親自率軍南(nan)(nan)下，其前鋒直指青、兗、徐(xu)等在(zai)淝水之戰后剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)被東晉收復的州郡(jun)。這(zhe)些地(di)方可(ke)以說是南(nan)(nan)北(bei)對峙時期的緩沖(chong)地(di)帶(dai)，后燕大(da)軍一到，紛紛投降。慕容(rong)垂重(zhong)新(xin)將勢力推進至淮北(bei)。

后燕的北方(fang)這(zhe)時(shi)出(chu)了亂子。劉顯跟拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪翻了臉，想方(fang)設(she)法要消滅拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪的力量。為了籠絡人心，他派弟弟劉亢(kang)埿把什翼犍小(xiao)兒(er)子拓(tuo)跋(ba)窟咄迎接來。

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟很(hen)有心(xin)計（慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟很(hen)會耍小(xiao)聰明，即使曾經在(zai)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)出逃時(shi)出賣過父兄(xiong)，也沒有失(shi)去慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)對他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)喜愛(ai)，后(hou)燕(yan)的(de)(de)新(xin)都(dou)中山就(jiu)是由他(ta)(ta)統軍(jun)(jun)攻下來(lai)的(de)(de)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)建立后(hou)燕(yan)后(hou)常常把(ba)帶兵(bing)打仗(zhang)的(de)(de)重任交給他(ta)(ta)），他(ta)(ta)讓安(an)同(tong)趕(gan)緊跑到(dao)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)那里(li)報告燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)消息。北魏的(de)(de)將(jiang)士們(men)得知援軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)至(zhi)，果然恢復(fu)了(le)不少士氣(qi)，抵(di)擋住了(le)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)窟咄(duo)的(de)(de)進逼。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟與拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)會合(he)，一仗(zhang)就(jiu)把(ba)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)窟咄(duo)殺得大敗，拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)窟咄(duo)逃到(dao)鐵弗劉衛辰(chen)那里(li)，劉衛辰(chen)豈會忘記當初兩(liang)部之仇，也不顧他(ta)(ta)與拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)為敵，將(jiang)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)窟咄(duo)殺死了(le)。

拓跋(ba)珪在這一(yi)仗(zhang)中感受到了(le)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍的(de)厲(li)害。一(yi)年之后(hou)，他(ta)乘著劉(liu)顯部(bu)兄弟相爭，再次向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)借兵，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)又讓(rang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟出兵相助。劉(liu)顯把劉(liu)衛辰上貢(gong)后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)馬(ma)匹(pi)給搶了(le)下(xia)來(lai)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)對此大(da)怒(nu)，派侄子太原王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷增援慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟。楷、麟與拓跋(ba)珪會戰(zhan)劉(liu)顯，大(da)獲全勝，劉(liu)顯逃到西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)。后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)奪(duo)得了(le)劉(liu)顯的(de)部(bu)眾和牲畜，拓跋(ba)珪則基本收(shou)復(fu)了(le)什(shen)翼犍時(shi)期的(de)代國地盤(pan)。

慕容垂接下來花了五年(nian)時間(jian)經(jing)營(ying)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)北(bei)方領土，這(zhe)期(qi)間(jian)他消滅河(he)北(bei)一帶的(de)叛軍，收復(fu)清河(he)、渤海等地，征服(fu)了北(bei)方比(bi)較(jiao)強大的(de)賀蘭(lan)部，加上這(zhe)之前(qian)慕容農已經(jing)率軍擊敗(bai)高(gao)句麗(li)，占據遼(liao)東，后燕(yan)鞏固了自(zi)(zi)身統治，成為北(bei)方強國。

攻滅翟魏

轉眼到(dao)了(le)(le)建(jian)興七年(nian)（392年(nian)），他也年(nian)近古稀。鑒于河(he)南一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)丁(ding)零翟(zhai)氏的(de)朝(chao)三暮四、一(yi)(yi)再叛獨，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)親自(zi)帶(dai)兵征(zheng)討(tao)丁(ding)零翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)（翟(zhai)魏天王(wang)翟(zhai)遼之(zhi)子）。翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)向慕(mu)容(rong)永求援，但慕(mu)容(rong)永聽從尚書郎(lang)鮑遵(zun)的(de)話，坐山觀虎斗，未曾(ceng)向翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)發兵相救。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)先把營(ying)(ying)寨遷到(dao)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)上(shang)(shang)游(you)(you)四十(shi)里處(chu)的(de)西津(jin)(jin)，造了(le)(le)數百(bai)艘牛皮(pi)船(chuan)，載上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)些兵士車(che)仗(zhang)，開始(shi)渡河(he)。丁(ding)零翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)在下游(you)(you)聽說這一(yi)(yi)消息，果(guo)然(ran)帶(dai)了(le)(le)軍(jun)隊前往西津(jin)(jin)抵抗(kang)。這時(shi)慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)才派留(liu)在黎陽慕(mu)容(rong)鎮的(de)軍(jun)隊連夜渡過黃(huang)(huang)河(he)，在河(he)南扎營(ying)(ying)。第(di)二天早上(shang)(shang)，后(hou)燕的(de)軍(jun)隊已經在河(he)南駐了(le)(le)不少人的(de)大(da)營(ying)(ying)了(le)(le)。翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)得知此(ci)事又(you)趕到(dao)下游(you)(you)打(da)慕(mu)容(rong)鎮，慕(mu)容(rong)鎮堅(jian)守一(yi)(yi)段(duan)時(shi)間后(hou)，上(shang)(shang)游(you)(you)的(de)后(hou)燕大(da)軍(jun)也已乘機(ji)渡過了(le)(le)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)，燕軍(jun)兩(liang)路夾擊(ji)，翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)全軍(jun)潰(kui)敗而走，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)率軍(jun)追(zhui)擊(ji)，翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)只身(shen)逃到(dao)西燕，后(hou)又(you)被慕(mu)容(rong)永殺死。

消滅西燕

建(jian)興八(ba)年(nian)（393年(nian)），慕容(rong)垂開(kai)始籌備攻打西(xi)燕。后(hou)燕將領又顯得(de)顧慮(lv)重(zhong)重(zhong)，認(ren)為后(hou)燕士(shi)兵連年(nian)征討，十分疲憊，有待(dai)休整。只(zhi)有范陽(yang)王慕容(rong)德(de)同意伐西(xi)燕。慕容(rong)垂很(hen)高(gao)興地(di)說：“吾(wu)計決矣。且吾(wu)投(tou)老，扣囊底智，足(zu)以(yi)(yi)克之，不(bu)復留逆(ni)賊(zei)以(yi)(yi)累子孫也！”以(yi)(yi)確立后(hou)燕的正統性與后(hou)世安定。

建興九年（394年），慕容垂大軍在鄴城西南集結，卻一個多月不向西燕(yan)境內(nei)進發。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)永開始疑(yi)神疑(yi)鬼，懷疑(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)會(hui)從(cong)太(tai)行(xing)山(shan)山(shan)道突入其(qi)境，趕緊分兵去(qu)封鎖太(tai)行(xing)山(shan)口，在正面防御點臺壁(bi)(bi)只留(liu)下一支軍隊。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)等見此情景，遣部從(cong)臺壁(bi)(bi)進攻，兩軍一交手，西燕(yan)潰(kui)敗(bai)，臺壁(bi)(bi)遭圍。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)永只得又從(cong)太(tai)行(xing)山(shan)召回(hui)守軍五萬多人，然而刁云、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)鐘軍無斗志，投降了后(hou)燕(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)在臺壁(bi)(bi)以南擺(bai)下陣(zhen)勢，與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)永會(hui)戰，事(shi)先還(huan)安排了驍(xiao)騎(qi)將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)國的精銳騎(qi)兵做埋(mai)伏。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)假裝(zhuang)敗(bai)退(tui)，將(jiang)西燕(yan)軍引入包圍圈，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)國從(cong)其(qi)背后(hou)殺出，一場大戰，西燕(yan)軍光被斬首的人數就(jiu)達(da)八千，重鎮晉(jin)陽也跟著丟(diu)失。?

慕(mu)容(rong)永退守國都(dou)長子，向東(dong)晉和(he)北魏求救(jiu)。兩方的援(yuan)軍尚未(wei)趕到，西燕別部(bu)的大逸豆(dou)歸手下的將領便打開城門迎入慕(mu)容(rong)垂。慕(mu)容(rong)垂將慕(mu)容(rong)永和(he)西燕的公卿大臣悉數斬首，西燕滅亡。

燕魏交兵

主詞目：參合陂之戰

后燕在滅翟魏吞西燕后，慕容垂建立的(de)后燕也隨之轉盛而衰。

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)在(zai)南(nan)征(zheng)北(bei)(bei)戰的過(guo)程中留下了一(yi)(yi)內(nei)一(yi)(yi)外兩(liang)大(da)隱患(huan)。其內(nei)部的隱患(huan)，便是(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)家(jia)好內(nei)斗。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鮮卑(bei)在(zai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)及其子(zi)侄這(zhe)兩(liang)代(dai)可謂人才濟(ji)濟(ji)，如慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)異母弟范陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，兒子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)、趙王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟、遼(liao)西(xi)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農、高陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，侄子(zi)太原王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)、陳(chen)留王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹。這(zhe)些人在(zai)后(hou)燕(yan)平定北(bei)(bei)方(fang)時各自(zi)叱咤一(yi)(yi)方(fang)。后(hou)燕(yan)國土占據(ju)著半個北(bei)(bei)中國，其東北(bei)(bei)是(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農，東南(nan)是(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，西(xi)北(bei)(bei)是(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟，又慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)分別居于東、南(nan)、西(xi)，中央需要較大(da)的向心力。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)年紀已大(da)，把國事(shi)大(da)事(shi)交給太子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)才大(da)智粗，不堪其任。后(hou)燕(yan)外部的隱患(huan)源自(zi)與(yu)北(bei)(bei)魏的外交。后(hou)燕(yan)消(xiao)滅(mie)丁(ding)零翟氏的前一(yi)(yi)年，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)了平定北(bei)(bei)方(fang)，再次出兵幫助(zhu)了臣服于后(hou)燕(yan)的拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪憑借(jie)后(hou)燕(yan)的援兵，與(yu)劉衛(wei)辰(chen)展開決(jue)戰，一(yi)(yi)舉將其擊潰，并乘(cheng)勝占據(ju)了鐵弗部的領(ling)地。劉衛(wei)辰(chen)在(zai)亂軍中被殺(sha)，五千多劉氏宗族(zu)被拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪全部斬(zhan)首，扔進黃河(he)。

拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪驅走鐵弗，掠奪百萬(wan)計的(de)(de)牛羊馬，勢力大增，逐(zhu)漸(jian)萌生問鼎(ding)中(zhong)原(yuan)的(de)(de)野(ye)心(xin)。388年(nian)八(ba)月，拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪專門派自己(ji)的(de)(de)堂(tang)兄(xiong)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)前(qian)往(wang)中(zhong)山探(tan)聽(ting)虛實。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)接見(jian)(jian)了(le)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)，詰問他(ta)：“魏王怎么(me)不(bu)自己(ji)來？”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)答道：“我們(men)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)氏自先(xian)人以來，居住(zhu)在北方，現今仍是(shi)(shi)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)。當年(nian)先(xian)王拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)猗(yi)盧被(bei)晉(jin)朝(chao)皇帝封為代王，與你們(men)的(de)(de)祖(zu)先(xian)共事(shi)一(yi)(yi)朝(chao)，彼此(ci)(ci)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)兄(xiong)弟。如(ru)今我奉命出使，并無(wu)失禮之處。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)又問：“朕(zhen)(zhen)兵強馬壯，威(wei)加四海，你們(men)主公(gong)竟敢不(bu)來見(jian)(jian)朕(zhen)(zhen)，怎么(me)可(ke)以說(shuo)沒有(you)(you)失禮之處呢？”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)搖(yao)頭道：“燕國如(ru)若不(bu)修文(wen)德，以為靠著強大的(de)(de)軍力就能夠(gou)稱霸天(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)話(hua)，那就得(de)問問我國的(de)(de)將帥(shuai)，輪不(bu)到我這個使臣(chen)來說(shuo)話(hua)了(le)。”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)席(xi)話(hua)說(shuo)得(de)有(you)(you)理有(you)(you)節，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)就放了(le)他(ta)。拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)回(hui)來對拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪說(shuo)：“燕國皇帝年(nian)老，太子(zi)暗弱，范(fan)陽王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德又很自負(fu)，恐怕(pa)不(bu)會安心(xin)做少主的(de)(de)臣(chen)子(zi)。只(zhi)要慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)一(yi)(yi)死，燕國必有(you)(you)內亂，到時(shi)候(hou)天(tian)下(xia)自然是(shi)(shi)我們(men)的(de)(de)，現今還不(bu)是(shi)(shi)動手的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)。”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪很是(shi)(shi)高興，便暗中(zhong)積蓄力量，以待(dai)天(tian)時(shi)。

事件導火線始于慕容子弟強行扣留(liu)拓跋(ba)觚(gu)。建興(xing)七(qi)年(nian)（391）七(qi)月，拓跋(ba)觚(gu)出(chu)使燕國，當時慕容垂年(nian)已(yi)衰老，慕容氏子弟主持著(zhu)一些政務(wu)，為了(le)要求北魏進獻良馬(ma)，強行扣留(liu)了(le)拓跋(ba)觚(gu)。拓跋(ba)珪不給，與后燕斷絕了(le)外交。

兩年(nian)后，后燕(yan)軍攻(gong)打西燕(yan)，拓跋(ba)珪不念燕(yan)、魏從前(qian)同盟多年(nian)，積極出(chu)兵援助慕容(rong)永，此事令慕容(rong)垂很惱火。

滅西燕后，慕(mu)容(rong)垂本(ben)已身(shen)染重病(bing)，不想(xiang)用兵(bing)，但在慕(mu)容(rong)寶等人的慫恿下，于建(jian)興十(shi)年（395）五(wu)月派慕(mu)容(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)麟率領大軍八萬(wan)伐魏，又讓慕(mu)容(rong)德、慕(mu)容(rong)紹另率步騎兵(bing)一(yi)萬(wan)八千人做(zuo)后繼。散騎常侍高湖苦諫，惹得慕(mu)容(rong)垂大怒，免(mian)了(le)他的官。

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊開(kai)到(dao)五原（今內蒙古包頭西北）的(de)(de)(de)黃河北岸，南岸的(de)(de)(de)拓跋珪先派人(ren)在中山到(dao)五原的(de)(de)(de)路上截獲后(hou)(hou)燕傳(chuan)送消(xiao)息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)使者(zhe)，使得連續幾個月(yue)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)息(xi)都(dou)無法(fa)傳(chuan)到(dao)后(hou)(hou)燕大軍(jun)營中。拓跋珪又(you)拉上抓來的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)燕使者(zhe)到(dao)黃河岸邊喊話：“你老爹已死，還不早早回(hui)去！”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)等人(ren)此(ci)時又(you)擔心(xin)又(you)害怕(pa)，后(hou)(hou)燕的(de)(de)(de)士(shi)兵們(men)更是軍(jun)心(xin)動搖(yao)。?

后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)的軍(jun)隊處(chu)境艱難(nan)，這邊拓跋珪則安(an)排停當，他派拓跋虔(qian)、拓跋儀(yi)各(ge)領(ling)數萬騎兵(bing)駐扎(zha)在(zai)河東、河北，又讓拓跋遵領(ling)了七(qi)萬騎兵(bing)悄(qiao)悄(qiao)地繞到了燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)的東南面，也就(jiu)是燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)的退路上。

從九月(yue)開(kai)始，燕軍(jun)和魏軍(jun)在五原一帶相持近一個月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)的(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)從一支驕兵變成了羸兵，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)雖然(ran)心中發(fa)虛，卻沒有撤(che)退的(de)意(yi)思。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)(lin)手下(xia)有個叫做慕(mu)(mu)輿嵩(song)(song)的(de)部將(jiang)(jiang)覺得慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂是(shi)真的(de)死了，糾(jiu)合部將(jiang)(jiang)作亂，擁立慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)(lin)做皇(huang)帝(di)。事情敗(bai)露，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)把慕(mu)(mu)輿嵩(song)(song)等人給殺了，寶(bao)、麟(lin)(lin)兩人由此互(hu)相猜(cai)忌。

燕軍就在這樣的(de)狀況下(xia)支(zhi)撐到了(le)十月底，此(ci)時的(de)五原(yuan)地區已是寒風(feng)凜冽(lie)，冬(dong)日來臨，慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)下(xia)令(ling)燒掉渡(du)船撤軍。當時的(de)黃河(he)(he)水(shui)還(huan)未(wei)結冰，慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)認定魏軍沒有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)船只，不可能渡(du)河(he)(he)追擊，無須采取任(ren)何防備(bei)措施，燕軍一路向(xiang)東撤去。拓(tuo)跋珪在南岸并(bing)未(wei)馬上行動，燕軍撤退后的(de)第八天，天氣突變，刮(gua)起(qi)暴風(feng)，河(he)(he)水(shui)迅速凍合(he)。拓(tuo)跋珪大喜(xi)過望(wang)，留下(xia)所有(you)輜重，連夜(ye)點起(qi)二萬精銳(rui)騎(qi)兵，全速沖過黃河(he)(he)，朝著燕軍撤退的(de)方向(xiang)追去。

疲憊不堪、士(shi)氣低落的(de)后(hou)(hou)燕軍(jun)隊走(zou)到(dao)參合陂（今內蒙古涼城(cheng)岱海(hai)），已(yi)近(jin)傍晚時分。“天有不測風云”，這個時候一(yi)陣大風平(ping)地而(er)(er)起，只(zhi)見一(yi)道(dao)黑氣如長堤一(yi)般，自燕軍(jun)身后(hou)(hou)鋪卷而(er)(er)來(lai)，最后(hou)(hou)完全罩住了整(zheng)個軍(jun)隊。士(shi)兵(bing)們(men)本(ben)已(yi)十分脆弱的(de)心靈(ling)又蒙上(shang)一(yi)層陰影，一(yi)個名叫支曇(tan)猛的(de)和尚頓覺不安，向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)進言：“狂(kuang)風暴虐，乃是(shi)(shi)魏(wei)(wei)兵(bing)將(jiang)要來(lai)到(dao)的(de)征兆(zhao)，我(wo)軍(jun)應當(dang)作好抵(di)御準(zhun)備。”滿以(yi)為魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)早被拋下(xia)很(hen)遠(yuan)的(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)只(zhi)笑(xiao)不答。支曇(tan)猛再三請求，在旁(pang)邊聽得(de)不耐煩的(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟氣呼呼地說：“以(yi)殿(dian)下(xia)的(de)神武，我(wo)軍(jun)的(de)強(qiang)盛，足以(yi)橫行沙漠，小小的(de)索虜（燕人鄙視同宗的(de)北魏(wei)(wei)，罵(ma)其為索虜）豈敢(gan)遠(yuan)道(dao)追來(lai)？應該(gai)把這該(gai)死(si)的(de)和尚斬首示眾以(yi)消顧(gu)慮！”支曇(tan)猛痛哭流涕：“苻堅擁百萬雄師(shi)，卻大敗于(yu)淮南(nan)，正是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)恃(shi)眾輕敵(di)，不相信(xin)天道(dao)的(de)緣故啊！”司(si)徒(tu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)見此情景(jing)，支曇(tan)猛也算一(yi)片(pian)忠(zhong)心，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)也勸慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)聽從支曇(tan)猛的(de)話，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)這才讓慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟帶上(shang)三萬騎兵(bing)殿(dian)后(hou)(hou)以(yi)防萬一(yi)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟根本(ben)不信(xin)支曇(tan)猛的(de)胡話，在大軍(jun)后(hou)(hou)面(mian)放縱(zong)士(shi)兵(bing)四處游獵，不做好設防準(zhun)備。

魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)晝夜兼程、連日急行(xing)軍(jun)(jun)追趕。乙(yi)酉，魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)在(zai)暮色里(li)終于趕到參(can)合(he)陂(po)西面。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)又(you)走了一(yi)(yi)(yi)段路，就停下腳步，在(zai)參(can)合(he)陂(po)東(dong)邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)蟠羊山(shan)南面依水扎營。拓跋珪發現燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)近在(zai)咫尺，連夜部(bu)署(shu)進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)計劃，各將領分(fen)別帶兵(bing)，士兵(bing)銜枚，戰馬束口，暗暗向燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)靠近。第二天(tian)日出(chu)時分(fen)，魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)全(quan)部(bu)登(deng)上山(shan)頂，腳下便是(shi)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)大營。這時燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing)們(men)正伸(shen)著懶(lan)腰，緩步走出(chu)營寨，準備向東(dong)進(jin)發，猛一(yi)(yi)(yi)回頭，眼前(qian)(qian)竟是(shi)嚴陣以(yi)(yi)待的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)隊。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)頓時慌作一(yi)(yi)(yi)團(tuan)。拓跋珪手一(yi)(yi)(yi)抬(tai)，二萬(wan)精騎(qi)兵(bing)以(yi)(yi)排山(shan)倒(dao)海之勢沖殺過來。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)紛紛逃入水中(zhong)，人(ren)馬相互踐踏，踩死的(de)(de)(de)、淹死的(de)(de)(de)數以(yi)(yi)萬(wan)計。拓跋遵率(lv)部(bu)轉到燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)前(qian)(qian)方進(jin)行(xing)阻截，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)最后一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)心理防線終于崩(beng)潰，四五(wu)萬(wan)人(ren)全(quan)部(bu)乖乖地放下武器，舉手投降。從亂軍(jun)(jun)中(zhong)逃出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)不足數千，慕(mu)(mu)容寶(bao)、慕(mu)(mu)容農(nong)、慕(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)、慕(mu)(mu)容德等人(ren)憑著馬快，才撿了性命(ming)。慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)的(de)(de)(de)侄子燕(yan)(yan)右仆陳留(liu)悼王慕(mu)(mu)容紹也不幸戰死，其余被(bei)生俘的(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)(mu)容氏等文武將吏數千人(ren)。魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)獲得燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)數以(yi)(yi)萬(wan)計的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)甲糧貨。

拓跋珪大獲(huo)全勝，他從燕(yan)(yan)軍的(de)(de)(de)俘虜中(zhong)挑(tiao)了(le)些可用之才留在(zai)北魏，其(qi)余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)人準備悉(xi)數發還衣(yi)物糧食，遣送回國(guo)，也(ye)是借(jie)機招(zhao)攬中(zhong)原人心(xin)。他的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)部大人王(wang)建說：“燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)強盛(sheng)，這次傾(qing)全國(guo)之力前來(lai)，我軍僥(jiao)幸(xing)取(qu)勝，不(bu)如殺(sha)掉降卒(zu)，將(jiang)來(lai)它們(men)再無可用之兵，打(da)敗(bai)他們(men)就(jiu)易(yi)如反掌(zhang)了(le)！”拓跋珪嘆道：“若聽從你的(de)(de)(de)話，只(zhi)怕我將(jiang)陷于不(bu)仁不(bu)義(yi)之地。”然(ran)而魏國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)領對后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)尚(shang)心(xin)有余(yu)悸(ji)，都(dou)認為王(wang)建說得有理，拓跋珪便下一(yi)道命令，將(jiang)四五(wu)萬后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)士兵全部活(huo)埋！

慕容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)回到(dao)(dao)中山，向父親陳述失敗的(de)(de)慘狀，竭力請求(qiu)再(zai)次伐魏。旁邊慕容(rong)(rong)德又說：“索虜碰(peng)巧(qiao)打(da)了這場勝仗，打(da)心眼(yan)瞧不上太子了，如果(guo)不以陛(bi)下的(de)(de)神武把(ba)他們制服，恐怕后患無窮。”七(qi)十歲(sui)的(de)(de)慕容(rong)(rong)垂聽了這話，決定(ding)親自出征，為身后的(de)(de)燕國謀取生(sheng)存的(de)(de)空間。他讓慕容(rong)(rong)隆和慕容(rong)(rong)盛調(diao)集(ji)舊(jiu)都(dou)龍城的(de)(de)精兵來到(dao)(dao)中山，約定(ding)次年(nian)（396）大舉西征，攻(gong)打(da)北魏。

軍容(rong)(rong)(rong)精整的(de)龍城精騎進入(ru)中山，后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)士氣重新(xin)振作。三月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)親(qin)率燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍秘密出發(fa)，鑿(zao)開太行山道(dao)，出其(qi)不意地直逼北(bei)魏占(zhan)據(ju)的(de)平(ping)城（今山西大(da)同）。拓(tuo)跋虔的(de)三萬軍馬(ma)駐守(shou)此地。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農和慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆率領(ling)龍城精兵(bing)充當(dang)前鋒，突襲平(ping)城。拓(tuo)跋虔一向不設防(fang)備，看到燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍來攻，才倉促出戰(zhan)，龍城兵(bing)是燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國戰(zhan)斗(dou)力最強的(de)鮮卑舊部(bu)，一個(ge)個(ge)奮勇爭先，如(ru)下山猛虎，魏軍招架不住(zhu)，拓(tuo)跋虔戰(zhan)死，殘(can)部(bu)全部(bu)被(bei)后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)收編(bian)。拓(tuo)跋虔是拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)的(de)弟弟，在北(bei)魏威望不小，他的(de)死訊(xun)傳(chuan)來，拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)大(da)驚失(shi)色，就想(xiang)逃(tao)走，北(bei)魏各部(bu)都開始心懷二意，拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)竟不知往哪里(li)逃(tao)。

病重身亡

燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)(yi)路前行，慕容垂(chui)來到了(le)昔日戰場參合(he)陂。萬人坑上的(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)土猶新(xin)，曾(ceng)經還是生龍活(huo)虎的(de)(de)(de)數萬士卒已成堆(dui)積如山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)尸骨，無數冤魂仿佛(fo)還在山(shan)間飄蕩。燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)設下祭壇，死難將(jiang)士的(de)(de)(de)父(fu)兄一(yi)(yi)起(qi)放聲痛哭(ku)，聲音響(xiang)徹山(shan)谷(gu)。白發蒼蒼的(de)(de)(de)慕容垂(chui)面(mian)對(dui)此情此景(jing)，心中又慚又恨，那最后(hou)一(yi)(yi)點戰斗的(de)(de)(de)氣神再也(ye)無法堅持下去，哇(wa)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)口鮮血吐了(le)出來，舊疾發作，乘(cheng)著(zhu)馬輿前進，在平城西北(bei)三(san)十里(li)休整。慕容寶(bao)等人的(de)(de)(de)前軍(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)只好全部撤退。拓跋珪得(de)到后(hou)燕叛卒的(de)(de)(de)消息，本(ben)想乘(cheng)隙追趕，聽說平城淪陷，便引(yin)兵退回陰山(shan)。

慕容垂在(zai)平城停留了十天，修了座(zuo)燕昌(chang)城（欲昌(chang)則不(bu)昌(chang)），便匆匆返(fan)回，他在(zai)歸途中病逝(shi)于(yu)上谷郡(jun)的沮陽（今河北懷來(lai)東南），終年七十一歲。

主要成就

慕容(rong)垂(chui)13歲即隨父征(zheng)戰(zhan)，才兼文武(wu)，勇猛多謀。前燕慕容(rong)皝十(shi)一年（344），慕容(rong)垂(chui)任前鋒(feng)都督，建鋒(feng)將(jiang)軍。次年，率兵2萬(wan)自東道出徒河(he)（今(jin)錦州）南(nan)下，與(yu)燕王(wang)慕容(rong)儁等(deng)會師，攻取(qu)后(hou)趙幽州（治(zhi)今(jin)北京(jing)城西南(nan)）等(deng)地，并勸(quan)燕王(wang)勿殺降卒，以(yi)服人(ren)心(xin)。元(yuan)璽三年（354），受封為(wei)吳王(wang)。光壽元(yuan)年（357），參與(yu)攻討敕勒，俘斬十(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)人(ren)。建熙六年（365），與(yu)太宰慕容(rong)恪(ke)合力攻占東晉洛陽（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)洛陽東北）后(hou)，任征(zheng)南(nan)大(da)將(jiang)軍、荊(jing)州牧等(deng)職，領(ling)兵萬(wan)人(ren)，鎮魯陽（今(jin)魯山(shan)）。十(shi)年，在桓溫攻前燕之戰(zhan)中，大(da)敗(bai)晉軍，威名(ming)大(da)振。

是年(nian)(nian)十(shi)一(yi)月，因前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)內訌，西(xi)投前(qian)秦(qin)，為(wei)秦(qin)主苻(fu)堅(jian)所賞識，任冠軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)，前(qian)秦(qin)滅前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)，慕(mu)容垂至(zhi)鄴（今(jin)河北(bei)臨漳西(xi)南(nan)），密圖(tu)興復。后(hou)(hou)(hou)轉京兆尹，參加(jia)征(zheng)伐，皆有(you)大(da)功，但為(wei)前(qian)秦(qin)權貴(gui)猜(cai)忌(ji)、壓抑(yi)。前(qian)秦(qin)建元十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)（382），不(bu)顧(gu)多數朝臣的反對，力勸苻(fu)堅(jian)進攻東(dong)晉(jin)。十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)七(qi)月，東(dong)晉(jin)車(che)騎將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)桓沖(chong)攻襄(xiang)(xiang)陽（今(jin)屬湖北(bei)襄(xiang)(xiang)樊(fan)），征(zheng)南(nan)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)苻(fu)叡率(lv)步騎5萬援(yuan)救，慕(mu)容垂為(wei)前(qian)鋒(feng)。垂命士卒多燃火炬，光照數十(shi)里(li)，嚇退晉(jin)軍(jun)(jun)。是年(nian)(nian)，淝水之戰(zhan)，秦(qin)兵(bing)慘敗(bai)，唯慕(mu)容垂軍(jun)(jun)3萬屯據(ju)鄖城（今(jin)安(an)陸）無損。苻(fu)堅(jian)率(lv)所剩千余騎往赴，慕(mu)容垂悉以兵(bing)歸堅(jian)。旋丁零族翟斌起兵(bing)反秦(qin)，謀(mou)攻洛陽，慕(mu)容垂受命進討。二(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)，至(zhi)滎陽（今(jin)河南(nan)滎陽東(dong)北(bei)），起兵(bing)反秦(qin)，稱燕(yan)(yan)王（史稱后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)），率(lv)眾攻鄴，拔外城。苻(fu)丕求援(yuan)于(yu)東(dong)晉(jin)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)燕(yan)(yan)元二(er)年(nian)(nian)（385）四(si)月，兵(bing)敗(bai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)伺(si)機(ji)反擊，大(da)破(po)援(yuan)鄴之晉(jin)軍(jun)(jun)。十(shi)二(er)月，定都中山(shan)（今(jin)河北(bei)定州(zhou)）。

建興二(er)年(nian)（387），發兵(bing)討溫詳(xiang)等叛(pan)軍(jun)(jun)，迫(po)叛(pan)眾3萬余戶歸后(hou)燕(yan)。又(you)遣兵(bing)南下，進(jin)占歷城(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)濟南），迫(po)使(shi)青、兗、徐三(san)(san)州(zhou)郡縣多數壁壘出(chu)降。七(qi)年(nian)六月(yue)(yue)，攻(gong)討丁(ding)零族翟釗于黎陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)河南浚縣東(dong)北(bei)），以(yi)牛皮船百余艘，偽列兵(bing)仗，溯流西(xi)上，而(er)潛軍(jun)(jun)于東(dong)夜(ye)渡，營于河南，堅壁不戰，使(shi)翟釗兵(bing)往(wang)來疲(pi)憊，再(zai)行(xing)夾擊，盡獲其(qi)(qi)眾。九年(nian)，攻(gong)西(xi)燕(yan)主慕(mu)容(rong)永，先分處置(zhi)疑兵(bing)以(yi)誘敵，自率大軍(jun)(jun)屯鄴城(cheng)西(xi)南，月(yue)(yue)余不進(jin)；待慕(mu)容(rong)永發兵(bing)分道拒守(shou)，即乘虛直入(ru)(ru)，連破(po)西(xi)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)，進(jin)圍臺壁（今(jin)(jin)山西(xi)襄垣東(dong)北(bei)）。繼又(you)佯退，誘其(qi)(qi)追入(ru)(ru)設伏地帶(dai)，實行(xing)圍擊，大破(po)慕(mu)容(rong)永，滅亡西(xi)燕(yan)。十(shi)年(nian)，遣子(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)寶率軍(jun)(jun)9.8萬攻(gong)北(bei)魏，在參合陂之戰遭(zao)慘敗。次年(nian)三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)，親自率軍(jun)(jun)攻(gong)北(bei)魏。閏三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)，襲取(qu)平城(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)山西(xi)大同東(dong)北(bei)），大敗魏軍(jun)(jun)，收其(qi)(qi)部落3萬余家。

歷史評價

崔浩(hao)：“垂藉(jie)父兄之(zhi)資，修復(fu)舊業，國人歸之(zhi)，若夜蟲(chong)之(zhi)就火，少(shao)加倚仗，易以(yi)立功。”

房玄(xuan)齡(ling)等《晉(jin)書》：“慕容(rong)垂天(tian)資英杰，威震(zhen)本朝，以(yi)雄(xiong)略見猜而(er)(er)庇(bi)身(shen)寬政(zheng)，永固受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)以(yi)禮，道明(ming)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)畢力。然而(er)(er)隼(sun)質難羈，狼(lang)心自野。淮南失律，三甥(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀已構(gou)；河朔分麾，五(wu)(wu)木(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祥云啟。斬(zhan)飛(fei)龍(long)而(er)(er)遐舉，逾石門而(er)(er)長邁(mai)，遂使(shi)翟(zhai)氏(shi)景從，鄴師(shi)宵逸(yi)，收羅(luo)趙、魏，驅駕(jia)英雄(xiong)。叩囊余奇，摧五(wu)(wu)萬于(yu)河曲；浮(fu)船(chuan)秘(mi)策，招(zhao)七(qi)郡于(yu)黎陽。返遼陰(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊物(wu)，創中山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新(xin)社，類帝禋(yin)宗(zong)，僭擬斯備。夫(fu)以(yi)重耳歸(gui)晉(jin)，賴(lai)五(wu)(wu)臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功；句踐紿吳，資五(wu)(wu)千之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卒。惡有業殊二霸(ba)，眾微一(yi)旅，掎拔而(er)(er)傾山岳，騰(teng)嘯而(er)(er)御(yu)風(feng)云！雖衛(wei)人忘亡復傳(chuan)于(yu)東國(guo)，任好余裕伊愧于(yu)西鄰，信苻氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奸(jian)回，非晉(jin)室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鯨(jing)鯢矣。”

蔡東藩《兩晉演義》：“慕容垂才略過(guo)人，卒能恢復燕祚，不(bu)可謂非一世雄(xiong)，其獨擇子不(bu)明(ming)，失(shi)之于太子寶，反以段(duan)后所言為(wei)營(ying)私。”

趣聞軼事

墜馬傷齒

慕容霸小時候很愛出游打獵。有一回，慕容霸在騎馬射獵時不小心從馬背上栽落倒地，竟然還磕掉了牙齒。慕容霸盡管庶出，自小卻很受父親嘉獎與寵愛，他異母嫡兄慕容儁便對他忌恨不已。慕容儁即位燕王后，為報復奚落慕容霸，抖落他早年磕牙的糗事，便讓他改名“