芒果视频

人物生平

傳奇少年

咸康五年(nian)（前燕(yan)六(liu)年(nian)，339年(nian)），慕(mu)容(rong)霸13歲(sui)。慕(mu)容(rong)皝擊高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)，兵(bing)及新城，高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)王釗(zhao)乞盟，乃還。慕(mu)容(rong)皝又使授(shou)予(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)霸為騎都尉(wei)，令其跟隨其兄長(chang)慕(mu)容(rong)恪（慕(mu)容(rong)皝第四子）擊宇(yu)文別部。時年(nian)慕(mu)容(rong)霸年(nian)僅(jin)十三歲(sui)，卻(que)勇冠(guan)三軍(jun)。

慕容(rong)霸甚(shen)(shen)得父親寵愛，甚(shen)(shen)至比起身為(wei)世子的哥哥慕容(rong)儁更多，故此慕容(rong)儁忿忿不平。

屢立戰功

咸康八年（前燕九年，342年），慕容霸16歲。燕王慕容皝率(lv)(lv)軍攻高句(ju)麗。時前燕與(yu)高句(ju)麗相鄰，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝常懼其(qi)乘虛 入，視為(wei)心(xin)腹之(zhi)患，遂于十一月采用庶(shu)兄、建威(wei)將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)之(zhi)策(ce)略，分兵(bing)(bing)兩路進(jin)攻高句(ju)麗。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝自率(lv)(lv)主力精(jing)銳4萬(wan)(wan)從南道(dao)(dao)進(jin)攻，而(er)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸則與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)為(wei)前鋒(feng)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝還(huan)另命長史王(wang)寓等率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)(bing)1.5萬(wan)(wan)從北(bei)(bei)道(dao)(dao)進(jin)攻。高句(ju)麗王(wang)高釗聞知，判斷燕軍主力必從北(bei)(bei)道(dao)(dao)而(er)來，乃使其(qi)弟高武率(lv)(lv)精(jing)兵(bing)(bing)5萬(wan)(wan)防守(shou)北(bei)(bei)道(dao)(dao)，自率(lv)(lv)弱旅防南道(dao)(dao)。前燕軍在南道(dao)(dao)大敗高句(ju)麗軍，乘勝(sheng)追入丸(wan)都（高句(ju)麗都城，今吉林集(ji)安西），高釗只身逃走。

東晉(jin)建元二年(nian)（前燕十一年(nian)，344年(nian)），慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸18歲。二月，燕王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝親自帶兵攻宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆歸，以建威將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰為(wei)前鋒將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，劉(liu)佩為(wei)副將(jiang)；并命(ming)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)及折沖將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)輿根等率(lv)(lv)兵分三路(lu)并進。宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆歸派南羅城(cheng)大（即城(cheng)主）涉夜(ye)干率(lv)(lv)精兵迎(ying)擊；慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰出戰涉夜(ye)干，兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)激(ji)戰之時，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸則率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)從(cong)側翼殺出，殺涉夜(ye)干，宇(yu)文(wen)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)戰自潰，燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)乘勝追(zhui)擊，攻克宇(yu)文(wen)氏(shi)都城(cheng)紫蒙川（今遼寧(ning)朝陽西北）。宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆歸敗逃，死于漠北。宇(yu)文(wen)氏(shi)從(cong)此散亡(wang)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝收其(qi)(qi)畜產，徙其(qi)(qi)部眾5000余落于昌黎，辟(pi)地千余里，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸因功被封為(wei)都鄉侯。

東(dong)晉永和元(yuan)年（345年），后趙將領(ling)鄧恒領(ling)兵數萬駐屯樂(le)安（今(jin)河北樂(le)亭縣東(dong)北），意圖并吞(tun)前(qian)燕(yan)。慕容(rong)(rong)皝以慕容(rong)(rong)霸為平狄將軍，駐軍徒河（今(jin)遼寧錦州西(xi)北），鄧恒因為畏(wei)懼慕容(rong)(rong)霸而不(bu)敢進犯(fan)。

東(dong)晉永和(he)四年（348年），時年22歲(sui)，燕王慕(mu)(mu)容皝去世，慕(mu)(mu)容皝次子慕(mu)(mu)容俊即燕王位，就以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容霸曾(ceng)經(jing)墮馬而(er)撞斷了(le)牙(ya)齒為由改其名(ming)為“慕(mu)(mu)容夬“，后(hou)更去“夬”而(er)改名(ming)慕(mu)(mu)容垂。

永(yong)和(he)五年（349年），后(hou)趙主石虎死，后(hou)趙大亂。可慕(mu)容(rong)俊卻認為后(hou)趙新遭大喪，未同(tong)意進取中(zhong)原(yuan)。慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)急至龍(long)城（今遼(liao)寧朝陽），親自(zi)對慕(mu)容(rong)儁說：“難得而(er)易失(shi)(shi)者，時也。萬(wan)一石氏衰而(er)復興，或有英雄據其成資，豈惟(wei)失(shi)(shi)此大利，亦恐更為后(hou)患。”于是，在封奕等人的支持(chi)下(xia)，慕(mu)容(rong)儁以慕(mu)容(rong)垂為前鋒(feng)(feng)都督(du)、建鋒(feng)(feng)將軍，選二十多(duo)萬(wan)精兵準備伐趙。

永(yong)和六年(nian)（350年(nian)）二月，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)命(ming)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)領(ling)二萬兵(bing)經(jing)循(xun)東(dong)路經(jing)徒(tu)河伐趙(zhao)，另遣慕輿(yu)于出(chu)西(xi)道，自(zi)率中(zhong)軍(jun)，兵(bing)分(fen)三路伐趙(zhao)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)到三陘(xing)（今(jin)河北(bei)撫寧縣(xian)矛石山），鄧恒驚(jing)懼而燒倉庫出(chu)逃(tao)，退保(bao)薊城（今(jin)北(bei)京(jing)）。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)到后(hou)盡(jin)(jin)收樂安、北(bei)平兩郡兵(bing)糧，與慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)會(hui)合共(gong)攻(gong)薊城。三月，燕軍(jun)攻(gong)下薊城，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)勸止了(le)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)盡(jin)(jin)坑后(hou)趙(zhao)士卒的(de)決定。不久慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)又親(qin)率軍(jun)隊進攻(gong)鄧恒，至清梁（今(jin)河北(bei)清苑縣(xian)西(xi)南）時趙(zhao)將鹿(lu)勃(bo)早率數(shu)千(qian)人夜襲燕軍(jun)，突入慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)幕下，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)于是奮(fen)力反擊(ji)，手刃了(le)十多(duo)人，遏制(zhi)了(le)鹿(lu)勃(bo)早的(de)攻(gong)擊(ji)，及(ji)后(hou)慕輿(yu)根等人領(ling)兵(bing)擊(ji)敗鹿(lu)勃(bo)早，成功擊(ji)退了(le)來襲。

永(yong)和八年（352年）三月，趙立義將軍(jun)段(duan)勤聚胡、羯萬余人保據繹幕，自稱(cheng)趙帝。慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)率軍(jun)前(qian)去攻打，慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)軍(jun)至(zhi)繹幕，段(duan)勤與弟段(duan)思陪舉城投降。由于燕(yan)衛將軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)恪、撫軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)軍(jun)、左將軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)彪等(deng)屢薦慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)有命世之才(cai)，宜當(dang)大任。燕(yan)主(zhu)慕(mu)容(rong)俊遂于同年以慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)為使持節、安(an)東將軍(jun)、北冀州剌史，鎮常(chang)山。

永和十年(nian)（354年(nian)）四月，慕容俊稱(cheng)帝，建號(hao)元(yuan)璽，史稱(cheng)前燕(yan)。慕容霸因訓(xun)練(lian)軍(jun)隊之時，座騎受驚而墜馬，進而折齒，更(geng)名為(wei)(wei)慕容垂(chui)。慕容垂(chui)被封(feng)為(wei)(wei)吳王，遷(qian)鎮信都(dou)，以(yi)侍中、右禁將軍(jun)錄留(liu)臺事(shi)，大收(shou)東北之利(li)。這便(bian)慕容俊更(geng)加忌妒慕容垂(chui)，下(xia)詔將其召(zhao)還。

升平(ping)元年（前燕光壽元年，357年），前燕發兵進(jin)(jin)攻塞(sai)北（長城以北）敕(chi)(chi)勒。敕(chi)(chi)勒，又(you)名丁零，高車。魏(wei)晉南北朝時，大批敕(chi)(chi)勒人(ren)入塞(sai)與(yu)其他(ta)少數(shu)民族雜居(ju)，留(liu)居(ju)漠北草(cao)原的敕(chi)(chi)勒則(ze)在四世紀日(ri)益強(qiang)大，不斷(duan)侵擾中(zhong)(zhong)原。前燕入居(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)原后，經常(chang)遭到敕(chi)(chi)勒人(ren)襲擾。同年五月(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)俊(jun)派(pai)遣(qian)慕(mu)容(rong)垂（時為撫(fu)軍(jun)將軍(jun)）與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)虔、護軍(jun)將軍(jun)平(ping)熙率步騎8萬(wan)進(jin)(jin)軍(jun)塞(sai)北，攻敕(chi)(chi)勒，大敗之(zhi)，俘(fu)斬達10余萬(wan)人(ren)，獲馬(ma)13萬(wan)匹、牛羊無數(shu)。北部邊境(jing)復安。

為兄所忌

升平(ping)二年(nian)（358年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)娶段(duan)(duan)末柸女段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)，段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)生子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶。段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)才(cai)高(gao)(gao)性烈，與皇后可足(zu)渾氏(shi)不(bu)(bu)睦(mu)，皇后引以為(wei)恨。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊向來(lai)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)不(bu)(bu)滿，時有人(ren)奉可足(zu)渾之令告段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)及(ji)吳(wu)國典書令遼(liao)東(dong)高(gao)(gao)弼為(wei)巫(wu)蠱，想借此(ci)把(ba)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)牽連(lian)進(jin)來(lai)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊將(jiang)段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)及(ji)高(gao)(gao)弼下獄，進(jin)行拷問。但二人(ren)“志氣確然(ran)，終(zhong)無撓辭”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心痛，暗(an)中(zhong)派人(ren)對段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)說：“人(ren)生會當一死(si)，何堪楚毒(du)如此(ci)！不(bu)(bu)若引服。”段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)嘆息道：“吾豈愛(ai)死(si)者耶！若自誣以惡(e)(e)逆，上辱(ru)祖宗(zong)，下累于(yu)王，固(gu)不(bu)(bu)為(wei)也！”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）后段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)死(si)于(yu)獄中(zhong)，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)也因此(ci)得免。出平(ping)州刺史，鎮遼(liao)東(dong)。并以段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)之妹為(wei)繼(ji)室(shi)，皇后又(you)將(jiang)其黜之，并將(jiang)其妹嫁與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)滿，這使(shi)他與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊關系更加惡(e)(e)劣。

升平三年（359年）十(shi)二(er)月，慕容俊病危，召慕容垂回鄴城（今(jin)河北臨漳西南）。

升平(ping)四(si)年（360年）正月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)病(bing)逝，太子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐即位。二月，尊可(ke)(ke)足渾(hun)后為(wei)皇(huang)太后，以太原王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)為(wei)太宰，專錄朝政；上庸王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)為(wei)太傅，陽騖為(wei)太保，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根為(wei)太師，參輔朝政。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根自恃(shi)先(xian)朝元勛，心(xin)不服慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)，舉動(dong)倨傲。時太后可(ke)(ke)足渾(hun)氏也(ye)頗干預(yu)外事。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根想要謀反，便勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)一起(qi)謀反，遭到拒絕。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)將此事告之(zhi)于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂便勸其(qi)誅殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根，但(dan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)以大局為(wei)重，沒(mei)有同意。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根密謀誅殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)，二人聞后，遂(sui)將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根誅殺。三月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂為(wei)使(shi)持節、征(zheng)南(nan)將軍(jun)、都督河(he)南(nan)諸(zhu)軍(jun)事、兗(yan)州牧、荊州刺(ci)史，鎮梁國之(zhi)蠡臺。

興寧三年(nian)（365年(nian)）二(er)月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)隨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)共攻洛陽。三月(yue)，克之，俘(fu)殺揚武將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)沈勁。隨即慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)略地至(zhi)崤、澠，關中(zhong)大震(zhen)，秦(qin)王(wang)苻(fu)堅屯陜城(cheng)以防燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為(wei)都(dou)督荊、揚、洛、徐、兗、豫、雍、益、涼、秦(qin)十(shi)州諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)、征(zheng)南大將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、荊州牧，配(pei)兵(bing)一萬，鎮魯陽。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)變現出來的軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)才能大為(wei)驚奇(qi)，甚為(wei)倚重(zhong)。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)病重(zhong)，深慮慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐手中(zhong)無權，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評又多猜忌。五月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)病逝(shi)，臨終前，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐親臨問以后事(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)再次向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐推薦慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)。

枋頭大捷

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪病死(si)后，太(tai)和(he)四年(nian)（前(qian)燕建熙十(shi)年(nian)，369年(nian)）四月，東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大司(si)馬(ma)桓溫親率(lv)步騎5萬開始北伐前(qian)燕（參見(jian)晉(jin)(jin)攻前(qian)燕之(zhi)戰(zhan)）。東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)建威將軍(jun)檀玄攻克湖陸（今(jin)山東(dong)魚臺東(dong)南(nan)(nan)），俘燕慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)忠。前(qian)燕下邳王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)厲為(wei)征討大都(dou)督和(he)晉(jin)(jin)軍(jun)戰(zhan)于黃墟（今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)開封東(dong)），燕軍(jun)大敗(bai)，燕高平太(tai)守徐翻舉(ju)郡降晉(jin)(jin)。晉(jin)(jin)鄧遐和(he)朱序又打(da)敗(bai)燕將傅顏。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)于是派散騎常侍李(li)鳳(feng)去前(qian)秦求援。七月，桓溫進駐武陽（今(jin)山東(dong)莘縣東(dong)南(nan)(nan)），前(qian)燕孫元率(lv)宗族(zu)起兵(bing)響(xiang)應，桓溫到(dao)達枋頭(tou)（今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)浚縣西南(nan)(nan)）。東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大軍(jun)連戰(zhan)連勝，使慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)和(he)太(tai)傅慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評十(shi)分(fen)恐(kong)懼，商(shang)議欲逃(tao)故(gu)都(dou)和(he)龍（今(jin)遼(liao)寧朝陽）。這(zhe)時，吳(wu)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂請求率(lv)兵(bing)抗晉(jin)(jin)，他說：“不然。臣請擊(ji)之(zhi)，若戰(zhan)不捷，走未晚也。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂代替(ti)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)臧為(wei)南(nan)(nan)討大都(dou)督，率(lv)征南(nan)(nan)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)等5萬步騎抵御(yu)桓溫。

慕容暐又派散(san)騎(qi)侍(shi)郎樂嵩(song)往前(qian)秦求救，并答應以割，讓虎(hu)牢（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)滎陽西北汜水鎮(zhen)）以西的(de)土地(di)給(gei)秦為條(tiao)件。前(qian)秦王苻堅召集群臣商議(yi)，采納王猛先援弱擊強(qiang)，后再乘燕(yan)(yan)衰(shuai)而取的(de)建議(yi)。八月，派將軍茍池和洛州刺史(shi)鄧羌率(lv)領步騎(qi)2萬救援前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)。援軍從秦洛州（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)）出(chu)發，出(chu)洛陽進(jin)屯(tun)潁川(chuan)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)許昌東），又派散(san)騎(qi)侍(shi)郎姜撫(fu)去燕(yan)(yan)國報信。

桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)接連失利，糧(liang)草中斷，又聽說前(qian)秦援兵(bing)將要到達，遂下(xia)令(ling)焚(fen)燒(shao)戰(zhan)船(chuan)，丟下(xia)輜重、鎧仗，率軍(jun)從陸路撤回。桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)從東(dong)燕(yan)（治今河南(nan)汲縣東(dong)南(nan)）出發，撤退(tui)途(tu)中恐前(qian)燕(yan)追(zhui)兵(bing)在上游放毒，命士卒鑿井取水飲用，這樣一直行(xing)(xing)走了700里。前(qian)燕(yan)諸(zhu)將爭欲追(zhui)擊(ji)，慕(mu)容垂(chui)說：“不可(ke)。溫(wen)初退(tui)惶恐，必嚴設(she)警備，簡精銳為(wei)后(hou)拒，擊(ji)之(zhi)未必得志，不如緩之(zhi)。彼幸吾未至(zhi)，必晝夜(ye)疾(ji)趨；俟其(qi)士眾力盡氣衰(shuai)，然后(hou)擊(ji)之(zhi)，無不克矣。”（《資治通鑒(jian)·卷(juan)(juan)第一百(bai)二》）于是，慕(mu)容垂(chui)親率騎(qi)兵(bing)8000尾隨(sui)桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)軍(jun)行(xing)(xing)進。桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)果然加速(su)退(tui)兵(bing)，幾天以后(hou)，慕(mu)容垂(chui)告諸(zhu)將曰：“溫(wen)可(ke)擊(ji)矣。”（《資治通鑒(jian)·卷(juan)(juan)第一百(bai)二》）遂令(ling)諸(zhu)將急(ji)進，在襄(xiang)邑（今河南(nan)睢縣）追(zhui)上桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)。慕(mu)容德先(xian)率領4000名精銳騎(qi)兵(bing)埋伏于襄(xiang)邑東(dong)澗(jian)中，和慕(mu)容垂(chui)東(dong)西夾擊(ji)桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)，大敗晉軍(jun)，斬首(shou)3萬(wan)人。

時秦將茍(gou)池又(you)于(yu)譙郡截擊(ji)桓溫(wen)，晉軍(jun)死者復以萬計。晉將孫元(yuan)據守(shou)武陽抵(di)抗燕軍(jun)，被燕左衛將軍(jun)孟高(gao)擒獲(huo)。十(shi)月，天氣漸冷，桓溫(wen)收集余眾，屯于(yu)山陽（今江蘇淮安(an)）。至(zhi)此，桓溫(wen)攻燕以失敗(bai)告終。

出奔前秦

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂大敗桓溫，威(wei)名大振，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂是又忌又恨(hen)。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂提出獎勵(li)麾下將士，但(dan)被慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)壓住不(bu)報。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂大為(wei)不(bu)滿，與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)相(xiang)(xiang)爭。太(tai)后(hou)可(ke)足(zu)渾氏(shi)素恨(hen)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂，遂毀(hui)其(qi)戰功，與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)相(xiang)(xiang)謀，欲殺慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)之子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷及慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂舅(jiu)蘭建知道后(hou)，告訴(su)(su)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂說：“先發制人，但(dan)除評(ping)及樂安王臧，馀(yu)無能為(wei)矣(yi)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂心中不(bu)忍，說：“骨肉相(xiang)(xiang)殘而首(shou)亂于(yu)國，吾有死而已(yi)，不(bu)忍為(wei)也。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百二(er)(er)(er)》）不(bu)久，二(er)(er)(er)人又告訴(su)(su)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂說：“內(nei)意已(yi)決，不(bu)可(ke)不(bu)早發。” 慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂說：“必(bi)不(bu)可(ke)彌縫，吾寧(ning)避之于(yu)外，馀(yu)非所議。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百二(er)(er)(er)》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心中憂慮，未(wei)敢(gan)將此事告(gao)訴諸子(zi)，同時(shi)也是怕引(yin)起諸子(zi)的騷動(dong)。世(shi)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令說(shuo)(shuo)：“尊比者如(ru)有(you)(you)憂色(se)，豈非(fei)以主(zhu)(zhu)上幼(you)沖(chong)，太傅疾賢，功高望重，愈見猜邪(xie)？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“然。吾(wu)竭力(li)致命(ming)以破強(qiang)寇，本欲保(bao)(bao)全(quan)(quan)家國，豈知功成之后(hou)，返令身(shen)(shen)無(wu)所(suo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。汝既知吾(wu)心，何以為(wei)吾(wu)謀？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令說(shuo)(shuo)：“主(zhu)(zhu)上暗(an)弱，委任太傅，一(yi)旦禍(huo)發，疾于(yu)駭(hai)機(ji)。今(jin)欲保(bao)(bao)族全(quan)(quan)身(shen)(shen)，不(bu)失大(da)義，莫(mo)若逃(tao)之龍城(cheng)(cheng)，遜辭謝罪，以待主(zhu)(zhu)上之察，若周公之居(ju)東，庶幾可以感寤而得(de)還，此幸之大(da)者也。如(ru)其(qi)不(bu)然，則(ze)內撫(fu)燕、代，外懷群夷，守肥(fei)如(ru)之險(xian)以自保(bao)(bao)，亦其(qi)次也。”（《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)·卷第一(yi)百二》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)覺得(de)這個辦(ban)法很好(hao)，遂(sui)同意。十一(yi)月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)以打獵為(wei)由，微服出(chu)鄴，準備(bei)回故都龍城(cheng)(cheng)。到邯鄲時(shi)，卻出(chu)了(le)意外，幼(you)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟向來不(bu)為(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)所(suo)寵愛，便向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評告(gao)狀，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)左(zuo)右也多有(you)(you)離去。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評知道后(hou)，在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐面前(qian)盡說(shuo)(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)壞(huai)話，遂(sui)派(pai)(pai)西平公慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)率(lv)精騎追之，到范陽（今(jin)北京）時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)派(pai)(pai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令斷(duan)后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)不(bu)敢(gan)追趕。時(shi)天將晚慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“本欲保(bao)(bao)東都以自全(quan)(quan)，今(jin)事已泄，謀不(bu)及設。秦主(zhu)(zhu)方招延英杰(jie)，不(bu)如(ru)往歸之。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“如(ru)今(jin)之計，舍此安(an)之。”（《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)·卷第一(yi)百二》）

慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)“乃散騎(qi)滅(mie)跡，傍(bang)南山復還鄴(ye)，隱于趙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)顯(xian)原陵”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百二》）。又殺白馬(ma)以(yi)祭(ji)天。慕容(rong)令對慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“太傅忌賢疾能，構(gou)事以(yi)來(lai)，人(ren)尤忿恨。今鄴(ye)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，莫知(zhi)尊處，如(ru)(ru)嬰兒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思母(mu)，夷、夏同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。若順眾心，襲(xi)其無備，取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)(ru)指掌耳(er)。事定之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，革弊簡能，大(da)(da)匡朝政，以(yi)輔主上，安國存家，功(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)者(zhe)也(ye)。現(xian)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便，誠不可(ke)失，愿給騎(qi)數(shu)人(ren)，足以(yi)辦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“如(ru)(ru)汝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou)，事成誠為(wei)大(da)(da)福(fu)，不成悔(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何及(ji)！不如(ru)(ru)西(xi)奔，可(ke)以(yi)萬(wan)全。”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百二》）慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遂率(lv)部西(xi)行，至(zhi)河陽，斬津吏而(er)渡。遂自洛陽與段夫(fu)人(ren)，子慕容(rong)令、慕容(rong)寶(bao)、慕容(rong)農、慕容(rong)隆，慕容(rong)恪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子慕容(rong)楷，舅蘭建，郎中令高弼一(yi)起(qi)投奔前(qian)秦，只留可(ke)足渾氏于鄴(ye)。乙泉(quan)戌主吳歸率(lv)兵(bing)追擊(ji)，被慕容(rong)令擊(ji)退(tui)。

自慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪死后(hou)，前秦王苻堅(jian)(jian)(jian)便有伐燕之(zhi)意，但一(yi)(yi)直未成(cheng)，一(yi)(yi)是因內亂，二(er)是忌憚慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)之(zhi)威名(ming)。苻堅(jian)(jian)(jian)聞慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)來(lai)歸，大(da)喜，親自到郊外迎接，執其手說：“天(tian)生賢杰，必(bi)相(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)共成(cheng)大(da)功(gong)，此自然之(zhi)數也。要當與(yu)卿共定天(tian)下，告(gao)成(cheng)岱宗，然后(hou)還(huan)卿本邦，世封幽(you)州，使卿去國不(bu)失為子之(zhi)孝，歸朕不(bu)失事君之(zhi)忠(zhong)，不(bu)亦美(mei)乎！”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)感謝(xie)地說：“羈(ji)旅之(zhi)臣，免(mian)罪為幸。本邦之(zhi)榮(rong)，非(fei)所敢望！”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第(di)一(yi)(yi)百二(er)》）苻堅(jian)(jian)(jian)愛慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令及慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷之(zhi)才(cai)，皆(jie)厚(hou)相(xiang)(xiang)待，賞賜巨萬，每次進見，都屬目觀之(zhi)。關中士民素聞慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)父子名(ming)，皆(jie)向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)之(zhi)。

秦相王猛(meng)(meng)深知慕容(rong)垂(chui)有雄略(lve)，怕將(jiang)來引以(yi)為(wei)(wei)患(huan)，便對(dui)苻(fu)堅(jian)說：“慕容(rong)垂(chui)，燕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戚屬，世雄東夏，寬仁(ren)惠下(xia)，恩結士庶，燕、趙(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)咸(xian)有奉戴(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。觀其才略(lve)，權智無方，兼其諸子明毅有干藝，人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杰也。蛟龍(long)猛(meng)(meng)獸，非可馴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物，不如除(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”苻(fu)堅(jian)未(wei)從，說：“吾(wu)方以(yi)義致英豪(hao)，建不世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功。且(qie)其初(chu)至(zhi)，吾(wu)告之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)誠(cheng)，今(jin)而(er)害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，人(ren)將(jiang)謂(wei)我何！”（《晉書·苻(fu)堅(jian)載(zai)記》）并以(yi)慕容(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)(wei)冠軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)，封(feng)賓都(dou)侯，食華陰五(wu)百戶(hu)。

時(shi)前(qian)燕(yan)綱頹紀(ji)紊，日益腐敗。桓溫攻燕(yan)結束(shu)后(hou)，前(qian)燕(yan)反悔(hui)食言，未(wei)將(jiang)虎牢（今河(he)南滎陽西(xi)北汜水鎮）以西(xi)土地割讓給前(qian)秦(qin)(qin)，前(qian)秦(qin)(qin)遂(sui)以此為(wei)借口(kou)，于十(shi)一月派王(wang)猛統將(jiang)軍(jun)梁成、鄧羌等率步騎3萬，進攻前(qian)燕(yan)（參見前(qian)秦(qin)(qin)滅前(qian)燕(yan)之戰），并以慕容令為(wei)參軍(jun)，充當(dang)向導。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)令(ling)(ling)逃(tao)回前燕后，因忽(hu)叛忽(hu)歸，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂又無恙，反而受(shou)到(dao)猜(cai)疑。燕廷將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)令(ling)(ling)變(bian)相發配，派到(dao)極北的沙城去戍(shu)守，嚴加(jia)監(jian)視。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)令(ling)(ling)欲在沙城聯絡舊(jiu)部(bu)，準備(bei)起事(shi)，又被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟告了密(mi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)令(ling)(ling)被(bei)(bei)誅(zhu)殺。（參見金刀計(ji)）

太和四年(nian)（369年(nian)）十一月(yue)，王(wang)猛滅(mie)前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)，慕容(rong)垂隨苻堅入鄴，收(shou)集諸子，相對而哭。慕容(rong)垂見(jian)燕(yan)公卿大夫(fu)及故時僚吏，慕容(rong)垂想起當年(nian)的(de)窘(jiong)迫，有不悅之(zhi)(zhi)色。前(qian)(qian)(qian)郎中令(ling)高(gao)弼暗中對慕容(rong)垂曰：“大王(wang)以命世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)姿，遭無妄之(zhi)(zhi)運，迍邅(zhan)凄伏，艱亦至矣。天啟(qi)嘉會，靈命暫遷(qian)，此(ci)乃鴻漸之(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)，龍變之(zhi)(zhi)初，深(shen)愿仁慈有以慰之(zhi)(zhi)。且夫(fu)高(gao)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)略(lve)必懷遺(yi)俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)，方當網漏吞舟，以弘苞養之(zhi)(zhi)義；收(shou)納舊臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)胄，以成(cheng)為(wei)山之(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)，奈何以一怒捐(juan)之(zhi)(zhi)？竊為(wei)大王(wang)不取(qu)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕容(rong)垂載記》）慕容(rong)垂深(shen)納其言。但慕容(rong)垂對慕容(rong)評(ping)卻怨氣難(nan)消，咸安二年(nian)（372）二月(yue)，慕容(rong)垂便對苻堅說：“臣(chen)叔父評(ping)，燕(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)惡來輩(bei)也，不宜復(fu)污圣朝，愿陛(bi)下為(wei)燕(yan)戮之(zhi)(zhi)。”但苻堅未同意，還讓慕容(rong)評(ping)為(wei)范陽太守，前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)諸王(wang)也悉補邊郡(jun)。

時苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅已統(tong)一(yi)中國北(bei)方大(da)(da)部，而鮮卑人(ren)的(de)(de)勢(shi)力(li)也逐漸增大(da)(da)，這引起了(le)一(yi)些氐族(zu)貴族(zu)的(de)(de)不(bu)安(an)，寧(ning)康二年（373年），有彗(hui)星出現，太史(shi)令(ling)張孟認為(wei)(wei)不(bu)詳，便對苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅說：“彗(hui)起尾箕，而掃東井，此燕(yan)滅秦之象(xiang)。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅載記》）并(bing)勸(quan)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅誅(zhu)殺慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)氏，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅未從(cong)。并(bing)以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐為(wei)(wei)尚書(shu)(shu)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂為(wei)(wei)京兆(zhao)尹，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖為(wei)(wei)平陽太守(shou)。寧(ning)康二年（374年）十二月，也許(xu)是處于王猛或(huo)者苻(fu)(fu)(fu)氏重臣的(de)(de)授意，社會上謠言(yan)四起，說鮮卑人(ren)圖(tu)謀復國。甚(shen)至有人(ren)闖入明光殿大(da)(da)呼：“甲申乙(yi)酉，魚羊(yang)（魚羊(yang)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)鮮卑的(de)(de)鮮字）食人(ren)，悲哉無復遺。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅載記》）秘(mi)書(shu)(shu)監朱(zhu)肜、秘(mi)書(shu)(shu)侍(shi)郎略陽趙整等(deng)乘機請苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅誅(zhu)殺諸鮮卑人(ren)，但苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅未聽。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂再逃(tao)一(yi)劫。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)及鮮卑人就這樣如履(lv)薄冰般的(de)(de)過了(le)幾年，至到寧康二年（375）七月，王(wang)猛(meng)病逝，才得以解脫。王(wang)猛(meng)的(de)(de)死，對苻(fu)堅是個很大(da)的(de)(de)打擊。當時在前秦(qin)(qin)雖(sui)處(chu)于(yu)鼎盛時期，但(dan)鼎盛的(de)(de)后面(mian)，卻潛伏著(zhu)社會(hui)危(wei)機(ji)。王(wang)猛(meng)死后不久，前秦(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)社會(hui)危(wei)機(ji)逐漸暴露出來了(le)。太元元年（376），陽平國常侍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹覺察到這種變化，對其兄慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“秦(qin)(qin)恃(shi)其強大(da)，務勝(sheng)不休，北戍云中，南守蜀(shu)、漢(han)，轉運萬(wan)里，道殣相望。兵疲(pi)于(yu)外，民困于(yu)內，危(wei)亡(wang)近矣。冠軍叔（慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)）仁(ren)智度英拔，必能恢復燕祚(zuo)，吾屬但(dan)當愛身以待時耳！”（《資治(zhi)通鑒(jian)·卷第一百四》）太元二年（377），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農也(ye)暗(an)中對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“自王(wang)猛(meng)之(zhi)死，秦(qin)(qin)之(zhi)法制，日以頹靡，今(jin)又重之(zhi)以奢侈，殃將至矣，圖讖之(zhi)言，行當有驗。大(da)王(wang)宜(yi)結納英杰以承天意，時不可失(shi)也(ye)！”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)此時已有此意，為防外泄，便笑著(zhu)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“天下(xia)事非(fei)爾(er)所(suo)及”。

太元三(san)年（378年），苻(fu)堅(jian)為實現統一(yi)中國的愿望，在(zai)滅涼、并(bing)代(dai)，解后顧之憂后，又經一(yi)年的休(xiu)整(zheng)，開始對東晉用兵(bing)。二月，苻(fu)堅(jian)派征(zheng)南(nan)(nan)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、都督征(zheng)討諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事、長樂公苻(fu)丕和武衛將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)茍萇、尚書慕容暐率(lv)(lv)步騎7萬(wan)(wan)進攻(gong)東晉襄(xiang)陽，并(bing)以(yi)荊(jing)州(zhou)刺吏楊安率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)作(zuo)為先(xian)鋒。征(zheng)虜將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)石越率(lv)(lv)精騎1萬(wan)(wan)出(chu)魯陽關（今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)平(ping)頂山西）；領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)茍池、右將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)毛當、強弩(nu)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)王顯率(lv)(lv)4萬(wan)(wan)人出(chu)武當（今(jin)湖北(bei)丹江(jiang)口市西北(bei)）；而京兆尹慕容垂則與揚武將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)姚萇率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)5萬(wan)(wan)出(chu)南(nan)(nan)鄉（今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)浙川(chuan)西南(nan)(nan)）攻(gong)南(nan)(nan)陽，各(ge)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)會(hui)攻(gong)襄(xiang)陽（今(jin)屬湖北(bei)）。

由于晉軍(jun)襄陽守將朱序頑強(qiang)防御，致秦軍(jun)久攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)下。后慕容垂攻(gong)(gong)克(ke)了南(nan)陽（今屬河南(nan)），與苻丕會于襄陽。襄陽久攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)下，前秦朝野嘩然。十二月，苻堅派(pai)黃門侍郎韋華(hua)持節(jie)見苻丕，賜給他一把劍，如(ru)果(guo)來年春(chun)天仍攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)下襄陽，令其自殺。次年正月，苻丕在苻堅催(cui)逼下，命諸(zhu)軍(jun)全力攻(gong)(gong)襄陽。三月初六，克(ke)襄陽，俘朱序。苻堅沒殺朱序，以(yi)其為度支尚書。

太元七年(nian)(nian)（382年(nian)(nian)）十月，前秦王苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)在長(chang)安(an)(an)（今(jin)西安(an)(an)西北）與群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)商議進(jin)攻東晉(jin)的(de)事(shi)宜(yi)。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)此(ci)時(shi)躊(chou)躇(chu)滿志，他認為(wei)(wei)前秦可(ke)以(yi)動(dong)員97萬(wan)大軍(jun)，并(bing)準(zhun)備親自出(chu)討，以(yi)統一天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)，朝(chao)臣(chen)(chen)多反(fan)對。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)本來還是(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)能夠納諫(jian)的(de)，但在伐(fa)晉(jin)這個問題上(shang)，變得異常固執，聽不(bu)進(jin)任何不(bu)同(tong)意見。后來，雖(sui)然(ran)太子苻(fu)宏、釋(shi)道安(an)(an)、寵妃(fei)張夫(fu)人(ren)、愛子苻(fu)詵以(yi)及朝(chao)中許多大臣(chen)(chen)都一再進(jin)諫(jian)，但苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)主意既定(ding)，不(bu)為(wei)(wei)所(suo)動(dong)。時(shi)慕容垂(chui)已有二(er)心(xin)，便力主苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)攻晉(jin)，他對苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)說：“弱并(bing)于強，小并(bing)于大，此(ci)理勢自然(ran)，非難知(zhi)也。以(yi)陛下(xia)(xia)神武應(ying)期(qi)，威(wei)加海外，虎旅百萬(wan)，韓、白滿朝(chao)，而蕞爾江(jiang)南，獨(du)違王命，豈可(ke)復留(liu)之(zhi)以(yi)遺子孫哉(zai)！《詩》云：‘謀夫(fu)孔多，是(shi)(shi)用不(bu)集。’陛下(xia)(xia)斷自圣心(xin)足矣，何必(bi)廣詢(xun)朝(chao)眾！晉(jin)武平(ping)吳，所(suo)仗者張、杜二(er)三臣(chen)(chen)而已，若從朝(chao)眾之(zhi)言，豈有混(hun)壹之(zhi)功(gong)乎！”苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)聞后大悅，說：“與吾共定(ding)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)者，獨(du)卿而已。”（《資(zi)治(zhi)通鑒·卷(juan)第一百四》）并(bing)賜帛五百匹。

慕容垂東走

慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)逃出樊籠，如魚得水。而權翼則秘密(mi)(mi)派兵(bing)在慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)經過(guo)的橋下埋伏，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)已起疑(yi)心，自(zi)涼(liang)馬臺扎草(cao)筏渡河而去。十(shi)二月，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至安陽，派參軍田(tian)山拿信去見鎮守鄴城(cheng)的長樂公(gong)苻丕(pi)(pi)。苻丕(pi)(pi)聞(wen)慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)北(bei)來，雖懷疑(yi)其欲叛秦，但仍然前去迎接。趙秋勸(quan)慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)乘機殺死(si)苻丕(pi)(pi)，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)認(ren)為自(zi)己羽翼未豐，沒有(you)同意。而苻丕(pi)(pi)也想殺死(si)慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，后(hou)侍(shi)郎(lang)天水姜(jiang)讓(rang)勸(quan)阻說：“垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)反形未著(zhu)，而明(ming)公(gong)擅殺之(zhi)，非臣子之(zhi)義；不如待以上賓之(zhi)禮，嚴(yan)兵(bing)衛(wei)之(zhi)，密(mi)(mi)表情狀，聽敕(chi)而后(hou)圖之(zhi)。”苻丕(pi)(pi)認(ren)為姜(jiang)讓(rang)之(zhi)言(yan)有(you)理。

苻(fu)丕讓(rang)慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)住在(zai)鄴西，并與其相見，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)將兵敗之事(shi)詳(xiang)細告訴了苻(fu)丕。苻(fu)丕走后，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)與前燕舊臣暗中聯系，準備(bei)重建燕國。時洛陽附(fu)近的丁零人翟(zhai)斌起兵叛秦，準備(bei)攻豫州牧、平原公苻(fu)暉(hui)于洛陽，翟(zhai)斌部中有大批的前燕人，苻(fu)堅便派慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)前去平叛。

慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)想入鄴(ye)城(cheng)參拜宗(zong)廟，苻(fu)丕不(bu)許，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)著便服入城(cheng)，但被亭(ting)吏阻攔。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)大怒，殺(sha)吏燒亭(ting)而(er)去。石越對苻(fu)丕說(shuo)：“垂(chui)之(zhi)在燕(yan)，破國亂家，及投(tou)命圣(sheng)朝，蒙超常之(zhi)遇，忽敢輕侮方鎮，殺(sha)吏焚亭(ting)，反形已露，終為亂階。將老兵疲，可(ke)襲而(er)取之(zhi)矣(yi)。”苻(fu)丕優柔寡斷，說(shuo)：“淮南之(zhi)敗，眾散(san)親離(li)，而(er)垂(chui)侍衛圣(sheng)躬，誠不(bu)可(ke)忘。”石越又說(shuo)：“垂(chui)既不(bu)忠于燕(yan)，其(qi)肯盡忠于我乎！且其(qi)亡虜也(ye)，主上寵同功舊，不(bu)能銘澤(ze)誓忠，而(er)首謀為亂，今不(bu)擊之(zhi)，必(bi)為后(hou)害。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)載記(ji)》）苻(fu)丕未從。石越出來后(hou)對別人(ren)說(shuo)：“公父子(zi)好存(cun)小(xiao)仁，不(bu)顧天下大計，吾屬(shu)終當為鮮卑虜矣(yi)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)載記(ji)》）

慕(mu)容(rong)垂留慕(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)楷、慕(mu)容(rong)紹于(yu)(yu)鄴城，行至安陽湯池，閔(min)亮(liang)、李毘(pi)自鄴城趕來，將苻丕與苻飛(fei)龍之(zhi)言告訴了慕(mu)容(rong)垂。慕(mu)容(rong)垂乘機以(yi)此激怒其(qi)眾，說：“吾(wu)盡忠于(yu)(yu)苻氏，而彼專欲圖吾(wu)父子，吾(wu)雖欲已，得乎？”（《資(zi)治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一百(bai)五》）于(yu)(yu)是便(bian)以(yi)兵少為由，于(yu)(yu)河(he)內募兵，幾(ji)天(tian)時(shi)間便(bian)達(da)至8000人。

平原公苻(fu)暉遣(qian)使責備(bei)慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，讓其趕(gan)緊(jin)進兵(bing)，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)便(bian)對苻(fu)飛龍(long)說：“今寇(kou)賊不遠，當(dang)晝止夜(ye)行，襲其不意(yi)。”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一百(bai)五(wu)》）苻(fu)飛龍(long)覺得有理，便(bian)同意(yi)了。一日夜(ye)，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)派(pai)慕容(rong)(rong)寶率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)居(ju)前，慕容(rong)(rong)隆率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)跟(gen)隨自己(ji)，并(bing)把氐(di)兵(bing)分散編入隊伍，并(bing)與慕容(rong)(rong)寶擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)為號，一起動手(shou)。半(ban)夜(ye)，鼓(gu)(gu)聲響，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)部前后合擊(ji)，全殲擊(ji)苻(fu)飛龍(long)與氐(di)兵(bing)。并(bing)給苻(fu)堅寫(xie)信，告訴(su)其殺苻(fu)飛龍(long)的原因。

當(dang)(dang)初，其子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟曾告發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)投秦(qin)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)一怒之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)殺其母，但未忍心殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟。時殺苻飛龍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屢獻計謀，啟發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)非常(chang)(chang)高(gao)興，遂(sui)(sui)待(dai)其諸子(zi)一樣(yang)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳及(ji)前燕舊(jiu)臣之(zhi)子(zi)燕郡王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)騰、遼(liao)西段延(yan)等(deng)聞翟(zhai)斌起(qi)(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)，各帥其部前去歸附。平原公苻暉使武(wu)平武(wu)侯毛當(dang)(dang)去討伐翟(zhai)斌。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳說：“鳳今將雪(xue)先(xian)王之(zhi)恥，請為斬(zhan)此氐奴。”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一百五》）遂(sui)(sui)出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)擊毛當(dang)(dang)，大敗秦(qin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)，斬(zhan)毛當(dang)(dang)。 癸未，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)渡河(he)焚橋(qiao)，已有兵(bing)(bing)(bing)3萬人，下(xia)(xia)令說：“吾(wu)本外假秦(qin)聲，內規(gui)興復。亂法者(zhe)軍有常(chang)(chang)刑，奉命者(zhe)賞(shang)不逾日，天下(xia)(xia)既定，封爵有差，不相(xiang)負也。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)留(liu)遼(liao)東(dong)鮮(xian)卑(bei)可足渾潭(tan)集兵(bing)(bing)(bing)于河(he)內的沙(sha)城，派(pai)田山至鄴城，將起(qi)(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)事告之(zhi)于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農等(deng)，讓其起(qi)(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)相(xiang)應。時天色(se)已晚，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農與(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷留(liu)宿鄴城，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹先(xian)出城至蒲池，盜符丕(pi)駿馬數(shu)百匹，等(deng)候(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農與(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷。月末，二人率數(shu)十騎微服出鄴城與(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹會合(he)，逃往列人（今河(he)北邯鄲(dan)市東(dong)）。

太元(yuan)九(jiu)年（384年）正月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳、王騰、段延皆(jie)勸(quan)翟(zhai)斌(bin)奉慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)盟(meng)主，翟(zhai)斌(bin)從之。時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)欲襲洛(luo)陽(yang)，不(bu)(bu)知翟(zhai)斌(bin)來降(jiang)是(shi)真是(shi)假，便(bian)(bian)(bian)拒之，說：“吾父子寄命秦(qin)朝(chao)，危而獲濟，荷主上不(bu)(bu)世之恩，蒙更生之惠，雖(sui)曰君臣，義深父子，豈可因其小(xiao)隙(xi)，便(bian)(bian)(bian)懷(huai)二(er)三。吾本(ben)救(jiu)豫州，不(bu)(bu)赴君等，何為(wei)(wei)斯議(yi)而及于我？”（《晉(jin)書(shu)(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)至洛(luo)陽(yang)，平(ping)原公符暉聞其殺(sha)苻飛龍，閉門拒守。翟(zhai)斌(bin)見慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)對自(zi)己不(bu)(bu)來歸有(you)懷(huai)疑，便(bian)(bian)(bian)派長史郭通(tong)前去勸(quan)說慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)還是(shi)不(bu)(bu)信，后郭通(tong)說：“將軍所以(yi)拒通(tong)者，豈非以(yi)翟(zhai)斌(bin)兄(xiong)弟山野異(yi)類，無(wu)奇才遠略，必無(wu)所成故邪？獨不(bu)(bu)念將軍現(xian)今憑之，可以(yi)濟大(da)業(ye)乎？”（《資治通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第一百五(wu)》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)這才相信，翟(zhai)斌(bin)歸附后，便(bian)(bian)(bian)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)稱王，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)沒同意，說：“新興(xing)侯，國(guo)之正統，孤之君也(ye)。若(ruo)以(yi)諸君之力(li)，得平(ping)關東，當以(yi)大(da)義喻秦(qin)，奉迎反正。無(wu)上自(zi)尊(zun)，非孤心也(ye)。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)認為(wei)(wei)：“洛(luo)陽(yang)四面(mian)受敵，北阻大(da)河，至于控馭燕、趙，非形勝(sheng)之便(bian)(bian)(bian)，不(bu)(bu)如北取鄴(ye)都，據之而制天下。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）眾人同意，遂回師向東。

故(gu)扶余(yu)(yu)王(wang)(wang)余(yu)(yu)蔚(yu)為(wei)(wei)滎(ying)(ying)陽(yang)太守，率眾(zhong)投降慕(mu)(mu)容垂。慕(mu)(mu)容垂軍(jun)至(zhi)滎(ying)(ying)陽(yang)，稱燕(yan)王(wang)(wang)，封官拜爵，以其弟慕(mu)(mu)容德為(wei)(wei)車騎大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，封范陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)；其侄(zhi)慕(mu)(mu)容楷為(wei)(wei)征西(xi)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，封太原王(wang)(wang)；翟(zhai)斌為(wei)(wei)建義大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，封河(he)南王(wang)(wang)；余(yu)(yu)蔚(yu)為(wei)(wei)征東(dong)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，統府左司(si)馬(ma)，封扶余(yu)(yu)王(wang)(wang)；衛駒為(wei)(wei)鷹揚將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)容鳳為(wei)(wei)建策將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)。親率20余(yu)(yu)萬軍(jun)隊(dui)，從石門（今河(he)南滎(ying)(ying)陽(yang)石門）渡黃河(he)，長驅攻前秦(qin)鄴城。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農到河北列(lie)人(ren)后，召集鮮卑、烏(wu)桓等(deng)部眾，舉兵(bing)(bing)(bing)反(fan)叛。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農號令(ling)嚴(yan)整，沿途招兵(bing)(bing)(bing)買馬，攻城(cheng)掠地，兵(bing)(bing)(bing)至數萬。苻(fu)丕(pi)派石(shi)越(yue)(yue)(yue)率(lv)步騎兵(bing)(bing)(bing)萬余(yu)討伐慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農，石(shi)越(yue)(yue)(yue)率(lv)軍(jun)到達列(lie)人(ren)西(xi)面，被燕(yan)將趙(zhao)秋(qiu)及參軍(jun)綦母滕擊(ji)敗(bai)，石(shi)越(yue)(yue)(yue)設圍自守。諸(zhu)將勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農乘(cheng)勝快速進(jin)擊(ji)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農認為秦(qin)軍(jun)裝備精良，如果白(bai)天(tian)與之交戰，燕(yan)軍(jun)易生懼，不(bu)如待(dai)天(tian)黑(hei)以后進(jin)攻，遂命令(ling)部隊嚴(yan)陣以待(dai)。待(dai)到天(tian)黑(hei)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農率(lv)軍(jun)在城(cheng)西(xi)列(lie)陣，先派400名壯士(shi)突破敵(di)陣，大軍(jun)隨后沖擊(ji)，秦(qin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)大敗(bai)，石(shi)越(yue)(yue)(yue)被斬，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農將其首(shou)級送給慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂。石(shi)越(yue)(yue)(yue)與毛當都是(shi)前(qian)秦(qin)驍將，所以苻(fu)堅派二(er)人(ren)幫助二(er)子鎮守要地，如今相繼(ji)被殺(sha)，前(qian)秦(qin)上下人(ren)心(xin)浮動。

康臺略馬

后燕燕元(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)年（東晉孝武帝太元(yuan)(yuan)九年，384年）正月，前秦大將(jiang)慕容垂叛秦復燕。遣三子慕容農(nong)在康(kang)臺澤（今邱縣邱城東南五里）略取前秦牧馬數千匹。自此步騎云集，奠定(ding)后燕立國基礎(chu)。

中興后燕

不久(jiu)，慕(mu)容垂(chui)到達鄴城附近，改前(qian)秦建元二(er)十年為燕元年。以(yi)前(qian)岷山公庫傉官偉為左(zuo)長(chang)史，前(qian)尚(shang)書段崇為右長(chang)史，滎陽(yang)鄭豁(huo)等為從事(shi)中郎，并(bing)立慕(mu)容寶(bao)為太(tai)子。慕(mu)容農也(ye)率軍與之會合。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂遂招集前燕舊將(jiang)與各(ge)路大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)會攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂指揮(hui)大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)城，克外城。苻(fu)丕退守(shou)中城。二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂又率領包(bao)括丁零(ling)、烏桓(huan)等(deng)各(ge)少數民(min)族部眾共20多(duo)(duo)萬人(ren)(ren)用云梯、挖(wa)地道攻(gong)城，均未(wei)攻(gong)下(xia)。遂修筑(zhu)長圍，與秦軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相持，并把老弱轉(zhuan)移到(dao)肥鄉（今河(he)(he)北(bei)肥鄉西南），又修筑(zhu)新興城，用來(lai)放置(zhi)輜(zi)重(zhong)。四月，燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)久攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城不(bu)下(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂召集群臣商議對策，右司馬封衡建(jian)議引漳水灌城，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂贊同(tong)。時(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂打(da)獵，于(yu)(yu)華(hua)林園飲酒，前秦知道后，派兵偷(tou)襲，矢下(xia)如(ru)雨，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂幾乎不(bu)得而(er)出(chu)，多(duo)(duo)虧冠軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)率騎兵打(da)退秦軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂才得以(yi)(yi)幸免。七月，翟斌(bin)恃功驕縱，索求無厭。時(shi)(shi)鄴(ye)(ye)城久功不(bu)下(xia)，翟斌(bin)漸有(you)(you)叛(pan)心。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶請(qing)求將(jiang)其(qi)殺掉(diao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂說：“河(he)(he)南之(zhi)盟，不(bu)可(ke)負也。若其(qi)為(wei)(wei)難，罪由于(yu)(yu)斌(bin)。今事未(wei)有(you)(you)形而(er)殺之(zhi)，人(ren)(ren)必謂我忌憚(dan)其(qi)功能；吾方收(shou)攬豪杰(jie)以(yi)(yi)隆(long)大業，不(bu)可(ke)示人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)狹(xia)，失天下(xia)之(zhi)望(wang)也。藉彼有(you)(you)謀，吾以(yi)(yi)智防之(zhi)，無能為(wei)(wei)也。”范陽王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)、陳留王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、驃騎大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)都說：“翟斌(bin)兄弟恃功而(er)驕，必為(wei)(wei)國患。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂說：“驕則(ze)速敗(bai)，焉能為(wei)(wei)患？彼有(you)(you)大功，當聽其(qi)自斃耳。”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百五》）對其(qi)禮(li)遇更重(zhong)。

翟斌還想當尚書令，慕容垂說：“翟王之功，宜居上輔；但臺既未建，此(ci)官(guan)不(bu)(bu)可遽置(zhi)耳。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百五》）翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)大(da)怒(nu)，遂反，暗(an)中(zhong)與鄴(ye)城內(nei)苻(fu)丕(pi)聯絡(luo)，又派丁(ding)零兵(bing)決堤(di)放水，解除鄴(ye)城被淹的危險(xian)。事泄，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)殺(sha)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)兄弟，余者皆免。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)侄翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)乘夜逃往邯鄲(dan)（今屬(shu)河北(bei)）。太原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)和陳(chen)留王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“丁(ding)零非(fei)有(you)大(da)志，但寵過為亂(luan)耳。今急(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)則屯聚為寇，緩之(zhi)(zhi)則自(zi)散。散而擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)，無不(bu)(bu)克矣(yi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)從之(zhi)(zhi)。八月(yue)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)率部(bu)從邯鄲(dan)逃走。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)派太原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)和驃騎大(da)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農率騎兵(bing)追擊(ji)。追至下邑(yi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)見敵陣不(bu)(bu)整，欲出戰，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農認為，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)營陣只見老弱，不(bu)(bu)見壯士，必有(you)埋伏，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)不(bu)(bu)納，下令(ling)攻(gong)擊(ji)，燕軍(jun)大(da)敗。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)繼續北(bei)進，直趨(qu)中(zhong)山（今河北(bei)定州(zhou)）。后翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)為其司馬鮮于乞所殺(sha)。

時前(qian)秦鄴城(cheng)守(shou)軍長(chang)期被圍(wei)，糧草漸盡。慕容(rong)垂認為(wei)：“苻丕窮寇(kou)，必守(shou)死(si)不降。丁零叛擾，乃我腹心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)患。吾欲遷(qian)師(shi)新城(cheng)，開(kai)其逸路(lu)，進(jin)以(yi)謝(xie)秦主疇昔之(zhi)(zhi)恩，退以(yi)嚴擊(ji)真之(zhi)(zhi)備。”（《晉書·慕容(rong)垂載記》）燕軍遂解圍(wei)退至新興城(cheng)，另派慕容(rong)農到清河(he)、平原一帶征收租賦，得到大(da)批(pi)軍用物資。

十二月，前燕(yan)帝慕(mu)(mu)容暐欲殺苻堅，事泄被(bei)殺。群僚(liao)聞后，勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)容垂稱帝，慕(mu)(mu)容垂以“慕(mu)(mu)容沖稱號關中”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容垂載(zai)記》）為(wei)由，未許。

苻丕(pi)仍然(ran)保據鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，沒有(you)離開之(zhi)(zhi)意。慕(mu)容垂復率(lv)兵包圍鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，只留出苻丕(pi)西走之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)。苻丕(pi)勢窮糧竭，急忙向東(dong)晉謝玄求援。謝玄派(pai)劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)、滕恬之(zhi)(zhi)等率(lv)領2萬人馬(ma)救(jiu)援鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，并從水陸運米(mi)2000斛(hu)接濟苻丕(pi)。

太元十(shi)年(nian)（385年(nian)）二月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)之進至(zhi)(zhi)枋頭（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)南浚(jun)縣西(xi)(xi)(xi)南）。苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)發覺部將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)楊膺、姜讓曾上(shang)表晉(jin)(jin)廷，許諾若(ruo)晉(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)來援，當稱臣于(yu)(yu)晉(jin)(jin)，遂殺(sha)(sha)(sha)膺、讓。劉(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)之獲(huo)悉，徘徊不進。三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，燕軍(jun)(jun)攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)去冀(ji)州(zhou)，命令(ling)(ling)撫軍(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)屯(tun)(tun)駐(zhu)信(xin)都(dou)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)冀(ji)縣），樂(le)(le)浪王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫(wen)屯(tun)(tun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)定州(zhou)），召驃騎(qi)(qi)大將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農回(hui)(hui)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫(wen)派(pai)遣(qian)萬(wan)余(yu)名(ming)士兵(bing)(bing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)軍(jun)(jun)遠送(song)軍(jun)(jun)糧，并在(zai)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)營(ying)造宮室(shi)。就(jiu)在(zai)同(tong)月(yue)(yue)(yue)劉(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)之進攻(gong)駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)孫就(jiu)柵（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)南浚(jun)縣境內(nei)）的后(hou)燕黎(li)陽(yang)(yang)太守(shou)(shou)劉(liu)撫，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)親自率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)救援。苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)聞后(hou)，乘機(ji)偷襲，但被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農擊(ji)敗(bai)。劉(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)之進軍(jun)(jun)交戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，也被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)擊(ji)退，于(yu)(yu)是退屯(tun)(tun)黎(li)陽(yang)(yang)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)南浚(jun)縣東北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)之于(yu)(yu)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擊(ji)敗(bai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)退至(zhi)(zhi)新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。不久，又從新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)退。劉(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)之不予苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)打招呼(hu)，便率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)追擊(ji)，苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)得(de)(de)知此事(shi)，也發兵(bing)(bing)跟進。時(shi)軍(jun)(jun)情緊急(ji)(ji)，燕軍(jun)(jun)連(lian)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不勝，士氣低落，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“秦(qin)、晉(jin)(jin)瓦合(he)，相待為(wei)(wei)(wei)強。一勝則俱豪(hao)，一失則俱潰(kui)，非同(tong)心也。今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兩軍(jun)(jun)相繼，勢既未合(he)，宜急(ji)(ji)擊(ji)之。”劉(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)之急(ji)(ji)行軍(jun)(jun)200里，在(zai)五橋澤（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)廣宗北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）急(ji)(ji)奪后(hou)燕戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)備(bei)物資時(shi)，被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)打得(de)(de)大敗(bai)，死(si)(si)數千(qian)人(ren)。劉(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)之單騎(qi)(qi)逃走，適逢苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)援軍(jun)(jun)來救，得(de)(de)以(yi)入(ru)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，收集(ji)散兵(bing)(bing)，軍(jun)(jun)勢稍振，旋被召回(hui)(hui)。時(shi)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)守(shou)(shou)軍(jun)(jun)糧盡，無力堅(jian)持(chi)。苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)眾(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)出尋(xun)找糧食。燕、秦(qin)兩軍(jun)(jun)相持(chi)經年(nian)，幽、冀(ji)兩州(zhou)發生饑荒(huang)，燕軍(jun)(jun)多有餓死(si)(si)者，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了以(yi)桑椹(shen)充軍(jun)(jun)糧，于(yu)(yu)是下令(ling)(ling)禁止農民養蠶。丁(ding)零翟真被鮮(xian)于(yu)(yu)乞所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)后(hou)，丁(ding)零人(ren)又殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鮮(xian)于(yu)(yu)乞并立(li)翟真的堂(tang)弟翟成為(wei)(wei)(wei)首(shou)領。五月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)常山(shan)(shan)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)翟成圍于(yu)(yu)行唐。并命帶方王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐鎮(zhen)守(shou)(shou)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)寧(ning)朝(chao)陽(yang)(yang)）。六月(yue)(yue)(yue)，高句麗(li)進攻(gong)遼(liao)東（郡治(zhi)遼(liao)陽(yang)(yang)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐派(pai)司(si)馬(ma)郝景率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)救援，被高句麗(li)打敗(bai)。高句麗(li)乘勝追擊(ji)，連(lian)克遼(liao)東、玄菟（郡治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)沈陽(yang)(yang)東）。七月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)返回(hui)(hui)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。時(shi)余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)叛燕，自武(wu)邑（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)攻(gong)幽州(zhou)（治(zhi)薊(ji)，今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京西(xi)(xi)(xi)南）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)派(pai)人(ren)至(zhi)(zhi)幽州(zhou)告訴守(shou)(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)平規：“但固守(shou)(shou)勿戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，比破丁(ding)零，吾(wu)當自討(tao)之。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記(ji)》）平規未聽，出戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，果為(wei)(wei)(wei)余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)所(suo)敗(bai)。余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)入(ru)薊(ji)，掠千(qian)余(yu)戶而(er)去，遂占據(ju)令(ling)(ling)支(zhi)(zhi)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)遷(qian)安西(xi)(xi)(xi)）。不久，翟成長(chang)史鮮(xian)于(yu)(yu)得(de)(de)斬成出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)屠行唐，盡坑翟成部眾(zhong)。八月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)姚萇所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)。苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)領城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)男女共6萬(wan)余(yu)人(ren)撤出，西(xi)(xi)(xi)赴潞川(chuan)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)濁(zhuo)漳(zhang)河(he)(he)），苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)聞苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)死(si)(si)，遂即(ji)皇帝(di)位。燕軍(jun)(jun)也乘機(ji)入(ru)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)魯王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和為(wei)(wei)(wei)南中(zhong)郎將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，鎮(zhen)守(shou)(shou)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，后(hou)燕攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)結束。并慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農率(lv)眾(zhong)穿(chuan)過蠮螉塞（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)居庸關）北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)，經凡(fan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)平泉南），直(zhi)搗龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)寧(ning)朝(chao)陽(yang)(yang)），討(tao)伐余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。十(shi)一月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農至(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，就(jiu)地休(xiu)整，十(shi)余(yu)日后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農率(lv)步騎(qi)(qi)3萬(wan)至(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)支(zhi)(zhi)，余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)眾(zhong)震駭，不少人(ren)相繼逾(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降，余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)計(ji)窮(qiong)而(er)降，為(wei)(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)。隨(sui)即(ji)率(lv)步騎(qi)(qi)3萬(wan)反擊(ji)高句麗(li)，大敗(bai)之，收復遼(liao)東和玄菟二郡。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農為(wei)(wei)(wei)使(shi)持(chi)節、都(dou)督幽、平二州(zhou)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)狄諸(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)事(shi)、幽州(zhou)牧(mu)，鎮(zhen)守(shou)(shou)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)，對諸(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)曰(yue)：“樂(le)(le)浪王招流散，實倉廩，外給軍(jun)(jun)糧，內(nei)營(ying)宮室(shi)，雖(sui)蕭何何以(yi)加之！”不久，定都(dou)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)。

太(tai)元十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)（386年(nian)）正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)自(zi)立為(wei)帝，改元建興，史(shi)稱后(hou)燕(yan)（？）。“立寶為(wei)太(tai)子(zi)。以(yi)(yi)其左長史(shi)庫辱官(guan)偉、右長史(shi)段(duan)崇、龍(long)驤張崇，中(zhong)(zhong)山尹封衡為(wei)吏部(bu)尚書(shu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德為(wei)侍中(zhong)(zhong)、都督中(zhong)(zhong)外諸軍事、領(ling)司隸校尉(wei)，撫軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)衛(wei)大將軍，其余拜授(shou)有(you)差(cha)。追(zhui)尊(zun)母蘭(lan)氏(shi)為(wei)文昭皇后(hou)，遷(qian)皝后(hou)段(duan)氏(shi)，以(yi)(yi)蘭(lan)氏(shi)配饗(xiang)。博士劉詳、董謐議以(yi)(yi)堯母妃位第三，不以(yi)(yi)貴陵(ling)姜嫄，明圣王(wang)之(zhi)道以(yi)(yi)至公為(wei)先(xian)。垂(chui)(chui)不從。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）六月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遣太(tai)原王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟、陳(chen)留王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹(shao)、章武王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)宙(zhou)等(deng)(deng)攻秦(qin)苻(fu)定(ding)、苻(fu)紹(shao)、苻(fu)謨(mo)、苻(fu)亮(liang)等(deng)(deng)部(bu)；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷先(xian)先(xian)寫(xie)信給眾人(ren)，陳(chen)述利害(hai)，苻(fu)定(ding)等(deng)(deng)遂降。八月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留太(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶守中(zhong)(zhong)山，以(yi)(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)尚書(shu)右仆(pu)射，錄留臺。自(zi)己(ji)率(lv)領(ling)范(fan)陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德等(deng)(deng)向南(nan)略取土地。十(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)，后(hou)燕(yan)宦官(guan)吳深在清河（郡(jun)治(zhi)清陽，今屬河北）反(fan)叛后(hou)燕(yan)，后(hou)燕(yan)主慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)發(fa)兵(bing)攻打，不克。十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)攻吳深壘，拔之(zhi)，吳深單騎(qi)而逃。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)進屯聊城之(zhi)逢關陂。

太元十(shi)二年（387年）正月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)舉行閱兵式。高陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆(long)向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)建(jian)議：“溫(wen)(wen)(wen)詳之(zhi)徒，皆白面(mian)儒生，烏合為(wei)(wei)群，徒恃(shi)長河以(yi)自固，若(ruo)大(da)軍(jun)(jun)濟河，必望旗震壞，不待(dai)戰也。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)從之(zhi)。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)詳原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)燕臣(chen)，后降于東(dong)晉(jin)，晉(jin)任為(wei)(wei)濟北(bei)(bei)太守，屯(tun)東(dong)阿（今(jin)(jin)山東(dong)陽谷東(dong)北(bei)(bei)阿城(cheng)鎮）。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)命鎮北(bei)(bei)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)蘭汗和護軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)平(ping)(ping)幼率軍(jun)(jun)進(jin)攻溫(wen)(wen)(wen)詳。后燕軍(jun)(jun)于碻磝（古(gu)津渡，今(jin)(jin)山東(dong)茌(chi)平(ping)(ping)西(xi)南(nan)古(gu)黃河南(nan)岸(an)(an)）西(xi)40里處(chu)渡過黃河，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆(long)率大(da)軍(jun)(jun)于北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)列陣(zhen)以(yi)待(dai)。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)詳部將(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)攀(pan)、溫(wen)(wen)(wen)楷見之(zhi)即逃往(wang)東(dong)阿，平(ping)(ping)幼部追擊，大(da)破之(zhi)。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)詳攜家人夜逃彭城(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)江蘇徐州），其部眾3萬(wan)余戶向(xiang)后燕軍(jun)(jun)投降。此后，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)以(yi)太原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷為(wei)(wei)兗州刺史(shi)，鎮守東(dong)阿，以(yi)加強該(gai)地統治。

太(tai)(tai)元十(shi)三年(nian)（388年(nian)）二(er)(er)月(yue)，丁零(ling)翟真之子翟遼(liao)遣(qian)司馬眭瓊向后燕謝罪，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)認為(wei)其反復(fu)無常(chang)，斬司馬眭瓊。翟遼(liao)索性自(zi)稱(cheng)魏天王(wang)，改元建(jian)光(guang)，并置百官。三月(yue)，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)以太(tai)(tai)子慕容(rong)(rong)寶錄(lu)尚書(shu)事，政事都讓其處理，自(zi)己則總大(da)(da)綱而已。四月(yue)，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)立(li)夫人(ren)段氏(shi)為(wei)皇(huang)后，以太(tai)(tai)子慕容(rong)(rong)寶領(ling)大(da)(da)單于(yu)。追謚前妃段氏(shi)為(wei)成昭皇(huang)后。八月(yue)，燕護軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)平幼(you)與(yu)章武王(wang)慕容(rong)(rong)宙共(gong)同發(fa)兵攻打吳深(shen)，吳深(shen)敗(bai)走。九月(yue)，張(zhang)申攻廣平（今河北(bei)雞澤東南(nan)(nan)）、王(wang)祖攻樂(le)陵(ling)（今山(shan)(shan)東樂(le)陵(ling)南(nan)(nan)），燕高陽王(wang)慕容(rong)(rong)隆(long)發(fa)兵攻討。至(zhi)十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)，太(tai)(tai)原王(wang)慕容(rong)(rong)楷、趙(zhao)王(wang)慕容(rong)(rong)麟與(yu)慕容(rong)(rong)隆(long)三路大(da)(da)軍(jun)(jun)會師(shi)于(yu)合口(kou)（今河北(bei)滄州市西南(nan)(nan)），攻張(zhang)申。王(wang)祖為(wei)救援夜襲燕軍(jun)(jun)，遭燕軍(jun)(jun)反擊大(da)(da)敗(bai)而逃。慕容(rong)(rong)楷和慕容(rong)(rong)麟繼續圍攻張(zhang)申，慕容(rong)(rong)隆(long)與(yu)部將(jiang)平幼(you)兵分兩路乘夜追擊，及至(zhi)天明，后燕軍(jun)(jun)大(da)(da)獲全勝，將(jiang)所斬首級(ji)懸掛于(yu)張(zhang)申陣前。張(zhang)申見大(da)(da)勢已去，遂(sui)繳械投降，王(wang)祖亦歸降。次年(nian)五月(yue)，清河民孔金斬吳深(shen)，將(jiang)其首級(ji)送中山(shan)(shan)（今河北(bei)定州）。

太元(yuan)十四年（389年）正月，慕(mu)(mu)容垂召慕(mu)(mu)容農為侍中、司隸校(xiao)尉(wei)。以(yi)高(gao)陽(yang)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容隆為都督(du)幽(you)(you)、平二(er)州諸(zhu)軍(jun)事、征(zheng)北大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)、幽(you)(you)州牧，建留(liu)臺于龍城，以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容隆錄留(liu)臺尚書事。又以(yi)護軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)平幼(you)為征(zheng)北長史，散騎常侍封孚為司馬(ma)，并兼留(liu)臺尚書。

鮮卑賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)部(bu)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)、賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)兄弟為爭奪本部(bu)統治權而發生內(nei)亂(luan)，而后燕(yan)及(ji)鐵弗劉衛(wei)辰(chen)也極(ji)力與(yu)魏(wei)爭奪對(dui)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)部(bu)的(de)控制(zhi)權。太元十(shi)五年（390年），劉衛(wei)辰(chen)派軍(jun)(jun)攻(gong)(gong)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)部(bu)，拓跋珪出兵(bing)擊退之，遷(qian)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)部(bu)眾于(yu)魏(wei)之東(dong)境，與(yu)后燕(yan)毗鄰。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)乘(cheng)機對(dui)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)軟(ruan)硬(ying)兼施(shi)，誘逼其(qi)(qi)(qi)叛魏(wei)降(jiang)(jiang)燕(yan)，封為歸(gui)善王。賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)聞訊，頗嫉其(qi)(qi)(qi)兄賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)飛(fei)黃(huang)騰達，謀(mou)攻(gong)(gong)殺而代之。太元十(shi)六(liu)年（391年）正月，賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)與(yu)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)舉兵(bing)相攻(gong)(gong)。拓跋珪請后燕(yan)討伐之。四月，后燕(yan)鎮北(bei)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)汗率兵(bing)大破賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)于(yu)牛都（其(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)在牛川(chuan)，放牧聚會謂之都）。六(liu)月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遣趙王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟率軍(jun)(jun)擊賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)，生擒賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)于(yu)赤城（今內(nei)蒙古(gu)托克托縣東(dong)南黃(huang)河西岸），降(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾數萬。后燕(yan)主慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)命釋放賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)，并還其(qi)(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾于(yu)原地(di)，而徙賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾于(yu)中山（今河北(bei)定州(zhou)），企圖完全控制(zhi)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)部(bu)，并用以牽制(zhi)北(bei)魏(wei)。

傲視關東

前秦被消滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，慕容(rong)垂(chui)已經(jing)將(jiang)關(guan)東(dong)七(qi)州緊緊地握于(yu)手中。按理說，和(he)胡(hu)戎(rong)眾生的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)中隴西地區比起來，關(guan)東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形勢應該(gai)要簡明(ming)很(hen)多。但(dan)由于(yu)西燕慕容(rong)永(yong)這慕容(rong)家旁支的(de)(de)(de)(de)徙(xi)入，加上在河南(nan)一(yi)帶不停叛(pan)亂的(de)(de)(de)(de)丁零翟氏、悄然崛起的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮(xian)卑別部拓跋氏，慕容(rong)垂(chui)統(tong)一(yi)關(guan)東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)步(bu)伐邁得并不輕松。

后(hou)燕建(jian)興(xing)元年（386年）八月，慕容垂(chui)在剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)稱(cheng)帝(di)不(bu)久便親(qin)自率軍(jun)南下，其前鋒直指青(qing)、兗(yan)、徐等在淝水之(zhi)戰后(hou)剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)被東晉收復(fu)的(de)州郡。這些地(di)(di)方可(ke)以說是南北對峙時期的(de)緩沖(chong)地(di)(di)帶，后(hou)燕大(da)軍(jun)一到，紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)投(tou)降(jiang)。慕容垂(chui)重新將(jiang)勢力(li)推進至淮北。

后燕的北方這時出(chu)了亂(luan)子(zi)。劉顯跟拓跋珪(gui)翻(fan)了臉(lian)，想方設(she)法要(yao)消滅拓跋珪(gui)的力量。為了籠絡人心(xin)，他(ta)派弟(di)弟(di)劉亢(kang)埿把什翼犍小兒子(zi)拓跋窟(ku)咄迎接來。

慕容(rong)麟(lin)很有心計（慕容(rong)麟(lin)很會耍小聰明，即使曾(ceng)經在(zai)慕容(rong)垂出逃時出賣過(guo)父(fu)兄(xiong)，也(ye)(ye)沒有失去慕容(rong)垂對他(ta)的(de)喜愛，后(hou)燕的(de)新都中山(shan)就是(shi)由他(ta)統軍(jun)攻下(xia)來的(de)。慕容(rong)垂建立后(hou)燕后(hou)常常把(ba)帶兵打仗(zhang)的(de)重(zhong)任交給他(ta)），他(ta)讓安(an)同趕(gan)緊跑到(dao)拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)那(nei)(nei)里報告(gao)燕軍(jun)的(de)消息。北(bei)魏的(de)將士們得知援(yuan)軍(jun)將至，果然恢(hui)復了不少士氣，抵擋住了拓(tuo)跋窟咄(duo)的(de)進逼。慕容(rong)麟(lin)與拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)會合，一仗(zhang)就把(ba)拓(tuo)跋窟咄(duo)殺得大敗，拓(tuo)跋窟咄(duo)逃到(dao)鐵(tie)弗劉衛辰那(nei)(nei)里，劉衛辰豈會忘(wang)記當初(chu)兩部之仇，也(ye)(ye)不顧他(ta)與拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)為(wei)敵，將拓(tuo)跋窟咄(duo)殺死了。

拓跋(ba)珪在(zai)這一仗(zhang)中感受到了(le)(le)燕(yan)軍的厲害。一年之后，他乘著劉顯部(bu)兄弟相爭，再次向慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)借兵，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)又讓慕(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)(lin)出(chu)兵相助(zhu)。劉顯把(ba)劉衛辰上貢后燕(yan)的馬(ma)匹給(gei)搶了(le)(le)下來，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)對此大怒，派(pai)侄子太原王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容楷(kai)增援(yuan)慕(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)(lin)。楷(kai)、麟(lin)(lin)與拓跋(ba)珪會戰(zhan)劉顯，大獲全勝(sheng)，劉顯逃到西燕(yan)。后燕(yan)奪得了(le)(le)劉顯的部(bu)眾和牲畜，拓跋(ba)珪則基本收復了(le)(le)什(shen)翼犍時期的代國地盤。

慕(mu)容垂接(jie)下來花了(le)五年時間(jian)經(jing)營(ying)自己(ji)的北(bei)方(fang)領(ling)土(tu)，這期間(jian)他消滅河北(bei)一帶(dai)的叛軍，收復(fu)清(qing)河、渤海等地(di)，征服(fu)了(le)北(bei)方(fang)比(bi)較強(qiang)大的賀蘭部(bu)，加上這之前慕(mu)容農已經(jing)率軍擊敗高句(ju)麗(li)，占據(ju)遼東(dong)，后燕鞏固了(le)自身(shen)統治，成為北(bei)方(fang)強(qiang)國。

攻滅翟魏

轉眼(yan)到(dao)了建興七年（392年），他(ta)也(ye)年近古稀。鑒于河(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)一帶丁零翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)氏的(de)(de)朝三(san)暮四、一再叛獨(du)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)親自帶兵征討丁零翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)（翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)魏(wei)天王翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)遼之(zhi)子）。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永(yong)求援，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永(yong)聽從尚書郎鮑(bao)遵的(de)(de)話(hua)，坐山(shan)觀虎斗，未曾向翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)發(fa)兵相(xiang)救。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)先把(ba)營(ying)寨遷到(dao)黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)上游四十里處(chu)的(de)(de)西津，造了數(shu)百艘(sou)牛皮船(chuan)，載上一些兵士車仗，開始渡(du)河(he)(he)(he)(he)。丁零翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)在(zai)下游聽說這(zhe)一消息(xi)，果然帶了軍(jun)隊前往西津抵抗(kang)。這(zhe)時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)才派留在(zai)黎陽(yang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鎮的(de)(de)軍(jun)隊連夜渡(du)過(guo)黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)，在(zai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)扎(zha)營(ying)。第二(er)天早上，后燕(yan)的(de)(de)軍(jun)隊已經在(zai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)駐了不少人的(de)(de)大(da)營(ying)了。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)得知此事又趕到(dao)下游打慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鎮，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鎮堅(jian)守一段時間后，上游的(de)(de)后燕(yan)大(da)軍(jun)也(ye)已乘機渡(du)過(guo)了黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)，燕(yan)軍(jun)兩路夾擊，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)全軍(jun)潰敗而走(zou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)率軍(jun)追擊，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)只身(shen)逃到(dao)西燕(yan)，后又被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永(yong)殺死。

消滅西燕

建(jian)興八(ba)年(nian)（393年(nian)），慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)開始籌備攻打西燕。后(hou)(hou)燕將(jiang)領又顯得顧慮(lv)重重，認為后(hou)(hou)燕士兵連年(nian)征討，十分疲憊，有待休整。只有范陽王慕容(rong)(rong)德(de)同(tong)意伐西燕。慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)很高興地說：“吾計決矣(yi)。且吾投(tou)老，扣囊底智，足(zu)以克之，不復(fu)留逆賊以累(lei)子孫也！”以確立后(hou)(hou)燕的正統性與后(hou)(hou)世安定。

建興九年（394年），慕容垂大軍在鄴城西南集結，卻一個多月不向西(xi)(xi)燕境內(nei)進發。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永開始疑(yi)(yi)神疑(yi)(yi)鬼，懷疑(yi)(yi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)會(hui)從(cong)太(tai)行(xing)山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)道(dao)突入(ru)其境，趕緊分兵去封鎖太(tai)行(xing)山(shan)(shan)口，在正面防御點臺壁只留(liu)下一(yi)(yi)支軍(jun)隊(dui)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)等見(jian)此情景，遣部從(cong)臺壁進攻，兩(liang)軍(jun)一(yi)(yi)交手，西(xi)(xi)燕潰敗(bai)，臺壁遭圍(wei)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永只得又(you)從(cong)太(tai)行(xing)山(shan)(shan)召回守軍(jun)五萬(wan)多(duo)人，然(ran)而刁云(yun)、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)鐘軍(jun)無(wu)斗志，投降(jiang)了(le)后燕。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)在臺壁以南擺下陣勢(shi)，與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永會(hui)戰，事先還安排了(le)驍騎(qi)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)國的(de)精銳騎(qi)兵做(zuo)埋伏。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)假裝敗(bai)退，將(jiang)西(xi)(xi)燕軍(jun)引入(ru)包圍(wei)圈(quan)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)國從(cong)其背后殺出，一(yi)(yi)場(chang)大戰，西(xi)(xi)燕軍(jun)光(guang)被斬首(shou)的(de)人數就達(da)八千，重鎮晉陽也跟著丟(diu)失。?

慕容(rong)永(yong)退(tui)守國(guo)都長子，向東晉和(he)北魏(wei)求救。兩方的(de)(de)援軍尚未趕到，西燕(yan)(yan)別部的(de)(de)大(da)逸豆歸手(shou)下的(de)(de)將領便(bian)打(da)開城門(men)迎入慕容(rong)垂。慕容(rong)垂將慕容(rong)永(yong)和(he)西燕(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)公(gong)卿大(da)臣悉數斬首，西燕(yan)(yan)滅亡。

燕魏交兵

主詞目：參合陂之戰(zhan)

后(hou)燕在滅翟魏(wei)吞西(xi)燕后(hou)，慕(mu)容垂建(jian)立的后(hou)燕也(ye)隨之(zhi)轉盛(sheng)而衰。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)在南(nan)征北(bei)戰的(de)過程中留下了一內(nei)一外(wai)兩(liang)大隱(yin)患(huan)。其(qi)內(nei)部的(de)隱(yin)患(huan)，便是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)家好內(nei)斗。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鮮卑在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)及(ji)其(qi)子侄這兩(liang)代可(ke)謂人(ren)才濟(ji)濟(ji)，如(ru)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)異(yi)母弟范陽(yang)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，兒子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、趙王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟、遼(liao)西(xi)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)、高陽(yang)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，侄子太(tai)原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、陳留王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹。這些人(ren)在后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)平定北(bei)方(fang)時各自(zi)叱咤一方(fang)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)土(tu)占據著半個北(bei)中國(guo)，其(qi)東北(bei)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)，東南(nan)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，西(xi)北(bei)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟，又慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷分別居于東、南(nan)、西(xi)，中央需要較大的(de)向心力。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)年紀已(yi)大，把(ba)國(guo)事大事交給太(tai)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶才大智粗(cu)，不堪其(qi)任。后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)外(wai)部的(de)隱(yin)患(huan)源(yuan)自(zi)與北(bei)魏的(de)外(wai)交。后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)消滅丁(ding)零翟氏(shi)(shi)的(de)前一年，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為了平定北(bei)方(fang)，再次出兵(bing)幫助了臣(chen)服于后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)的(de)拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪。拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪憑借后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)的(de)援兵(bing)，與劉(liu)衛(wei)(wei)辰(chen)展(zhan)開決(jue)戰，一舉將其(qi)擊潰，并(bing)乘(cheng)勝占據了鐵弗部的(de)領(ling)地。劉(liu)衛(wei)(wei)辰(chen)在亂軍(jun)中被殺，五千多劉(liu)氏(shi)(shi)宗族被拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪全部斬首，扔進黃河。

拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)驅(qu)走(zou)鐵弗，掠(lve)奪百萬計的(de)(de)牛羊馬，勢(shi)力(li)大增(zeng)，逐漸(jian)萌生問(wen)鼎中原的(de)(de)野(ye)心。388年八月，拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)專門派(pai)自(zi)己的(de)(de)堂兄拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)前往中山(shan)探聽虛實。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)接見(jian)了(le)拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)，詰(jie)問(wen)他：“魏王(wang)怎么(me)不自(zi)己來(lai)(lai)(lai)？”拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)答道(dao)：“我們(men)拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)氏自(zi)先(xian)人以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)，居住在北方，現今仍是如(ru)此。當年先(xian)王(wang)拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)猗(yi)盧被(bei)晉朝(chao)皇帝封為代王(wang)，與你們(men)的(de)(de)祖先(xian)共事一(yi)朝(chao)，彼此都是兄弟。如(ru)今我奉命出使，并(bing)無失(shi)禮(li)(li)之處。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)又問(wen)：“朕兵強馬壯(zhuang)，威加四海(hai)，你們(men)主公竟敢不來(lai)(lai)(lai)見(jian)朕，怎么(me)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)說沒有(you)失(shi)禮(li)(li)之處呢？”拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)搖頭道(dao)：“燕國如(ru)若不修(xiu)文德，以(yi)(yi)(yi)為靠著強大的(de)(de)軍力(li)就(jiu)能夠稱霸天下的(de)(de)話，那就(jiu)得問(wen)問(wen)我國的(de)(de)將帥，輪不到我這(zhe)個使臣來(lai)(lai)(lai)說話了(le)。”拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)一(yi)席(xi)話說得有(you)理有(you)節，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)就(jiu)放(fang)了(le)他。拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)回來(lai)(lai)(lai)對拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)說：“燕國皇帝年老(lao)，太子暗弱，范(fan)陽王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德又很(hen)自(zi)負，恐(kong)怕不會安心做少主的(de)(de)臣子。只要慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)一(yi)死，燕國必(bi)有(you)內(nei)亂(luan)，到時(shi)候天下自(zi)然是我們(men)的(de)(de)，現今還不是動(dong)手的(de)(de)時(shi)候。”拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)很(hen)是高(gao)興，便暗中積(ji)蓄力(li)量(liang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)待天時(shi)。

事件導火線始于慕容子弟強行扣(kou)留(liu)拓跋(ba)(ba)觚。建(jian)興七年(nian)（391）七月，拓跋(ba)(ba)觚出使(shi)燕(yan)國，當時慕容垂年(nian)已衰(shuai)老，慕容氏(shi)子弟主(zhu)持著一些政務，為了要求北魏(wei)進獻良馬(ma)，強行扣(kou)留(liu)了拓跋(ba)(ba)觚。拓跋(ba)(ba)珪不(bu)給(gei)，與后(hou)燕(yan)斷絕了外(wai)交(jiao)。

兩年后，后燕(yan)軍(jun)攻打(da)西燕(yan)，拓跋珪不念燕(yan)、魏(wei)從(cong)前同盟多(duo)年，積(ji)極出兵援助慕容永，此事(shi)令慕容垂很惱火。

滅西(xi)燕后(hou)，慕容(rong)垂本已身染重病，不(bu)想用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)，但在慕容(rong)寶等(deng)人(ren)(ren)的(de)慫(song)恿下，于建興十年（395）五月派(pai)慕容(rong)寶、慕容(rong)農、慕容(rong)麟率領大軍八萬伐魏，又讓慕容(rong)德、慕容(rong)紹另率步騎兵(bing)(bing)一萬八千人(ren)(ren)做后(hou)繼。散騎常侍高湖苦諫，惹得慕容(rong)垂大怒(nu)，免了(le)他的(de)官(guan)。

慕容寶的(de)軍隊開到(dao)(dao)(dao)五(wu)原（今內蒙古包(bao)頭西北）的(de)黃河(he)北岸，南(nan)岸的(de)拓跋珪先(xian)派人在中山(shan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)五(wu)原的(de)路上截獲后(hou)燕傳(chuan)送(song)消(xiao)息(xi)的(de)使者，使得(de)連(lian)續幾(ji)個月慕容垂的(de)消(xiao)息(xi)都無法傳(chuan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)后(hou)燕大軍營(ying)中。拓跋珪又拉上抓來的(de)后(hou)燕使者到(dao)(dao)(dao)黃河(he)岸邊喊話：“你(ni)老爹已(yi)死，還不早早回去！”慕容寶等人此時又擔(dan)心又害怕，后(hou)燕的(de)士兵(bing)們更是軍心動搖。?

后燕的軍(jun)隊處(chu)境艱難，這(zhe)邊拓(tuo)跋珪則安(an)排(pai)停當，他派拓(tuo)跋虔(qian)、拓(tuo)跋儀各領數萬騎兵駐扎在河東、河北，又(you)讓拓(tuo)跋遵領了七萬騎兵悄悄地繞到(dao)了燕軍(jun)的東南面，也就是燕軍(jun)的退(tui)路上。

從(cong)九月開始(shi)，燕軍(jun)和魏軍(jun)在五原一帶相持近一個月，慕容寶的(de)(de)軍(jun)隊從(cong)一支驕兵變成了羸兵，慕容寶雖然(ran)心中發虛，卻沒有撤退(tui)的(de)(de)意思(si)。慕容麟手下有個叫做慕輿嵩(song)的(de)(de)部(bu)將覺(jue)得慕容垂是真的(de)(de)死了，糾合部(bu)將作亂，擁立慕容麟做皇帝。事情敗露，慕容寶把(ba)慕輿嵩(song)等人給殺了，寶、麟兩人由(you)此互相猜忌(ji)。

燕(yan)軍(jun)就在這樣(yang)的狀(zhuang)況下(xia)支(zhi)撐(cheng)到了十月底，此時的五(wu)原(yuan)地(di)區已是(shi)寒風凜冽，冬日(ri)來臨，慕容寶下(xia)令燒掉渡船撤軍(jun)。當時的黃河水還未(wei)結冰(bing)，慕容寶認定魏軍(jun)沒有足(zu)夠的船只(zhi)，不可(ke)能渡河追(zhui)擊，無須采取任何防備措施，燕(yan)軍(jun)一路向(xiang)東撤去。拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)在南岸并未(wei)馬上行動，燕(yan)軍(jun)撤退后的第八(ba)天，天氣突變，刮起(qi)暴風，河水迅(xun)速(su)凍合。拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)大喜(xi)過望，留(liu)下(xia)所有輜重，連夜點起(qi)二萬精銳騎兵，全速(su)沖(chong)過黃河，朝(chao)著燕(yan)軍(jun)撤退的方向(xiang)追(zhui)去。

疲憊不(bu)堪、士(shi)(shi)氣低落的(de)后(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)隊走到參(can)合陂（今內蒙(meng)(meng)古涼城岱海），已(yi)近傍(bang)晚時(shi)分(fen)。“天有(you)不(bu)測風(feng)云(yun)”，這(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)候(hou)一(yi)(yi)陣(zhen)大(da)風(feng)平(ping)地(di)而(er)(er)起，只見一(yi)(yi)道黑氣如長堤一(yi)(yi)般，自燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)身后(hou)鋪卷而(er)(er)來，最后(hou)完全罩住了整個(ge)軍(jun)(jun)隊。士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)們本已(yi)十(shi)分(fen)脆弱的(de)心靈又蒙(meng)(meng)上一(yi)(yi)層陰影，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)名叫支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)(meng)(meng)的(de)和(he)尚頓(dun)覺(jue)不(bu)安，向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶進言：“狂(kuang)風(feng)暴虐，乃是魏兵(bing)將要來到的(de)征兆，我(wo)軍(jun)(jun)應當(dang)作好抵御(yu)準(zhun)備(bei)。”滿以(yi)為魏軍(jun)(jun)早被拋下(xia)很遠的(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶只笑不(bu)答。支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)(meng)(meng)再三(san)請求，在(zai)旁邊聽得不(bu)耐煩的(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟氣呼(hu)呼(hu)地(di)說(shuo)：“以(yi)殿下(xia)的(de)神武，我(wo)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)強盛，足以(yi)橫行沙漠，小(xiao)小(xiao)的(de)索虜(lu)（燕(yan)人鄙視同(tong)宗的(de)北魏，罵其為索虜(lu)）豈敢遠道追來？應該(gai)把(ba)這(zhe)該(gai)死的(de)和(he)尚斬首示眾以(yi)消顧慮！”支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)(meng)(meng)痛哭流(liu)涕：“苻堅擁百萬雄師，卻大(da)敗(bai)于(yu)(yu)淮南，正是由于(yu)(yu)恃眾輕敵，不(bu)相信天道的(de)緣故啊！”司徒(tu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德見此情景，支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)(meng)(meng)也(ye)算(suan)一(yi)(yi)片忠心，于(yu)(yu)是也(ye)勸慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶聽從支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)(meng)(meng)的(de)話，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶這(zhe)才讓慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟帶上三(san)萬騎兵(bing)殿后(hou)以(yi)防(fang)萬一(yi)(yi)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟根本不(bu)信支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)(meng)(meng)的(de)胡話，在(zai)大(da)軍(jun)(jun)后(hou)面(mian)放縱士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)四處(chu)游獵，不(bu)做(zuo)好設(she)防(fang)準(zhun)備(bei)。

魏(wei)軍(jun)晝夜(ye)兼程(cheng)、連日急行(xing)軍(jun)追趕(gan)。乙酉，魏(wei)軍(jun)在暮色里終于趕(gan)到(dao)參(can)(can)合陂(po)西面。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)又走(zou)了(le)一段路(lu)，就停(ting)下(xia)(xia)腳(jiao)步(bu)(bu)，在參(can)(can)合陂(po)東(dong)邊的蟠羊(yang)山南面依(yi)水扎營(ying)。拓跋珪(gui)發現(xian)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)近在咫尺，連夜(ye)部署進(jin)軍(jun)計劃，各將(jiang)領分別帶兵，士(shi)兵銜(xian)枚，戰(zhan)馬(ma)束口，暗暗向(xiang)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)靠近。第二天(tian)日出(chu)時分，魏(wei)軍(jun)全(quan)部登上山頂，腳(jiao)下(xia)(xia)便是(shi)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)大營(ying)。這時燕(yan)(yan)國的士(shi)兵們(men)正伸著懶(lan)腰，緩步(bu)(bu)走(zou)出(chu)營(ying)寨(zhai)，準備向(xiang)東(dong)進(jin)發，猛一回頭，眼前竟是(shi)嚴陣以待的北魏(wei)軍(jun)隊。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)頓時慌作一團。拓跋珪(gui)手一抬，二萬(wan)精(jing)騎兵以排(pai)山倒海之(zhi)勢沖殺過來。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)紛紛逃入水中，人馬(ma)相(xiang)互踐踏，踩(cai)死的、淹死的數以萬(wan)計。拓跋遵率部轉到(dao)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)前方進(jin)行(xing)阻截(jie)，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)最后一道心理防線終于崩(beng)潰，四五萬(wan)人全(quan)部乖乖地放下(xia)(xia)武(wu)器，舉手投降。從亂軍(jun)中逃出(chu)的不(bu)足數千(qian)(qian)，慕(mu)容(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)、慕(mu)容(rong)德(de)等人憑著馬(ma)快，才撿了(le)性命。慕(mu)容(rong)垂的侄子燕(yan)(yan)右仆陳留悼(dao)王慕(mu)容(rong)紹(shao)也(ye)不(bu)幸戰(zhan)死，其余被(bei)生俘(fu)的慕(mu)容(rong)氏等文(wen)武(wu)將(jiang)吏(li)數千(qian)(qian)人。魏(wei)軍(jun)獲得燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)數以萬(wan)計的兵甲糧貨。

拓跋(ba)(ba)珪大(da)獲全勝(sheng)，他從(cong)燕(yan)(yan)軍的(de)俘虜中挑了些(xie)可用(yong)之(zhi)才留在北魏(wei)，其余的(de)人準(zhun)備悉數發還衣物糧食，遣送回國(guo)(guo)，也是借(jie)機招(zhao)攬(lan)中原人心(xin)。他的(de)中部大(da)人王(wang)建(jian)說：“燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)強盛(sheng)，這次傾全國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)力前來，我軍僥幸取勝(sheng)，不如(ru)殺(sha)掉降(jiang)卒，將(jiang)來它(ta)們再無可用(yong)之(zhi)兵(bing)，打(da)敗他們就易(yi)如(ru)反掌了！”拓跋(ba)(ba)珪嘆道：“若聽(ting)從(cong)你的(de)話(hua)，只怕我將(jiang)陷(xian)于不仁不義之(zhi)地。”然而(er)魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)的(de)將(jiang)領對后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)尚心(xin)有余悸(ji)，都(dou)認為王(wang)建(jian)說得有理，拓跋(ba)(ba)珪便(bian)下(xia)一道命令(ling)，將(jiang)四五萬后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)士兵(bing)全部活(huo)埋！

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶回到中山(shan)，向父親陳述失敗的(de)(de)(de)慘(can)狀，竭力(li)請求再次伐魏(wei)。旁(pang)邊慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)又(you)說：“索虜(lu)碰巧(qiao)打(da)了(le)這場勝仗，打(da)心(xin)眼瞧不上太子(zi)了(le)，如(ru)果不以陛下的(de)(de)(de)神武把他(ta)(ta)們制(zhi)服，恐(kong)怕后患無窮。”七十(shi)歲的(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂聽了(le)這話，決定親自(zi)出(chu)征(zheng)，為(wei)身(shen)后的(de)(de)(de)燕國謀取生存的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)。他(ta)(ta)讓慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆和(he)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)盛調(diao)集舊都龍(long)城的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)兵來到中山(shan)，約(yue)定次年(nian)（396）大舉西征(zheng)，攻打(da)北魏(wei)。

軍(jun)(jun)容精整的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)城(cheng)精騎進入中山(shan)，后(hou)燕(yan)的(de)(de)(de)士氣重(zhong)新振作。三(san)(san)月，慕容垂親率(lv)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)秘密出發，鑿開太行山(shan)道，出其不(bu)意地(di)(di)直逼(bi)北(bei)魏(wei)占據的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)城(cheng)（今山(shan)西大同）。拓(tuo)跋(ba)虔(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)萬軍(jun)(jun)馬駐(zhu)守此地(di)(di)。慕容垂派慕容農和慕容隆率(lv)領龍(long)城(cheng)精兵(bing)充當前鋒，突襲平(ping)城(cheng)。拓(tuo)跋(ba)虔(qian)(qian)一向不(bu)設防備，看到燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)來攻(gong)，才(cai)倉促出戰，龍(long)城(cheng)兵(bing)是(shi)燕(yan)國戰斗(dou)力最強的(de)(de)(de)鮮卑舊部，一個個奮(fen)勇爭先，如下山(shan)猛虎，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)招架(jia)不(bu)住，拓(tuo)跋(ba)虔(qian)(qian)戰死，殘(can)部全部被后(hou)燕(yan)收編。拓(tuo)跋(ba)虔(qian)(qian)是(shi)拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪的(de)(de)(de)弟弟，在北(bei)魏(wei)威望不(bu)小，他的(de)(de)(de)死訊傳(chuan)來，拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪大驚失(shi)色(se)，就想逃走，北(bei)魏(wei)各部都開始心懷二意，拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪竟不(bu)知(zhi)往哪(na)里逃。

病重身亡

燕軍(jun)一路前(qian)行，慕容垂(chui)來(lai)到了昔日戰場參(can)合(he)陂。萬人(ren)坑上的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥土猶(you)新，曾經還(huan)是生龍活虎(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數萬士卒(zu)已(yi)成堆(dui)積如山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尸骨(gu)，無(wu)數冤魂仿佛還(huan)在(zai)山(shan)間飄(piao)蕩。燕軍(jun)設下祭壇，死難將士的(de)(de)(de)(de)父兄一起(qi)放聲痛哭，聲音響徹山(shan)谷。白(bai)發蒼(cang)蒼(cang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)慕容垂(chui)面對此情此景，心中又慚又恨，那(nei)最后一點(dian)戰斗的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣神再也(ye)(ye)無(wu)法(fa)堅持下去，哇的(de)(de)(de)(de)一口鮮血(xue)吐了出來(lai)，舊疾發作，乘(cheng)(cheng)著馬(ma)輿前(qian)進，在(zai)平城西北三十里休整。慕容寶(bao)等人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)軍(jun)也(ye)(ye)只好全部(bu)撤退(tui)。拓跋珪得到后燕叛卒(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)消息，本(ben)想乘(cheng)(cheng)隙(xi)追趕(gan)，聽說(shuo)平城淪陷，便引兵退(tui)回陰山(shan)。

慕容垂在平城(cheng)停留了(le)十天，修了(le)座燕(yan)昌城(cheng)（欲昌則不昌），便匆匆返回，他在歸途中病逝于上(shang)谷郡的沮陽（今河(he)北懷(huai)來東南），終年七十一歲。

主要成就

慕(mu)容垂(chui)13歲即(ji)隨父征戰(zhan)，才(cai)兼文武(wu)，勇猛多(duo)謀。前燕慕(mu)容皝(huang)十(shi)一年(nian)（344），慕(mu)容垂(chui)任前鋒(feng)都(dou)督，建鋒(feng)將軍(jun)。次年(nian)，率兵2萬(wan)自東道出徒河(he)（今(jin)錦州(zhou)）南(nan)下，與(yu)燕王(wang)慕(mu)容儁等會師，攻取后趙幽州(zhou)（治今(jin)北(bei)京城西南(nan)）等地，并勸燕王(wang)勿殺降(jiang)卒(zu)，以服人心。元(yuan)璽三年(nian)（354），受封為吳王(wang)。光(guang)壽(shou)元(yuan)年(nian)（357），參與(yu)攻討敕勒，俘斬(zhan)十(shi)余萬(wan)人。建熙(xi)六年(nian)（365），與(yu)太宰慕(mu)容恪合(he)力攻占東晉洛陽(yang)(yang)（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)洛陽(yang)(yang)東北(bei)）后，任征南(nan)大將軍(jun)、荊州(zhou)牧等職，領兵萬(wan)人，鎮魯(lu)陽(yang)(yang)（今(jin)魯(lu)山(shan)）。十(shi)年(nian)，在桓溫攻前燕之戰(zhan)中，大敗(bai)晉軍(jun)，威名大振。

是年(nian)十(shi)(shi)一月(yue)，因前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)內訌，西(xi)投前(qian)秦，為(wei)秦主苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)所賞識，任冠軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)。十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)，前(qian)秦滅前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)至鄴(ye)（今(jin)河(he)北(bei)臨漳西(xi)南），密圖興(xing)復。后轉京(jing)兆尹，參加征伐，皆有大(da)功(gong)，但為(wei)前(qian)秦權貴猜(cai)忌、壓抑。前(qian)秦建元十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)（382），不(bu)顧多數朝臣的(de)反(fan)對，力勸苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)進(jin)攻(gong)東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)。十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)七(qi)月(yue)，東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)車騎將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)桓(huan)沖攻(gong)襄(xiang)陽(yang)（今(jin)屬湖北(bei)襄(xiang)樊(fan)），征南將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)苻(fu)(fu)叡率步(bu)騎5萬援(yuan)救，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)前(qian)鋒。垂(chui)命(ming)士(shi)卒多燃火炬，光照數十(shi)(shi)里(li)，嚇(xia)退(tui)晉(jin)軍(jun)。是年(nian)，淝水之戰(zhan)，秦兵慘敗(bai)，唯慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)軍(jun)3萬屯據鄖城(cheng)（今(jin)安陸）無(wu)損。苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)率所剩(sheng)千余騎往赴(fu)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)悉以兵歸堅(jian)。旋(xuan)丁零族翟斌起兵反(fan)秦，謀攻(gong)洛陽(yang)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)受命(ming)進(jin)討。二(er)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)，至滎陽(yang)（今(jin)河(he)南滎陽(yang)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)），起兵反(fan)秦，稱燕(yan)(yan)(yan)王（史(shi)稱后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)），率眾攻(gong)鄴(ye)，拔(ba)外城(cheng)。苻(fu)(fu)丕求援(yuan)于東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)。后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)元二(er)年(nian)（385）四月(yue)，兵敗(bai)后伺機反(fan)擊，大(da)破援(yuan)鄴(ye)之晉(jin)軍(jun)。十(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)，定(ding)(ding)都中山（今(jin)河(he)北(bei)定(ding)(ding)州）。

建興二年(nian)（387），發兵討(tao)溫(wen)詳等叛軍(jun)，迫叛眾3萬余(yu)戶歸(gui)后燕(yan)(yan)。又遣(qian)兵南下，進占歷城(cheng)（今濟南），迫使青、兗、徐(xu)三州郡縣(xian)多數壁壘出降。七年(nian)六月，攻(gong)討(tao)丁零族翟釗(zhao)于黎(li)陽（今河(he)南浚縣(xian)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)），以(yi)牛皮船百余(yu)艘，偽列兵仗，溯流西(xi)(xi)(xi)上(shang)，而潛軍(jun)于東(dong)夜渡，營于河(he)南，堅壁不戰，使翟釗(zhao)兵往(wang)來疲(pi)憊，再行夾擊，盡獲其(qi)(qi)眾。九年(nian)，攻(gong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)燕(yan)(yan)主慕容永(yong)，先分(fen)處置(zhi)疑兵以(yi)誘(you)敵，自率(lv)大(da)(da)軍(jun)屯鄴(ye)城(cheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南，月余(yu)不進；待慕容永(yong)發兵分(fen)道拒(ju)守，即乘虛直(zhi)入(ru)(ru)，連破(po)西(xi)(xi)(xi)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)，進圍臺(tai)壁（今山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)襄垣東(dong)北(bei)(bei)）。繼又佯(yang)退，誘(you)其(qi)(qi)追入(ru)(ru)設伏地帶，實行圍擊，大(da)(da)破(po)慕容永(yong)，滅亡西(xi)(xi)(xi)燕(yan)(yan)。十年(nian)，遣(qian)子慕容寶(bao)率(lv)軍(jun)9.8萬攻(gong)北(bei)(bei)魏，在(zai)參合陂之戰遭慘敗。次年(nian)三月，親自率(lv)軍(jun)攻(gong)北(bei)(bei)魏。閏三月，襲取平城(cheng)（今山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)大(da)(da)同東(dong)北(bei)(bei)），大(da)(da)敗魏軍(jun)，收其(qi)(qi)部落3萬余(yu)家(jia)。

歷史評價

崔浩：“垂(chui)藉父兄之(zhi)資，修復舊業，國人歸之(zhi)，若夜蟲(chong)之(zhi)就(jiu)火，少(shao)加倚仗，易以立功。”

房玄齡(ling)等《晉(jin)書》：“慕容垂天資英杰，威震本朝，以(yi)雄略見猜而庇身(shen)寬政，永固受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)而以(yi)禮(li)，道(dao)明(ming)事之(zhi)(zhi)而畢力。然而隼質難羈(ji)，狼心(xin)自野。淮南失律，三甥之(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou)已構；河(he)朔分麾，五木之(zhi)(zhi)祥云啟。斬飛龍而遐舉，逾石門而長邁，遂(sui)使翟氏景從，鄴師宵(xiao)逸，收羅趙、魏，驅駕英雄。叩囊余(yu)奇，摧五萬于(yu)河(he)曲；浮船秘策，招七郡(jun)于(yu)黎陽。返遼陰之(zhi)(zhi)舊物，創中(zhong)山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)新(xin)社，類帝(di)禋宗，僭擬斯備(bei)。夫以(yi)重耳歸晉(jin)，賴五臣之(zhi)(zhi)功；句踐紿吳，資五千之(zhi)(zhi)卒(zu)。惡有業殊二霸，眾(zhong)微一旅，掎拔而傾山(shan)岳(yue)，騰嘯(xiao)而御風(feng)云！雖衛人忘亡復傳于(yu)東國，任好余(yu)裕(yu)伊愧于(yu)西鄰，信苻氏之(zhi)(zhi)奸回，非晉(jin)室之(zhi)(zhi)鯨鯢矣。”

蔡(cai)東藩《兩晉演(yan)義》：“慕容垂才(cai)略過人，卒能恢復(fu)燕祚，不可(ke)謂非一世雄，其獨擇子不明，失之于太子寶，反(fan)以段后所言為營私(si)。”

趣聞軼事

墜馬傷齒

慕容霸小時候很愛出游打獵。有一回，慕容霸在騎馬射獵時不小心從馬背上栽落倒地，竟然還磕掉了牙齒。慕容霸盡管庶出，自小卻很受父親嘉獎與寵愛，他異母嫡兄慕容儁便對他忌恨不已。慕容儁即位燕王后，為報復奚落慕容霸，抖落他早年磕牙的糗事，便讓他改名“