1、回族醫藥(張氏回醫正骨療法),編號:Ⅸ-17
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:寧夏回族自治區吳忠市
(3)保護單位:寧夏張氏回醫正骨醫院
2、回族醫藥(回族湯瓶八診療法),編號:Ⅸ-17
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:寧夏回族自治區銀川市
(3)保護單位:寧夏湯瓶八診文化產業發展有限公司
3、回族醫藥(陳氏回族醫技十法),編號:Ⅸ-17
(1)批次/類型:2014年(第四批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:寧夏回族自治區吳忠市
(3)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位:寧夏伊康回族(zu)醫藥研究所(suo)(有(you)限公司)
隨著(zhu)阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)(bo)人與鄰國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)往,鄰國(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化隨之在(zai)(zai)(zai)阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)(bo)諸國(guo)(guo)(guo)滲(shen)(shen)透(tou),并互相補益(yi),醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)上也是(shi)(shi)如此。伊斯蘭教創始人穆罕默(mo)德(de)曾說過:“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)遠在(zai)(zai)(zai)中國(guo)(guo)(guo),亦當(dang)求之”。中阿(a)(a)于(yu)公(gong)元651年(nian)正式(shi)友好往來(lai),醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)往也興于(yu)此時。因此許多(duo)阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)(bo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe),特別是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)些哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家(jia)不(bu)斷總(zong)結自己民族的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療實踐經驗,同(tong)時還將其他國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)譯成(cheng)阿(a)(a)文(wen)(wen)(wen)。如格夫(fu)退葉在(zai)(zai)(zai)《哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家(jia)傳記(ji)》一(yi)(yi)書中提到:“巴士(shi)拉醫(yi)(yi)(yi)生馬(ma)西(xi)爾(er)(er)朱衛(wei)是(shi)(shi)哈(ha)(ha)里發奧馬(ma)·阿(a)(a)不(bu)杜·阿(a)(a)齊茲時代以(yi)色(se)列(lie)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe),其真名(ming)叫馬(ma)西(xi)爾(er)(er)·吉斯,精通(tong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),在(zai)(zai)(zai)奧馬(ma)爾(er)(er)時主持翻譯愛赫蘭·格斯的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo),成(cheng)書于(yu)哈(ha)(ha)里發穆爾(er)(er)時代,他的(de)(de)另兩部著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)是(shi)(shi)《食物的(de)(de)力量(liang)及益(yi)損(sun)》和(he)《草(cao)藥(yao)的(de)(de)功能(neng)及益(yi)損(sun)》”。在(zai)(zai)(zai)哈(ha)(ha)里發奧馬(ma)爾(er)(er)時代(公(gong)元717年(nian)至719年(nian))還請精明醫(yi)(yi)(yi)生充當(dang)教育和(he)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)顧問(wen)。倭瑪(ma)亞王朝的(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)個哈(ha)(ha)里發哈(ha)(ha)立德(de)·葉其德(de)是(shi)(shi)第一(yi)(yi)個將希臘文(wen)(wen)(wen)天文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、化學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等專著(zhu)譯成(cheng)阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)(bo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)人,由(you)于(yu)其哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)修養高深,貢獻卓(zhuo)著(zhu),被阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)(bo)后世學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)稱為(wei)賢哲(zhe)。不(bu)言而喻,隨文(wen)(wen)(wen)化交(jiao)(jiao)流,醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理論的(de)(de)相互補益(yi)滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)現象在(zai)(zai)(zai)后世阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)(bo)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)著(zhu)中不(bu)乏其例,這與中國(guo)(guo)(guo)中醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)《海藥(yao)本草(cao)》《千金要方(fang)》《本草(cao)綱目》等記(ji)載阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)(bo)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)同(tong)屬一(yi)(yi)理,都是(shi)(shi)歷史事實。
早在(zai)公元(yuan)7世(shi)(shi)紀(ji),阿(a)拉(la)伯一伊斯蘭醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)曾居世(shi)(shi)界醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)先進行列,并對西方現代醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)有巨大影(ying)響。到中世(shi)(shi)紀(ji),阿(a)拉(la)伯偉(wei)大的(de)(de)哲學(xue)(xue)家、科(ke)學(xue)(xue)家、醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)家阿(a)維森(sen)納(na)的(de)(de)足跡遍及伊拉(la)克、波斯、阿(a)塞(sai)拜疆、巴基(ji)斯坦大片土地(di)。他一生大膽(dan)實踐,潛心(xin)鉆研,廣征(zheng)博求,于公元(yuan)980至1037年著(zhu)成熔古希臘醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)、印度醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)、中國(guo)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)、阿(a)拉(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)與(yu)哲學(xue)(xue)于一爐的(de)(de)巨著(zhu)—— 《醫(yi)(yi)典》 ,成為現代醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)和阿(a)拉(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)奠基(ji)人。中世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)阿(a)拉(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)著(zhu)作繁(fan)多,不少已(yi)散失,包括《醫(yi)(yi)典》在(zai)內(nei),流傳(chuan)至今尚有400多種。
由于阿拉伯醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)廣泛吸收希臘醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、羅馬醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、印度醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(包括中國醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的脈學(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)內)的精髓,在(zai)漫長的歷史過程中逐漸形(xing)成了(le)自己的醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)體系。其礪酆誦氖恰八拇笪鎦(liu)恃?怠薄(bo)Ⅰ八慕(mu)蜓(ting)?怠薄(bo)5焦??2世紀,伊朗著名醫(yi)(yi)家拉齊斯的醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)巨著《綜(zong)合醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)》10卷(juan)和阿巴薩德·達維亞的《綜(zong)合百科(ke)全書》問世,更加豐富了(le)阿拉伯醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的治療學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容。是(shi)時阿拉伯醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)已成為有理論有豐富經(jing)驗的古代醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)回回醫(yi)學的(de)發展,相(xiang)伴于中(zhong)(zhong)阿(a)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)交(jiao)流(liu)。中(zhong)(zhong)阿(a)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)交(jiao)流(liu)歷史源遠流(liu)長,最早可追溯到西(xi)漢(han)。當時(shi)張騫兩次出使西(xi)域(yu)后(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)西(xi)域(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)流(liu)日(ri)益頻繁,據(ju)史料記載張騫曾到達(da)大宛(即(ji)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)亞費爾(er)(er)干(gan)納)、大月氏(shi)(shi)(即(ji)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阿(a)富汗北(bei)部(bu))、大夏(即(ji)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阿(a)姆河南)、康(kang)居(即(ji)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)亞撒馬(ma)爾(er)(er)罕(han))等國(guo)(guo)(guo),并從大月氏(shi)(shi)經安息(即(ji)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)伊朗(lang))直抵大秦(即(ji)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羅馬(ma))。張騫的(de)副使曾達(da)身毒國(guo)(guo)(guo)(即(ji)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)印度(du)北(bei)、盂加拉、巴(ba)基斯坦一帶)及??賓(即(ji)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)克(ke)什米爾(er)(er)及巴(ba)基斯坦北(bei)部(bu)),經此路輸入中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)物(wu)(wu)品中(zhong)(zhong)有不少藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu),據(ju)范行準(zhun)先(xian)生統計(ji):礦物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)如石硫黃、密陀(tuo)僧等凡(fan)18種,植物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)如木(mu)香、豆蔻等凡(fan)58種,動物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)羚羊角及龍(long)涎(xian)等凡(fan)16種,共計(ji)92種。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)當一部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)阿(a)拉伯地區的(de)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)。這些藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)均被當時(shi)漢(han)醫(yi)吸(xi)收和應用。
雖然(ran)早在西漢時(shi)期(qi)張騫、甘英先后通使西域,但阿拉伯與中國的正式友好往(wang)來則(ze)始(shi)于唐代,醫藥方面也興于此時(shi)。
公(gong)元651年(nian),第三任哈里發歐斯(si)曼使(shi)節于8月25日到(dao)(dao)達(da)中(zhong)國長(chang)安(an)(an),進(jin)見唐(tang)(tang)(tang)皇,搭(da)起了(le)中(zhong)阿(a)(a)(a)友誼的(de)(de)(de)橋梁。自此(ci)(ci)以后阿(a)(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)等穆(mu)斯(si)林(lin)主要(yao)(yao)沿水旱兩路(lu)往來于中(zhong)阿(a)(a)(a)之(zhi)間,水路(lu)由(you)波(bo)(bo)斯(si)灣到(dao)(dao)馬爾納灣。經(jing)(jing)盂加拉灣抵馬六甲海(hai)(hai)峽至我國南(nan)海(hai)(hai)達(da)廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)、泉(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)、杭州(zhou)(zhou),再轉至長(chang)安(an)(an);陸路(lu)則(ze)經(jing)(jing)波(bo)(bo)斯(si)、阿(a)(a)(a)富(fu)汗到(dao)(dao)新疆天山(shan)南(nan)北,最(zui)后達(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)都長(chang)安(an)(an)。比(bi)較而言,穆(mu)斯(si)林(lin)經(jing)(jing)水路(lu)達(da)中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間要(yao)(yao)比(bi)陸路(lu)早100年(nian)。從唐(tang)(tang)(tang)永(yong)徽(hui)二年(nian)到(dao)(dao)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)貞(zhen)元十(shi)五年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)148年(nian)中(zhong),阿(a)(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)遣(qian)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)使(shi)多(duo)達(da)36次(ci)。當時(shi)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)人稱阿(a)(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)人為大食(shi)(Taz或Tazih的(de)(de)(de)譯音)人。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)安(an)(an)史之(zhi)亂,大食(shi)應中(zhong)國之(zhi)請求(qiu),派精兵支援唐(tang)(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝,后一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些阿(a)(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)人即定居中(zhong)國。據史料記載,在(zai)安(an)(an)史之(zhi)亂到(dao)(dao)長(chang)安(an)(an)有(you)更多(duo)大食(shi)人,其(qi)中(zhong)大部分長(chang)期居住在(zai)“西市”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶,從事“回回”奇(qi)香(xiang)異藥(yao)經(jing)(jing)營。由(you)于盛唐(tang)(tang)(tang)五代(dai)時(shi)期,阿(a)(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)與中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)關系最(zui)深的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)商業貿易,醫藥(yao)方面則(ze)是(shi)香(xiang)藥(yao)進(jin)口,有(you)時(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)處(chu)經(jing)(jing)營香(xiang)藥(yao)珠寶者甚至達(da)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)二十(shi)萬人,單香(xiang)藥(yao)貿易有(you)時(shi)竟達(da)千斤之(zhi)多(duo),如(ru)此(ci)(ci)大大豐(feng)富(fu)了(le)中(zhong)藥(yao)品(pin)種。到(dao)(dao)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)末(mo)(mo)五代(dai)時(shi),最(zui)負盛名的(de)(de)(de)回回醫藥(yao)家李珣(xun),人稱李波(bo)(bo)斯(si)。他著(zhu)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)本獨(du)具風格的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)學(xue)著(zhu)作《海(hai)(hai)藥(yao)本草》,顧名思義,該書之(zhi)所以用“海(hai)(hai)藥(yao)”命名,是(shi)因其(qi)所收錄(lu)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)來自海(hai)(hai)外(wai)。該書為總結唐(tang)(tang)(tang)末(mo)(mo)時(shi)南(nan)方藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)與海(hai)(hai)外(wai)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)臨床應用的(de)(de)(de)本草學(xue)著(zhu)作,有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)文獻學(xue)價值。另外(wai)還有(you)鄭虔的(de)(de)(de)《胡(hu)本草》及非醫藥(yao)學(xue)書籍《西陽雜俎》等也記載了(le)許(xu)多(duo)外(wai)來藥(yao)物(wu)(wu),包括阿(a)(a)(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)。
在(zai)唐代(dai)不(bu)僅有香(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)輸入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),與(yu)之同時一些醫療(liao)技術(shu)也(ye)傳(chuan)入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),如(ru)在(zai)《千(qian)金翼方·養(yang)性(xing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所記載的“悖散湯”(又(you)名牛乳(ru)補虛破(po)氣(qi)方),本(ben)為(wei)波斯、大(da)秦醫方,曾在(zai)朝野間廣(guang)為(wei)流傳(chuan),對治(zhi)療(liao)氣(qi)痢、一切氣(qi)病(bing)、健運脾胃其效甚(shen)佳(jia)。從唐代(dai)開始,回回先民對香(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)推廣(guang)應用頗多(duo)貢(gong)獻(xian),如(ru)用香(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)防治(zhi)疾(ji)病(bing)、薰洗(xi)衣物、化(hua)妝美容、調味食品(pin)、祛邪(xie)防腐等。同時中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)穆斯林研究介(jie)紹了大(da)量阿拉伯(bo)世(shi)界文(wen)化(hua)成就(jiu)如(ru)數(shu)學(xue)、天文(wen)歷法等,而中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的造紙(zhi)術(shu)、針(zhen)灸學(xue)、脈(mo)學(xue)、煉丹術(shu)、臨床科(ke)學(xue)經驗(yan)也(ye)源源不(bu)斷地輸入(ru)阿拉伯(bo)國(guo)家,特別是造紙(zhi)術(shu)輾轉外傳(chuan),給歐洲中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世(shi)紀文(wen)明(ming)以很大(da)促進。因(yin)此早期的回回先民為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外文(wen)化(hua)的交流做出了重大(da)貢(gong)獻(xian),尤其在(zai)未有空間傳(chuan)播科(ke)技的時代(dai),堪稱豐(feng)功偉績。
宋代,中(zhong)國與西(xi)域的陸路交通(tong)不如海(hai)(hai)路發達(da),在東南沿海(hai)(hai)一帶如廣州(zhou)、泉州(zhou)、杭州(zhou)、揚州(zhou)等地集居了大(da)(da)量(liang)的大(da)(da)食(shi)人(ren),其中(zhong)不乏(fa)香(xiang)藥(yao)巨商與醫家(jia)(jia),且人(ren)數日增。由于(yu)海(hai)(hai)上交通(tong)頻繁,宋皇特命(ming)在廣州(zhou)、杭州(zhou)、泉州(zhou)等沿海(hai)(hai)地設“市舶司”以(yi)管理海(hai)(hai)外貿易(yi)及對外文(wen)化交流(liu)。載(zai)入史(shi)冊的有(you)福(fu)建蒲(pu)氏(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)族。《宋會要稿·蕃夷(yi)七》記(ji)載(zai)的蒲(pu)壽(shou)庚(geng),也是宋代著(zhu)名香(xiang)藥(yao)富商。《蒲(pu)氏(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)譜》有(you)“家(jia)(jia)居西(xi)板(ban)”,“世秉清(qing)真教(jiao),天下蒲(pu)氏(shi)(shi)皆一脈”之記(ji)載(zai),蒲(pu)氏(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)族興盛于(yu)宋元,衰(shuai)落于(yu)明(ming)清(qing),世襲經商大(da)(da)食(shi)香(xiang)藥(yao)。
宋代(dai)的(de)(de)中(zhong)阿海外貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)較(jiao)(jiao)唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)有(you)(you)很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)發展,貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)品(pin)種由唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)的(de)(de)珍寶(bao)犀牙為主(zhu)、香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為輔,漸(jian)變為以(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)為主(zhu)。宋太(tai)平興國(guo)七年,宋太(tai)祖(zu)曾下詔令對(dui)海外香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)料放通行的(de)(de)有(you)(you)37種,其銷(xiao)路較(jiao)(jiao)廣的(de)(de)是(shi)有(you)(you)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)作用的(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)如丁香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、龍腦(nao)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、乳香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、草豆蔻、沉(chen)(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、檀香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、龍涎(xian)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、蘇(su)(su)(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)油等。由于大(da)(da)量香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)引(yin)進(jin),從而(er)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)豐富了(le)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)治療(liao)方(fang)(fang)法。宋代(dai)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)較(jiao)(jiao)唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)在香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)應用或組方(fang)(fang)上有(you)(you)明顯變化,就《太(tai)平圣(sheng)惠方(fang)(fang)》而(er)言,僅卷48“諸心(xin)(xin)痛門(men)”以(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)命名(ming)的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you):沉(chen)(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)散3首、沉(chen)(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)1首、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)散6首、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)6首、丁香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)1首;《圣(sheng)濟總錄》卷56“心(xin)(xin)痛門(men)”以(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)命名(ming)的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you)木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)煮散、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)湯(tang)、豆蔻湯(tang)、丁香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)湯(tang)、沉(chen)(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)散等31方(fang)(fang)次,計應用香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)8種。《太(tai)平惠民和(he)劑局方(fang)(fang)》是(shi)宋代(dai)政府(fu)和(he)劑局的(de)(de)成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)配本,書(shu)中(zhong)以(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)命名(ming)的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)不(bu)(bu)下30余種,其中(zhong)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)少名(ming)方(fang)(fang),眾(zhong)所(suo)周知(zhi)的(de)(de)蘇(su)(su)(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)、至寶(bao)丹、牛黃(huang)清(qing)心(xin)(xin)丸(wan)等便是(shi)。蘇(su)(su)(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)中(zhong)15味(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)就有(you)(you)13味(wei)是(shi)進(jin)口藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),至今蘇(su)(su)(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)對(dui)于中(zhong)風所(suo)致(zhi)的(de)(de)神志不(bu)(bu)清(qing)、牙關緊閉、半身不(bu)(bu)遂(sui)等重(zhong)癥有(you)(you)明顯療(liao)效。其間(jian),大(da)(da)食(shi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)家及(ji)(ji)學(xue)者功不(bu)(bu)可沒。
宋(song)代在(zai)社會(hui)上廣用(yong)香(xiang)(xiang)料、香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)薰衣、焚香(xiang)(xiang)、啖香(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)際(ji),禮尚(shang)往來亦常(chang)以香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)作為饋贈佳品,用(yong)香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)配制的藥(yao)茶甚至一度(du)成為社會(hui)生活中的時(shi)尚(shang)。皇權貴族之(zhi)間也視藥(yao)茶為饋贈佳品。民間百姓們不僅(jin)(jin)用(yong)香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)治病(bing),而且也用(yong)于消(xiao)毒。泉州有香(xiang)(xiang)料文(wen)獻記載:“蕃藥(yao)能治冷氣,醫學多(duo)用(yong)之(zhi)……,泉人每歲家無貧富,皆燃(ran)之(zhi)如燔柴”。現代研究,燃(ran)燒香(xiang)(xiang)料,對于防(fang)止傳(chuan)染(ran)病(bing)傳(chuan)播和擴散有一定作用(yong)。這種習(xi)俗(su),自古至今,不僅(jin)(jin)在(zai)回(hui)民中間流行(xing),在(zai)閩南地(di)區其(qi)他民族中也同樣流行(xing)。
元(yuan)代一統(tong)天下,將國內民族分(fen)為四(si)等(deng),即蒙古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、色目人(ren)(ren)(ren)、漢人(ren)(ren)(ren)及南人(ren)(ren)(ren)。穆斯林則是色目人(ren)(ren)(ren)中的(de)主要(yao)分(fen)子,他(ta)們(men)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)與蒙古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)享受同等(deng)待(dai)遇,無論(lun)在法律(lv)上或(huo)事實上都優(you)于漢人(ren)(ren)(ren),同時在元(yuan)代“回(hui)回(hui)”一名開始(shi)代替(ti)“大(da)食人(ren)(ren)(ren)”,被(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)認為信(xin)仰伊(yi)斯蘭教者(zhe)的(de)名稱。如此(ci)(ci)則為阿拉伯醫藥的(de)廣泛(fan)深(shen)入傳(chuan)播與興盛打下了良好的(de)政治基礎,且元(yuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)統(tong)一中國之后,繼續(xu)奉(feng)行南宋時的(de)海外(wai)貿易政策,推行少數(shu)民族醫藥共存的(de)方針,回(hui)回(hui)醫藥在此(ci)(ci)得以興旺發(fa)達。
元初,在元朝政(zheng)府(fu)中設有相應的醫(yi)藥機(ji)構。元世祖即位后效(xiao)法漢制在建立(li)太(tai)醫(yi)院(yuan)之后,于至(zhi)元七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元1273年(nian)(nian)(nian))改回(hui)回(hui)愛(ai)薛所立(li)京師醫(yi)藥院(yuan)為廣(guang)惠司(si)(si)。據《元史·百官志》說:“廣(guang)惠司(si)(si)秩正三品(pin),掌修制御用回(hui)回(hui)藥物(wu)及(ji)和劑,以療諸宿衛(wei)士及(ji)在京孤寒(han)者(zhe)”。至(zhi)元二十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元1291年(nian)(nian)(nian))先后在大都、上都建立(li)“回(hui)回(hui)藥物(wu)院(yuan)”;至(zhi)治二年(nian)(nian)(nian)隸(li)廣(guang)惠司(si)(si),定置達魯花(hua)赤一員(yuan),大使二員(yuan),副(fu)使一員(yuan)。
金元(yuan)之際,西域技術之士,醫家之流多入仕于元(yuan),如愛薛、答(da)里麻(ma)等。
由于(yu)元代(dai)統(tong)治者(zhe)對阿(a)拉(la)伯藥(yao)物(wu)高度(du)重(zhong)視,元代(dai)阿(a)拉(la)伯人在(zai)當時政府中的醫(yi)藥(yao)機構里(li)占極大勢力(li)、廣惠司是回(hui)回(hui)醫(yi)家的大本營。
另外還(huan)有一些祖籍(ji)西(xi)域,生于(yu)中(zhong)國,精(jing)(jing)通漢、回醫(yi)藥的(de)學者,如(ru)元末著名學者丁(ding)鶴年(nian),為(wei)虔(qian)誠的(de)伊斯蘭(lan)教徒,工(gong)儒學,通奧義,精(jing)(jing)詩律,是(shi)一位(wei)善兼(jian)醫(yi)術的(de)人(ren)。又如(ru)元末明(ming)初杭州的(de)穆(mu)斯林大商人(ren)鄂施曼(man)乃的(de)子孫曾設(she)立豪華的(de)私(si)人(ren)醫(yi)院(yuan),取(qu)名“鄂施曼(man)尼雅”,聘有回回醫(yi)生從職。陶宗儀《南村輟耕錄(lu)》所記,不(bu)乏不(bu)知(zhi)姓(xing)名的(de)回回醫(yi)官為(wei)百姓(xing)治病的(de)事例。
金(jin)元(yuan)(yuan)之際醫學(xue)文化領域(yu)學(xue)術活躍,百(bai)家爭鳴(ming),中醫界(jie)出現了金(jin)元(yuan)(yuan)四(si)大(da)學(xue)派,回回醫藥(yao)文化此(ci)時(shi)也發展到鼎盛時(shi)期,涌現了與回回藥(yao)物院有(you)(you)關的、集阿(a)拉(la)伯醫藥(yao)學(xue)與中國(guo)傳統醫學(xue)為一體(ti),具有(you)(you)中國(guo)回回特色的醫藥(yao)大(da)型綜合性醫著《回回藥(yao)方》等(deng)專(zhuan)著。
《回回藥方(fang)》(以下簡稱《藥方(fang)》)。中國(guo)回族醫藥學大型綜合性(xing)典籍(ji),未著撰人,紅格(ge)明抄本(ben),原書36卷(juan)(juan),殘(can)存4卷(juan)(juan),現藏(zang)于北京(jing)圖書館。全文(wen)基本(ben)上用漢文(wen)記述,并夾雜不少阿拉伯、波(bo)斯藥物名稱術語的原文(wen)和音譯詞匯。現殘(can)存卷(juan)(juan)為:目錄卷(juan)(juan)之下、卷(juan)(juan)12、卷(juan)(juan)30、卷(juan)(juan)34。
目錄卷(juan)(juan)(juan)下包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)19至36據(ju)目錄可見,卷(juan)(juan)(juan)19為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)咳嗽(sou)(sou)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嗽(sou)(sou)、濕(shi)嗽(sou)(sou)、喘嗽(sou)(sou)、嗽(sou)(sou)血(xue)、嗽(sou)(sou)痰、肺經腫(zhong)嗽(sou)(sou)、說(shuo)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)咳嗽(sou)(sou)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)20為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)胸(xiong)膈凝聚(ju)(ju)、胸(xiong)膈熱(re)促(cu)、胸(xiong)弱、胸(xiong)疼痛(tong)、胸(xiong)奄濁、胸(xiong)冷(leng)(leng)濕(shi)、胸(xiong)中(zhong)生瘡(chuang)(chuang)、開胸(xiong)膈等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)21為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腸(chang)風肚腹門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)腸(chang)風、腸(chang)中(zhong)生瘡(chuang)(chuang)、腸(chang)中(zhong)生蟲(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)22為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)瀉(xie)痢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)、方(fang)(fang)及瀉(xie)從遍身(shen)來的、胃經泄(xie)瀉(xie)、腸(chang)經泄(xie)瀉(xie)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)23為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嘔(ou)吐(tu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、痞證(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、秘(mi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、勞(lao)瘵門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、補益門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men);嘔(ou)吐(tu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)嘔(ou)吐(tu)、吐(tu)瀉(xie)、泄(xie)瀉(xie)、止(zhi)吐(tu)、止(zhi)瀉(xie)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);痞證(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)痞證(zheng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);秘(mi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)臟(zang)腑不通(tong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、能通(tong)小水類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);勞(lao)瘵門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)勞(lao)熱(re)、勞(lao)蟲(chong)(chong)、勞(lao)嗽(sou)(sou)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);補益門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)補益類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)24為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)熱(re)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)(leng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)熱(re)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)一(yi)切(qie)熱(re)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)(leng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)胸(xiong)膈冷(leng)(leng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、胃經冷(leng)(leng)、一(yi)切(qie)冷(leng)(leng)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)25為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)血(xue)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、時氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)斑(ban)疹門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、瘧(nve)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不依常度(du)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)喘急(ji)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)血(xue)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吐(tu)血(xue)、能吐(tu)血(xue)、下血(xue)、止(zhi)血(xue)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);時氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)斑(ban)疹門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)時氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、斑(ban)疹等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);瘧(nve)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)瘧(nve)疾(ji)(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)26為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)身(shen)體(ti)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)身(shen)體(ti)肥瘦(shou)、身(shen)體(ti)疼痛(tong)、癍痕(hen)花(hua)繡、治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生虱(shi)、手(shou)足等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)27為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黃(huang)病(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、蠱(gu)癥門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、積聚(ju)(ju)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),黃(huang)病(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)黃(huang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),蠱(gu)癥門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)蠱(gu)癥等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);積聚(ju)(ju)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)積聚(ju)(ju)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)28為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、脫(tuo)肛痔漏(lou)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、谷(gu)(gu)通(tong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)身(shen)體(ti)疼痛(tong)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、熱(re)腫(zhong)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、冷(leng)(leng)腫(zhong)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、寒濕(shi)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、一(yi)切(qie)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);脫(tuo)肛痔漏(lou)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)痔瘡(chuang)(chuang)、腸(chang)風痔漏(lou)、痔風、脫(tuo)肛等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);谷(gu)(gu)通(tong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)谷(gu)(gu)通(tong)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)29為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雜癥門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)16條(tiao),方(fang)(fang)189首。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)30為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雜癥門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),載方(fang)(fang)307首。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)31為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)婦人眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、小兒眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。婦人眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)婦人身(shen)內動靜(jing)、乳上癥候、懷孕(yun)動靜(jing)、子宮(gong)癥候、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);小兒眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)小兒眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)32為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘡(chuang)(chuang)腫(zhong)腫(zhong)毒(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)腫(zhong)毒(du)(du)、疬瘡(chuang)(chuang)、惡瘡(chuang)(chuang)等(deng)(deng),卷(juan)(juan)(juan)33為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘡(chuang)(chuang)腫(zhong)毒(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、疥(jie)(jie)癬(xian)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘡(chuang)(chuang)腫(zhong)毒(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)疥(jie)(jie)瘡(chuang)(chuang)、甜瘡(chuang)(chuang)、疳瘡(chuang)(chuang)、癩(lai)瘡(chuang)(chuang)、臭(chou)瘡(chuang)(chuang)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。疥(jie)(jie)癬(xian)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)疥(jie)(jie)瘡(chuang)(chuang)、癬(xian)瘡(chuang)(chuang)、一(yi)切(qie)疥(jie)(jie)癬(xian)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)34金瘡(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、折(zhe)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、針灸門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、湯火(huo)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、棒(bang)(bang)瘡(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人齒所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。金瘡(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)刀箭所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)、取(qu)箭頭刺簽等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);折(zhe)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)損、接骨、骨脫(tuo)出等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);針灸門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)灸各(ge)種癥候類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);湯火(huo)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)湯火(huo)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);棒(bang)(bang)瘡(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)棒(bang)(bang)打傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人齒所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人齒咬(yao)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)35為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)獸傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、辟(pi)蟲(chong)(chong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)獸所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)獸傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)及說(shuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)物(wu)、辨驗何等(deng)(deng)毒(du)(du)物(wu)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)、解服藥(yao)(yao)(yao)毒(du)(du)、解眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)獸所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);辟(pi)蟲(chong)(chong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)辟(pi)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)、辟(pi)惡物(wu)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)36為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)修(xiu)合(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)餌門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、修(xiu)合(he)(he)諸般馬(ma)(ma)準門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)香(xiang)(xiang)湯煎門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、活(huo)物(wu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)果菜(cai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。修(xiu)合(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)餌門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)及制(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)法,相合(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)法、比量用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、說(shuo)造良(liang)方(fang)(fang)。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性期度(du)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)餌分(fen)兩等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);修(xiu)合(he)(he)諸般馬(ma)(ma)準門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)及方(fang)(fang)87首(均(jun)已分(fen)見各(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men));眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)香(xiang)(xiang)湯煎門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)湯藥(yao)(yao)(yao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);活(huo)物(wu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)活(huo)物(wu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)果菜(cai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)果物(wu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)菜(cai)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)物(wu)等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。
從上述部(bu)分藥(yao)目錄所(suo)(suo)涉(she)及的病種門(men)類可(ke)以(yi)看出,《藥(yao)方》是一(yi)部(bu)包括內、外、婦、兒、骨傷、皮(pi)膚等科,內容(rong)豐富的中國回族醫學方書(shu)。從現存3卷所(suo)(suo)載(zai)方劑看,全書(shu)所(suo)(suo)載(zai)可(ke)能達(da),6000~7000首(shou)之多(duo)。其系(xi)統(tong)性(xing)、綜合性(xing)不亞于中醫古籍《外臺秘(mi)要(yao)》。
《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)》以敘(xu)方(fang)為主,方(fang)論結(jie)合(he),回(hui)回(hui)藥(yao)(yao)物與傳(chuan)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)并(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)。據統(tong)計《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)》殘卷常用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)259種,明(ming)顯(xian)屬于海藥(yao)(yao)并(bing)(bing)注明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)文名(ming)稱者(zhe)有(you)(you)61種;沿用(yong)(yong)阿拉(la)(la)伯(bo)藥(yao)(yao)名(ming)。從《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)》中(zhong)(zhong)所載(zai)方(fang)劑(ji)(ji)來看(kan),無明(ming)顯(xian)君、臣、佐、使之配(pei)伍。據研(yan)究,《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)》不(bu)僅(jin)與阿拉(la)(la)伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)有(you)(you)根(gen)深(shen)的(de)淵(yuan)源關系,而(er)且突(tu)出(chu)特色,東西合(he)壁。在藥(yao)(yao)物劑(ji)(ji)型的(de)運用(yong)(yong)方(fang)面(mian),既有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國式(shi)的(de)丸、散、膏、湯,又保存(cun)有(you)(you)阿拉(la)(la)伯(bo)式(shi)的(de)芳香(xiang)揮(hui)發藥(yao)(yao)、滴鼻劑(ji)(ji)、露酒(jiu)劑(ji)(ji)、油劑(ji)(ji),糖漿劑(ji)(ji);有(you)(you)些醫(yi)(yi)方(fang)的(de)臨(lin)床應用(yong)(yong)如菖蒲煎劑(ji)(ji)治療中(zhong)(zhong)風等(deng),又是借(jie)鑒了中(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)統(tong)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)經驗并(bing)(bing)和(he)回(hui)回(hui)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)相結(jie)合(he)的(de)一種用(yong)(yong)法(fa)。《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)》有(you)(you)它自己獨特的(de)思(si)想體系,反映(ying)了成(cheng)(cheng)書時代中(zhong)(zhong)國回(hui)醫(yi)(yi)對疾病認識在理(li)論上已較成(cheng)(cheng)熟,這種理(li)論既保存(cun)有(you)(you)阿拉(la)(la)伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)的(de)特征(zheng),也有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)統(tong)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)份。
《藥方(fang)(fang)(fang)》內(nei)容之廣,涉及臨床多科(ke),同時在治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)上也較(jiao)豐富,對有些(xie)疾病則采(cai)用(yong)內(nei)外并治(zhi)(zhi)。當然《藥方(fang)(fang)(fang)》的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)中(zhong)除了阿拉伯醫(yi)學的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)經驗(yan)(yan)外,其中(zhong)也不乏傳統中(zhong)醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)以及民間(jian)驗(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)。值(zhi)得一提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)許(xu)多方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)特別(bie)是(shi)一些(xie)外治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)及其對骨傷(shang)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)論治(zhi)(zhi)具備了時代的(de)(de)(de)先進性。如《藥方(fang)(fang)(fang)》中(zhong)對頭(tou)部外傷(shang)的(de)(de)(de)診(zhen)斷,是(shi)根據組織損傷(shang)程度劃分的(de)(de)(de),并分別(bie)使用(yong)不同的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)。對外傷(shang)腫(zhong)脹不退,且(qie)并發全身癥狀者,主張作“十(shi)字”切(qie)開,排膿引流(liu)。對顱(lu)骨下膿腫(zhong),采(cai)用(yong)鉆孔鋸開的(de)(de)(de)開顱(lu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)等,在今天看來尚且(qie)合理(li)。
《藥方(fang)》“折(zhe)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門”、“針灸(jiu)門”之(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)述(shu)較全(quan)面。“折(zhe)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門”基本(ben)上(shang)包(bao)括(kuo)了(le)古今骨科(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容,包(bao)括(kuo)了(le)軟(ruan)組織損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)、骨傷(shang)(shang)(shang)及關(guan)節脫臼,并從(cong)理論(lun)上(shang)闡述(shu)了(le)這些損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)、發生機制、診斷和治(zhi)療方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),對一些合并癥(zheng)也(ye)作了(le)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)紹(shao)。從(cong)而(er)反映了(le)14世紀時期中(zhong)國骨傷(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)診療水(shui)平(ping)發展成就。在(zai)今天看來(lai),“折(zhe)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門”中(zhong)許多內(nei)(nei)容仍有(you)臨床(chuang)實用(yong)價值。“針灸(jiu)門”實為專論(lun)灸(jiu)而(er)罕論(lun)針,所論(lun)灸(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)三種(zhong)情況,即艾灸(jiu)、藥灸(jiu)、烙(luo)(luo)(luo)灸(jiu),以烙(luo)(luo)(luo)灸(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)所占篇幅最長,尤為詳述(shu),其(qi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)為阿拉(la)伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)燒烙(luo)(luo)(luo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。在(zai)書中(zhong)烙(luo)(luo)(luo)灸(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適應癥(zheng)被(bei)分為16等,涉(she)及范(fan)圍很廣(guang),包(bao)括(kuo)了(le)內(nei)(nei)科(ke)(ke)、外科(ke)(ke)、眼(yan)科(ke)(ke)、傷(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)、皮膚等多種(zhong)疾病(bing),其(qi)病(bing)因(yin)多與體(ti)內(nei)(nei)惡液有(you)關(guan),具體(ti)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)采用(yong)多種(zhong)器械(xie)、燒烙(luo)(luo)(luo)皮膚,令其(qi)破(po)損、潰(kui)爛、流膿(nong),而(er)不能早用(yong)生肌(ji)收(shou)口之(zhi)(zhi)藥,必令其(qi)膿(nong)外流,則體(ti)內(nei)(nei)之(zhi)(zhi)惡液因(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)排出,然(ran)后施用(yong)生肌(ji)收(shou)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥,使之(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)復。《藥方(fang)》中(zhong)灸(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)雖(sui)然(ran)以烙(luo)(luo)(luo)灸(jiu)為主體(ti),也(ye)確(que)實帶有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)阿拉(la)伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)學特(te)色,但中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)艾灸(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)書中(zhong)出現(xian)及烙(luo)(luo)(luo)灸(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)出現(xian)針灸(jiu)穴位,這說明《藥方(fang)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)灸(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)體(ti)現(xian)了(le)共同的(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)學特(te)色。
《海(hai)藥(yao)本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》。作者為(wei)(wei)唐末(mo)五代(dai)(dai)時(shi)的(de)李(li)珣。祖籍(ji)波(bo)(bo)斯,又名(ming)李(li)波(bo)(bo)斯,善詩。曾(ceng)幾代(dai)(dai)定(ding)居(ju)長安西市一(yi)帶,以賣藥(yao)為(wei)(wei)生,《海(hai)藥(yao)本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》收(shou)藥(yao)124種,大多數來自波(bo)(bo)斯等(deng)地及南海(hai)諸地區,因此(ci)為(wei)(wei)回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)根基(ji)的(de)一(yi)部分,對中醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)的(de)發展也曾(ceng)有(you)過(guo)作用。有(you)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)專家指出,在唐末(mo)五代(dai)(dai)時(shi)在民族醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)史上(shang)有(you)突出貢獻(xian)的(de)書籍(ji)首(shou)推《海(hai)藥(yao)本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》。它還補(bu)充了(le)(le)《神農本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》《名(ming)醫(yi)(yi)別錄》 《唐本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》 《食療本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》《本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)拾遺》等(deng)不足,且糾正了(le)(le)前著的(de)一(yi)些(xie)錯(cuo)記(ji),豐富了(le)(le)中國藥(yao)物學(xue),是回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)的(de)重(zhong)要基(ji)礎與典籍(ji)。
《飲(yin)膳(shan)(shan)正要》。本(ben)書(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)第一部營養(yang)學(xue)專(zhuan)著,成書(shu)(shu)于元代天歷三年(公元1330年)。作(zuo)者(zhe)忽思慧(又(you)作(zuo)和(he)斯輝),史書(shu)(shu)無載。從(cong)本(ben)書(shu)(shu)序文(wen)和(he)進書(shu)(shu)表來(lai)看,是(shi)(shi)元仁宗時的宮(gong)廷飲(yin)膳(shan)(shan)太醫(yi),舊說是(shi)(shi)蒙(meng)(meng)古族醫(yi)家。這部書(shu)(shu)初刊后,明(ming)清兩代多次翻刻,但因屢遭兵災,已散佚不多。書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)配方多以(yi)羊(yang)肉(rou)為(wei)主(zhu)料(liao),“聚(ju)珍異(yi)撰”第一方馬思答吉湯,《本(ben)草綱目·菜部》蒔蘿條(tiao)附(fu)馬思答吉注:“元時飲(yin)膳(shan)(shan)用(yong)之,云(yun)極香料(liao)也。不知何況,故附(fu)之。”書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)多引用(yong)回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)豆子、回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)蔥(cong)(cong)、回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)青、回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)小油(you)。許多食(shi)品冠以(yi)“胡(hu)(hu)”字,如胡(hu)(hu)蔥(cong)(cong)、胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)、胡(hu)(hu)椒、胡(hu)(hu)荽等。以(yi)胡(hu)(hu)蔥(cong)(cong)為(wei)例,《本(ben)草綱目》指出:“元人《飲(yin)膳(shan)(shan)正要》作(zuo)回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)蔥(cong)(cong),似言自(zi)胡(hu)(hu)地(di),故曰胡(hu)(hu)蔥(cong)(cong)耳”。《洛陽伽蘭(lan)記(ji)·城南》記(ji):“獅(shi)子者(zhe),波斯國(guo)胡(hu)(hu)王所(suo)獻也”。可(ke)見大量配方是(shi)(shi)信仰伊斯蘭(lan)教的民(min)族和(he)國(guo)家飲(yin)食(shi)療法所(suo)用(yong)。將(jiang)《飲(yin)膳(shan)(shan)正要》推論為(wei)“兼通蒙(meng)(meng)漢醫(yi)學(xue)”的太醫(yi)所(suo)撰,看來(lai)根據不足。
《瑞竹(zhu)堂(tang)經(jing)驗方(fang)》 (下稱《瑞竹(zhu)堂(tang)方(fang)》)。原著在明(ming)代中(zhong)葉(xie)后國內(nei)已(yi)(yi)失傳,但書(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)許多內(nei)容(rong)則(ze)散見于(yu)國內(nei)外許多醫(yi)(yi)藥文(wen)獻,其(qi)原序兩則(ze)及清明(ming)兩代若干輯佚和(he)(he)抄(chao)本(ben),分(fen)別在中(zhong)國和(he)(he)日(ri)本(ben)有關部門和(he)(he)私(si)家(jia)珍(zhen)藏,作(zuo)者(zhe)及成書(shu)(shu)(shu)年(nian)(nian)代國內(nei)外專家(jia)爭論不一(yi),清乾隆年(nian)(nian)間修纂的《四庫全書(shu)(shu)(shu)》曾將明(ming)代《永樂(le)大典》中(zhong)本(ben)書(shu)(shu)(shu)散在內(nei)容(rong)搜采編輯為(wei)5卷24門。集得內(nei)、外、婦、兒、眼、齒、調補、美容(rong)等科(ke)效方(fang)170余首。當(dang)時“計亡闕已(yi)(yi)十之五六”,中(zhong)國中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)研究院現(xian)藏有清代《抄(chao)本(ben)瑞竹(zhu)堂(tang)經(jing)驗方(fang)》及仿明(ming)刻日(ri)刊本(ben)《瑞竹(zhu)堂(tang)經(jing)驗方(fang)》,有的專家(jia)認為(wei)本(ben)書(shu)(shu)(shu)作(zuo)者(zhe)肯定(ding)是回回醫(yi)(yi)家(jia),其(qi)名(ming)為(wei)沙(sha)圖(tu)穆蘇·薩謙齋,官至元朝御(yu)史兼太(tai)守(shou)。其(qi)成書(shu)(shu)(shu)年(nian)(nian)代不晚于(yu)泰(tai)定(ding)三年(nian)(nian)(公元1327年(nian)(nian)),陳垣先(xian)生在其(qi)名(ming)著《勵(li)耕書(shu)(shu)(shu)屋叢刊·元西域人華(hua)化(hua)考(kao)(kao)》中(zhong)早已(yi)(yi)經(jing)將本(ben)書(shu)(shu)(shu)作(zuo)者(zhe)考(kao)(kao)證為(wei)“華(hua)化(hua)”了(le)的回。
清代《抄本瑞(rui)(rui)竹堂經驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)》現(xian)亡闕(que)者多,但明刻(ke)日刊(kan)本可(ke)能近《瑞(rui)(rui)竹堂方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)》原帙。此日刊(kan)本按明刻(ke)分15卷(juan),每卷(juan)1門(men)(men),集方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)300余首,即諸風(feng)門(men)(men)、心(xin)氣(qi)痛門(men)(men)、疝(shan)氣(qi)門(men)(men)、積滯門(men)(men)、痰飲門(men)(men)、喘嗽門(men)(men)、滋補門(men)(men)、瀉痢門(men)(men)、頭面口眼門(men)(men)、耳(er)鼻(bi)門(men)(men)、發口門(men)(men)、咽喉門(men)(men)、雜治(zhi)(zhi)門(men)(men)、瘡(chuang)(chuang)腫門(men)(men)、婦女門(men)(men)、兒門(men)(men)。該(gai)書用(yong)香藥較(jiao)多,書中記載的懸吊水桶淋浴式是回族自古以來獨特的衛(wei)生傳統習慣,另有治(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)氣(qi)疼(teng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、治(zhi)(zhi)惡瘡(chuang)(chuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、治(zhi)(zhi)疔瘡(chuang)(chuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)在其(qi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)名上(shang)標(biao)有“海上(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”等字樣(yang),還(huan)有的驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)特別強調忌馬、驢、豬肉等。
回回藥方以敘方為主,方論結合,回回藥方與傳統中藥并用。
據統(tong)計《回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)藥(yao)方》殘卷常用(yong)藥(yao)259種(zhong),明(ming)顯(xian)屬于海(hai)藥(yao),其中注(zhu)明(ming)中文(wen)名稱沿(yan)用(yong)阿拉(la)伯藥(yao)名的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)61種(zhong)。從(cong)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)藥(yao)方中記(ji)載的(de)(de)方劑(ji)(ji)來看,無明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)君、臣、佐、使之(zhi)配(pei)伍,在藥(yao)物劑(ji)(ji)型的(de)(de)運(yun)用(yong)方面,既有(you)(you)(you)中國式的(de)(de)“丸、散、膏、湯”,又保(bao)存了(le)阿拉(la)伯“芳(fang)香揮發藥(yao)、滴鼻劑(ji)(ji)、露酒(jiu)劑(ji)(ji)、油劑(ji)(ji)、糖漿劑(ji)(ji)”,有(you)(you)(you)些醫(yi)(yi)方的(de)(de)臨床(chuang)應用(yong)如菖(chang)莆煎劑(ji)(ji),治(zhi)療(liao)中風等,借鑒了(le)中國傳(chuan)統(tong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)學(xue)經(jing)驗并和回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)相結(jie)合。“回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)藥(yao)方”有(you)(you)(you)它自己獨特的(de)(de)思想體系而(er)且(qie)內容(rong)廣泛,涉及臨床(chuang)多科,同時,在治(zhi)療(liao)方法上也較(jiao)豐(feng)富,對有(you)(you)(you)些疾病采用(yong)內外并治(zhi)。因此,回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)藥(yao)方反(fan)映了(le)中國回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)對疾病認識在理論(lun)(lun)上已較(jiao)成熟,這種(zhong)理論(lun)(lun)既保(bao)存有(you)(you)(you)阿拉(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)特征,也有(you)(you)(you)中國傳(chuan)統(tong)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)成分(fen)。
在長期的醫(yi)療(liao)實踐中,逐(zhu)步形成(cheng)了很多治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)各種疾(ji)病的回(hui)回(hui)藥方,民間回(hui)族群眾經常(chang)用(yong)來治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)一些(xie)常(chang)見病,舉例 如下:
1主治(zhi)功能:養胃(wei)散(san)寒(han),緩急止(zhi)痛,健胃(wei)消脹止(zhi)疼。處方(fang)組成:乳香(xiang)、篳撥、高良(liang)姜、肉豆(dou)蔻、丁香(xiang)、砂(sha)仁、沉香(xiang)。共研(yan)細粉用黑(hei)白(bai)糖攪拌(ban),一日兩次早晚(wan)服用。
2主治功能:補腎(shen)活血,利水消腫,消渴蠱病,腎(shen)囊流水。
處方(fang)組成:大麥(mai)面、香附(fu)子、石堿、牛(niu)糞,共研細粉用玫瑰(gui)水和醋調和攪(jiao)拌而成,用布袋包上貼腹部。一日一次連貼三至五日有(you)好轉。
3香茸湯
主治功能:腎(shen)(shen)陽(yang)虛,陽(yang)痿早泄,補腎(shen)(shen)壯(zhuang)陽(yang),滋補肝腎(shen)(shen)。
處方組成:沉香、鹿茸、枸杞、山芋肉。開水煎服一(yi)日(ri)一(yi)劑煎三次服用。
4四合湯
主治功能:祛風散(san)寒(han),通絡止痛,惡吐(tu),頭疼(teng)(teng)(頭昏(hun),頭暈)周身關(guan)節疼(teng)(teng)痛。
處(chu)方組成(cheng):丁香、地(di)蕉、茯茶、高良姜。(如有咳嗽,加苦(ku)杏(xing)仁、花椒,為六(liu)合湯)。開水煎湯后(hou)放黑(hei)白糖服(fu)用一至兩碗。
配制,用紅線捆扎手指(左三右(you)四)拿針(zhen)放淤(yu)血(xue)(xue),然(ran)后發汗痊(quan)愈)。放血(xue)(xue)療法(fa)是(shi)現代醫學的清血(xue)(xue)解毒消炎(yan)。
中國回(hui)族在一千多年的與疾病作斗爭的過程中,不但形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)獨(du)特(te)的回(hui)族醫藥理論體(ti)系,而(er)(er)且形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)至今尚存在的獨(du)特(te)的民(min)間療法(fa)。而(er)(er)民(min)間療法(fa)又可(ke)分外治(zhi)法(fa)、內治(zhi)法(fa)。
1.刺法(包括放血砭法及火針)
眉心(xin)放血法:回族群眾俗稱(cheng)挑頭(tou)。術者端坐(zuo)患者對(dui)側,用(yong)(yong)(yong)左右兩拇指(zhi)由眉心(xin)(印堂穴)由內(nei)向外按捋三(san)次,再用(yong)(yong)(yong)拇指(zhi)食指(zhi)揪起眉心(xin),針刺放血(所用(yong)(yong)(yong)工具(ju)為一般(ban)縫衣針,下同)。此法適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于風寒感冒(mao)、頭(tou)痛、身(shen)痛、前額痛、畏寒等(deng)證。
太陽(yang)穴放血法(fa):術者用(yong)(yong)拇指(zhi)由前(qian)額向外捋三次(ci),然后用(yong)(yong)拇指(zhi)同食(shi)指(zhi)揪起(qi)太陽(yang)穴處皮(pi)膚,用(yong)(yong)針(zhen)刺出血少許(xu)。此法(fa)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)感冒頭(tou)痛(tong)、寒熱往來、血瘀(yu)頭(tou)痛(tong)、高血壓頭(tou)痛(tong)等。
腘窩(wo)(wo)放血法(fa):患者背向醫者直立,暴(bao)露腘窩(wo)(wo)部。術者先用(yong)手掌擊其腘窩(wo)(wo)。暴(bao)露腘窩(wo)(wo)處(chu)表淺(qian)靜脈(mo)。在腘窩(wo)(wo)中線外(相(xiang)當委中穴),用(yong)針刺(ci)出(chu)血少(shao)許。此法(fa)主治風寒感冒、身痛(tong)、腰痛(tong)及腹痛(tong)等癥。
肘窩放(fang)血法:暴露肘部后,術者由上臂向(xiang)下捋三次,然后用一物(wu)緊束(shu)上臂,待肘部血管怒張。在肘部靜脈處(相(xiang)當(dang)曲(qu)池(chi)穴)放(fang)血。此(ci)法主治風(feng)寒感冒、肢體疼痛、身痛等證。
中(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)放血(xue)法:用一(yi)(yi)根(gen)紅線緊(jin)束患者(zhe)中(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。術者(zhe)在中(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甲上一(yi)(yi)韭葉處(chu)或指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端放血(xue)。此(ci)法主(zhu)治風寒感冒、小兒客忤(wu)驚風、婦人癔(yi)病(bing)。
外(wai)耳(er)(er)廓放血(xue)法:病人背(bei)術者(zhe)坐(zuo)位,將(jiang)耳(er)(er)廓外(wai)側暴露。術者(zhe)用(yong)手固定耳(er)(er)廓,暴露耳(er)(er)廓小靜(jing)脈,取其上(shang)三分之(zhi)一處,用(yong)砭石(或瓷器鈍(dun)片(pian)),輕刺小靜(jing)脈血(xue),視(shi)其病情(qing)輕重以定其放血(xue)量。此法主治咽(yan)部紅腫充血(xue)、扁(bian)桃體炎、口瘡及皮膚疥癬、神(shen)經性皮炎等。
內迎(ying)香放血(xue)(xue)(xue)法(fa):取一(yi)銳(rui)利竹簽,放入病人鼻翼(yi)內0.5公分處,緊(jin)貼鼻翼(yi)。術者用食指猛彈鼻翼(yi)使其出血(xue)(xue)(xue)少(shao)許。此法(fa)主治急性眼炎、紅(hong)眼、咽(yan)炎、咽(yan)部充血(xue)(xue)(xue)等證(zheng)。
關(guan)(guan)節扭(niu)傷(shang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)腫放血(xue)(xue)(xue)法:如關(guan)(guan)節扭(niu)傷(shang)跌打局部血(xue)(xue)(xue)腫,回族民間常用(yong)局部放血(xue)(xue)(xue),配合拔(ba)火罐,拔(ba)除瘀血(xue)(xue)(xue),也有(you)用(yong)小兒童尿(niao)洗之以(yi)活其血(xue)(xue)(xue)。(按《醫林纂要》便溺:凡(fan)跌打血(xue)(xue)(xue)悶(men)欲死,灌此即蘇,新(xin)產(chan)和酒飲之。可(ke)免血(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀上(shang)攻(gong),血(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀作痛,此皆咸以(yi)散瘀。見效甚(shen)速(su)者。《本(ben)草思辯錄》……折傷(shang)跌打有(you)靈驗)。
火針刺法(fa):方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)用一(yi)(yi)縫衣針在(zai)油燈(deng)或酒精上燒紅,在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)部位針刺。常刺的(de)部位有大椎(zhui)穴、中脘(wan)穴。治療(liao)急性(xing)胃炎(yan)、胃痙攣、膽道蛔蟲。有時(shi)也在(zai)急性(xing)淋巴管炎(yan)上端挑(tiao)刺。
2.拔法(fa):回族(zu)民間常用(yong)陶器火(huo)罐,用(yong)紙點燃,投入其中,以行拔法(fa)。所拔部(bu)(bu)位(wei)多(duo)在前額、太陽穴、背部(bu)(bu)、腰部(bu)(bu)、上(shang)腹部(bu)(bu)。主(zhu)治頭痛、胃痛、腰痛、背痛等,也(ye)有結合放(fang)血療法(fa)者。對于膿腫已潰、結核瘺管膿液也(ye)有使用(yong),達到提膿的目的。
3.挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)法:挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)法是指(zhi)挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)四縫(feng)(feng)及(ji)(ji)挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)羊毛療(liao)。挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)四縫(feng)(feng):是在小(xiao)兒(er)手(shou)指(zhi)第二關節(jie)內側(ce)用針挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)出少(shao)量黃色(se)粘液,主(zhu)治小(xiao)兒(er)疳積(ji)、慢性(xing)消化不良。挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)羊毛療(liao)法:(羊毛療(liao)相當于(yu)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)胃痙攣,急(ji)(ji)性(xing)膽(dan)囊炎等(deng)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)腹(fu)痛(tong)(tong)癥狀)。方(fang)法是先用銅錢沾(zhan)麻(ma)油或用一小(xiao)盤邊緣光滑側(ce)在病人背(bei)部兩(liang)側(ce)刮。待背(bei)部出現輕(qing)度瘀血征象,用縫(feng)(feng)衣針針孔端在背(bei)上點。發現異樣小(xiao)點,用針尖挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)起皮膚及(ji)(ji)皮下筋膜。亦有用小(xiao)刀割之的。主(zhu)治急(ji)(ji)性(xing)胃炎、急(ji)(ji)性(xing)胃痙攣、急(ji)(ji)性(xing)膽(dan)絞痛(tong)(tong)等(deng)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)腹(fu)痛(tong)(tong)癥。
4.吹(chui)法:吹(chui)法包括吹(chui)杜爾(er)精(jing)神療法(宗教(jiao)名稱)及吹(chui)藥兩種方法。吹(chui)杜爾(er)精(jing)神療法:方法是用一潔凈蓋(gai)碗由阿(a)(a)訇(宗教(jiao)人士)在碗壁上寫上經字(阿(a)(a)文(wen)),放入茶葉(或相應(ying)的用中藥加工的茶葉)沖入開水(shui)。由阿(a)(a)訇誦讀經文(wen)及吹(chui)氣入碗讓(rang)病(bing)人飲(yin)用。主治(zhi)一些精(jing)神性病(bing)患,此(ci)法有精(jing)神治(zhi)療作用。吹(chui)藥法:將血余炭(tan)吹(chui)入鼻腔用于止血。用皂角粉吹(chui)鼻治(zhi)療中風(feng)昏迷。
5.捏(nie)(nie)法(fa)(fa):捏(nie)(nie)法(fa)(fa)包括捏(nie)(nie)人中(zhong)穴(xue)(xue)及捏(nie)(nie)脊(ji)。掐(qia)人中(zhong):方法(fa)(fa)是(shi)用(yong)拇指(zhi)甲(jia)緊捏(nie)(nie)患者人中(zhong)穴(xue)(xue)。主(zhu)治休克、虛脫(tuo)、昏迷或癔病氣厥(jue)。掐(qia)脊(ji)也(ye)叫捏(nie)(nie)脊(ji):方法(fa)(fa)是(shi)在髂(qia)脊(ji)與肩(jian)胛(jia)之(zhi)間分(fen)(fen)三等(deng)(deng)分(fen)(fen),揪起皮膚由下(xia)部(bu)向上(shang)部(bu)捻捏(nie)(nie),每至一份(fen)處,向上(shang)提三下(xia)。反復三次,用(yong)雙手搓(cuo)5~10分(fen)(fen)鐘。此法(fa)(fa)用(yong)于小兒疳(gan)積。消瘦、食少、面(mian)色萎黃等(deng)(deng)證(zheng)。
6、熏(xun)(xun)(xun)法(fa):包括醋(cu)熏(xun)(xun)(xun)法(fa)及(ji)藥熏(xun)(xun)(xun)法(fa)兩種。醋(cu)熏(xun)(xun)(xun)法(fa):取老陳醋(cu)半碗,放在病人鼻邊,取紅炭火一(yi)塊(kuai),速(su)投入(ru)醋(cu)中,使醋(cu)熏(xun)(xun)(xun)發之(zhi)氣味,沖(chong)入(ru)患者(zhe)鼻內。主(zhu)治昏厥(jue)、癔病氣厥(jue)。藥熏(xun)(xun)(xun)法(fa):回(hui)族(zu)民間習慣(guan)用(yong)白(bai)礬、花椒(jiao)熏(xun)(xun)(xun)洗(xi)陰部,治陰部寒濕病。用(yong)花椒(jiao)、艾葉洗(xi)瘡。用(yong)白(bai)草煎水(shui)洗(xi)下肢,治肢體疼痛。用(yong)西(xi)河柳(liu),芫荽、紅布洗(xi)身透(tou)疹等(deng)。
7.敷(fu)(fu)法(fa):有熱(re)(re)敷(fu)(fu)法(fa)及(ji)冷敷(fu)(fu)法(fa)。回族(zu)(zu)用(yong)醋(cu)糟加入小(xiao)茴(hui)香或用(yong)清鹽在鍋內(nei)炒熱(re)(re),裝(zhuang)入布袋熱(re)(re)敷(fu)(fu)腹部(bu)治療(liao)小(xiao)腹寒痛(tong)、寒疝(shan)(谷(gu)稱偏墜(zhui))。也有用(yong)磚或布鞋底烤熱(re)(re)作(zuo)熱(re)(re)敷(fu)(fu)使用(yong)的。冷敷(fu)(fu)法(fa)在鼻出血(xue)、高(gao)熱(re)(re)時(shi)用(yong)冷毛巾敷(fu)(fu)頭額。回族(zu)(zu)少女(nv)有扎(zha)耳眼(yan)的習(xi)慣,扎(zha)耳眼(yan)時(shi)用(yong)冰(bing)做寒冷麻醉,有止血(xue)止痛(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)。
8.點(dian)咽(yan)(yan)滴鼻(bi)洗眼(yan)法:回族(zu)民(min)間治(zhi)(zhi)療咽(yan)(yan)部炎(yan)癥(zheng)、懸雍垂水腫可用(yong)(yong)筷子(zi)蘸燒(shao)鹽(即青(qing)鹽火(huo)煅)點(dian)于咽(yan)(yan)部。用(yong)(yong)雞(ji)蛋黃油(you)點(dian)鼻(bi),治(zhi)(zhi)療鼻(bi)粘膜(mo)干燥(zao)癥(zheng),用(yong)(yong)蒼(cang)耳油(you)點(dian)鼻(bi)治(zhi)(zhi)鼻(bi)炎(yan),用(yong)(yong)柳(liu)葉、金銀花、白菊花煎(jian)水點(dian)洗眼(yan)治(zhi)(zhi)急性(xing)結膜(mo)炎(yan)等。
9.涂抹法:涂抹法是抹藥(yao)結合藥(yao)敷(fu)的一種治(zhi)法,常(chang)(chang)用(yong)有以下幾種:①用(yong)五月端(duan)陽節蟾(chan)蜍一只,將墨錠一支由蟾(chan)蜍口裝入腹(fu)中,陰干備用(yong)。用(yong)時涂于(yu)患病處,對(dui)急性炎癥紅腫(zhong),有止痛消腫(zhong)作用(yong)。②用(yong)花粉、白芷、綠豆共為細(xi)末(mo);冷水調(diao)成(cheng)糊(hu)(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),敷(fu)于(yu)患處。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)于(yu)面部炎癥、青年(nian)痤瘡等。③用(yong)鮮蒲(pu)公(gong)英(ying)一兩搗(dao)成(cheng)糊(hu)(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)參(can)入蛋清(qing)調(diao)敷(fu)患處。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)于(yu)治(zhi)療急性乳腺(xian)炎。
10.割法:即切除(chu)術。回(hui)族(zu)禮(li)習在(zai)男性(xing)青(qing)年婚前做包皮切除(chu)術(稱(cheng)之做頌(song)乃悌)。
內治法
回族民間偏方驗方有個重要(yao)的特點,即“藥食同療(liao)”、“寓藥于食”,這與回人善(shan)烹調(diao),喜精作食品有一定關系(xi)。
如以(yi)羊心(xin)(xin)朱砂同用(yong)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)心(xin)(xin)血(xue)不足之(zhi)失(shi)眠、心(xin)(xin)悸、震顫(zhan)。方法是取新鮮(xian)羊心(xin)(xin)一個,朱砂1克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(擂細)由羊心(xin)(xin)動靜脈孔內納入(ru),用(yong)棉線縫其口,蒸熟或燉熟,用(yong)時切成(cheng)肉(rou)片每(mei)晚服(fu)半只。本品有(you)養血(xue)、鎮(zhen)靜作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。用(yong)磚茶15克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),山楂15克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),紅糖20克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)共同炒焦。沖(chong)水飲用(yong)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)急性痢疾、腹(fu)寒腹(fu)痛,有(you)止痢、暖(nuan)胃作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。用(yong)元肉(rou)30克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),大棗10克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),紅糖30克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),黑豆(dou)30克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)長期煎服(fu)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)貧(pin)血(xue)、產后血(xue)虛,有(you)補血(xue)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。用(yong)綠豆(dou)、蕎(qiao)面等用(yong)清水調勻敷于(yu)瘡瘍(yang)(yang)處治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)疔毒(du)(du)瘡瘍(yang)(yang),有(you)拔毒(du)(du)法火清熱作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。用(yong)清油一兩熬沸(fei),放入(ru)花椒15克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),炸枯。取油服(fu)用(yong),有(you)驅(qu)蟲安(an)蛔(hui)(hui)潤腸通便作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。用(yong)于(yu)蛔(hui)(hui)蟲腹(fu)痛及蛔(hui)(hui)蟲引起腸梗阻(zu)。用(yong)麻油調入(ru)芒硝內服(fu)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)便秘、食(shi)道(dao)炎、早期食(shi)道(dao)癌等有(you)通閉(bi)散結的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。
回族民間的醫(yi)療經驗治療方法還(huan)很不完善,還(huan)是一(yi)個粗線條的,還(huan)需要進一(yi)發掘、整(zheng)理。
回(hui)族(zu)人民(min)善(shan)烹調,喜精做食(shi)品,在(zai)飲食(shi)上(shang)有(you)本民(min)族(zu)的(de)獨(du)特習慣,各種風味(wei)小吃獨(du)具風味(wei)。而有(you)些“食(shi)譜(pu)”“粥譜(pu)”“茶(cha)譜(pu)”就是(shi)很好的(de)保健食(shi)品,有(you)明顯(xian)的(de)補氣補血、健脾開胃(wei)、補腎增精作用。
配方:羯羊脖子1個,黃芪飲(yin)片(pian)60克,將羯羊脖子放(fang)入(ru)(ru)適(shi)量冷水中煮(zhu)沸。去除(chu)油(you)沫,先煮(zhu)半(ban)小時,將黃芪飲(yin)片(pian)用紗布包好(hao),放(fang)入(ru)(ru)鍋內(nei)同煮(zhu),待肉熟(shu)。亦可(ke)加姜、蔥、香料。本(ben)品有(you)補(bu)氣補(bu)血(xue)、扶贏愈瘡功(gong)效。用于病后(hou)(hou)氣虛(xu),大(da)病之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)。 鴿(ge)子燉三(san)七(qi):配方:鴿(ge)子(雛(chu)鴿(ge))1只,漢(han)三(san)七(qi)10克。取(qu)活雛(chu)鴿(ge)1只宰殺,去除(chu)內(nei)臟(zang)洗凈,將漢(han)三(san)七(qi)粗粉(fen)布包放(fang)入(ru)(ru)雛(chu)鴿(ge)腹(fu)中,縫封,文火煮(zhu)熟(shu),吃肉、飲(yin)湯。回族民間喜歡養鴿(ge),但不食(shi)成鴿(ge),這可(ke)能(neng)與宗(zong)教有(you)關,但對產后(hou)(hou),手術后(hou)(hou)食(shi)用有(you)補(bu)氣血(xue),活血(xue)化瘀生新的作用。
金針木(mu)耳(er)湯(tang):配方:黃花(hua)(黃花(hua)花(hua)蕾(lei))適(shi)量(liang),木(mu)耳(er)適(shi)量(liang)。將(jiang)黃花(hua)、木(mu)耳(er)用(yong)溫水浸半小時使其軟化,去(qu)除泥土雜質,加蔥、調(diao)料,水適(shi)量(liang),做成湯(tang)菜。本品有治氣虛(xu)麻(ma)木(mu)、高血壓(ya)、止(zhi)血治痔(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)。
龍(long)(long)(long)眼黑(hei)(hei)豆(dou)大棗飲:配方:龍(long)(long)(long)眼肉15克(ke)(ke),黑(hei)(hei)豆(dou)30克(ke)(ke),大棗1枚,先將黑(hei)(hei)豆(dou)用(yong)水煮(zhu)熟留取豆(dou)汁。去除黑(hei)(hei)豆(dou)再加入棗煮(zhu)熟放入龍(long)(long)(long)眼肉微煮(zhu),成黑(hei)(hei)紅色藥飲,每日1次。本品長久飲用(yong)有補血安(an)神(shen)作用(yong),對貧(pin)血、心悸、失眠(mian)有較(jiao)好療效。
生姜燉烏(wu)雞(ji):配方:鮮(xian)生姜30克切成薄片(pian),以順序排列置(zhi)鍋底;小(xiao)烏(wu)雞(ji)1只,去凈毛及內臟,破開雞(ji)胸,平鋪鍋中,加水適量,慢(man)火燉熟。本品有(you)補(bu)虛(xu)散寒、安(an)神定(ding)志、催乳(ru)作用,可做為慢(man)性腎炎輔(fu)助療法。《別錄》有(you)“烏(wu)雄雞(ji)主補(bu)中止痛(tong)”。《食療本草(cao)》有(you)“黑(hei)雌雞(ji)。”“治反胃腹痛(tong),折骨痛(tong)、乳(ru)癰、安(an)胎”之說。
鯽(ji)魚紅(hong)豆(dou)湯(tang):配方(fang):新(xin)鮮鯽(ji)魚一(yi)條約重4兩,赤小豆(dou)30克。先將(jiang)赤小豆(dou)煮(zhu)至半熟(shu)。再將(jiang)鯽(ji)魚一(yi)條放(fang)入鍋內(nei),加水(shui)及調(diao)料適量,微火(huo)燉熟(shu)即成。本品(pin)有補氣(qi)利水(shui)消腫作用。可作急慢性(xing)腎炎(yan)的輔助療(liao)法。
止咳(ke)潤肺(fei)湯:配方:鮮冬梨一個切片(pian),青蘿(luo)卜60克切片(pian),冰糖適量,蜂蜜(mi)適量,川貝母10克,加水適量微火燉(dun)熟。頻頻飲(yin)之。本品有清肺(fei)化(hua)痰(tan)之功(gong),對(dui)冬春肺(fei)燥咳(ke)嗽、老人(ren)痰(tan)多有一定治療效果。
回(hui)(hui)族(zu)保健與(yu)他們(men)的生活習俗(su)有(you)密切關(guan)系。回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)常飲用(yong)蓋碗茶(cha),在茶(cha)葉中(zhong)配上枸杞(qi)、紅棗(zao)、桂圓、核桃仁、葡(pu)萄干(gan)(gan)、果干(gan)(gan)、冰(bing)糖、芝(zhi)麻(ma),名曰“八寶蓋碗茶(cha)”,此(ci)茶(cha)長期飲用(yong)具有(you)健脾益(yi)(yi)腎、提(ti)神(shen)明目、益(yi)(yi)氣養血、抗(kang)御(yu)風寒、強身健體的作(zuo)用(yong)。另(ling)外還喜(xi)歡油(you)(you)茶(cha),將羊肉切碎,加(jia)油(you)(you)脂炒(chao)熟(shu),加(jia)面炒(chao)黃,加(jia)入蔥花(hua)鹽沫(mo)拌勻而制成之(zhi)。此(ci)茶(cha)可(ke)飲可(ke)食(shi),攜帶方(fang)便,便于(yu)儲藏,而且有(you)溫胃散寒,潤腸、補脾、健胃、益(yi)(yi)腎之(zhi)功效。
綜上(shang)所述(shu),中國傳(chuan)統(tong)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)在(zai)其(qi)發展與完善的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中,借中國回(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)民(min)族(zu)之力,曾吸收融(rong)匯了(le)阿拉伯(bo)、波斯(si)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)精華。而伊斯(si)蘭醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)又是融(rong)匯了(le)埃(ai)及、希臘(la)、印度、阿拉伯(bo)古代醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)及中國古代醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)精粹而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。由(you)此(ci)看來,回(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)在(zai)中國傳(chuan)統(tong)醫(yi)(yi)藥史(shi)上(shang)扮(ban)演了(le)不可替代的(de)(de)歷史(shi)角(jiao)色。現如今,在(zai)響應國家挖(wa)掘整理(li)各(ge)種民(min)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥的(de)(de)重大歷史(shi)機(ji)遇(yu)面前,深入開(kai)展回(hui)(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)藥研究已變得(de)極為迫切。作為回(hui)(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)中的(de)(de)一分(fen)子,我(wo)們有不可推卸的(de)(de)責任。我(wo)們正在(zai)拯救挖(wa)掘,籌備(bei)回(hui)(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)研究所,請廣大同(tong)行和(he)關心回(hui)(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)藥科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)朋友們給予支持和(he)幫助,讓(rang)回(hui)(hui)(hui)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥重新煥發生機(ji),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)具有民(min)族(zu)特(te)色醫(yi)(yi)藥文化(hua)和(he)優勢產業,為人民(min)健康做出(chu)貢(gong)獻。