李因培(1717~1767年(nian)(nian)),字其材,號(hao)鶴(he)峰,晉寧(ning)錦川里(今上蒜鄉下石美(mei)村(cun))人(ren)。父治民,字立人(ren),清康熙四十年(nian)(nian)(1701年(nian)(nian))舉人(ren),曾任廣東清遠(yuan)縣令。
李因培幼時(shi),即(ji)由其(qi)父口授四書(shu)五經(jing)、《左傳》、《國語》及《莊子》等,他努(nu)力學習,皆(jie)能背誦。后入塾讀書(shu),成績常名列前茅,被(bei)稱為“小(xiao)先(xian)生”。9歲(sui)時(shi)隨母(mu)遷居昆明,11歲(sui)參(can)加童試(shi),補博士(shi)弟(di)子員。乾隆三年(1738年)參(can)加鄉試(shi),中舉(ju)人,因家貧無力上(shang)京應試(shi)。
過了七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou),得友(you)(you)人(ren)資助(zhu),入(ru)京(jing)考中(zhong)進士(shi)(shi),授(shou)翰林學(xue)(xue)(xue)士(shi)(shi),三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)被提任(ren)(ren)侍(shi)講學(xue)(xue)(xue)士(shi)(shi),其(qi)后(hou)(hou)出任(ren)(ren)山(shan)東學(xue)(xue)(xue)政。乾(qian)隆(long)(long)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1753年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三(san)月(yue)(yue)擔任(ren)(ren)刑部(bu)侍(shi)郎(lang),六月(yue)(yue)兼任(ren)(ren)順天府尹。乾(qian)隆(long)(long)二(er)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1756年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))調(diao)(diao)任(ren)(ren)江(jiang)蘇學(xue)(xue)(xue)政,與(yu)文學(xue)(xue)(xue)家袁枚(字(zi)子才)友(you)(you)善,常詩酒聚會,游山(shan)玩水。時(shi)袁枚建“隨園”于金陵(今(jin)南京(jing)),曾廣征(zheng)楹聯,均未如意,遂擇(ze)《蘭亭集序》中(zhong)“此(ci)地有(you)崇山(shan)峻嶺,茂林修竹”一句為(wei)上聯,征(zheng)求下聯,李(li)(li)因培便(bian)取魯(lu)昭公十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),楚(chu)王(wang)夸左(zuo)史(shi)倚相的話(hua)應(ying)對,即“其(qi)人(ren)讀(du)三(san)墳五(wu)典,八(ba)索(suo)九丘(qiu)”。袁枚大加(jia)贊許,稱為(wei)“絕對”,立即刻木掛(gua)于園中(zhong)。晉(jin)(jin)寧(ning)人(ren)引以為(wei)榮,亦(yi)曾將此(ci)聯刻懸于晉(jin)(jin)寧(ning)象山(shan)書院內(nei)。二(er)十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1757年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),乾(qian)隆(long)(long)皇帝南巡(xun)江(jiang)蘇,看(kan)到李(li)(li)因培署理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)政,成績昭著(zhu),曾賜詩稱贊。其(qi)后(hou)(hou)曾調(diao)(diao)任(ren)(ren)浙江(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)政。乾(qian)隆(long)(long)二(er)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1763年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))六月(yue)(yue),調(diao)(diao)任(ren)(ren)禮(li)部(bu)侍(shi)郎(lang)。乾(qian)隆(long)(long)三(san)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1766年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))出任(ren)(ren)湖北巡(xun)撫,后(hou)(hou)又先后(hou)(hou)任(ren)(ren)湖南巡(xun)撫和福建巡(xun)撫。
《滇(dian)繋》、《滇(dian)詩(shi)略》、《云南通志(zhi)》、《晉寧州志(zhi)》、《李氏詩(shi)存》、《滇(dian)賢生卒考》
李因培(pei)博學多才,尤(you)精文史,為(wei)(wei)(wei)官(guan)清(qing)廉,頗得民心(xin),民間(jian)留(liu)有“才高(gao)八(ba)斗李因培(pei),字壓兩江馬(ma)(ma)汝(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)”的說法(馬(ma)(ma)汝(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)云(yun)南元江人,精于書(shu)法)。他才高(gao)受寵,加之性剛氣盛(sheng),為(wei)(wei)(wei)朝中奸佞之徒所(suo)恨,竟被誣(wu)陷,以“屬員(yuan)虧空(kong)不實”之罪,降為(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)川按察(cha)使(shi),后改賜死(si)(si),死(si)(si)時年僅51歲。
其子李翊、李翔、孫李浩均進士,女李含(han)章(zhang)詩文皆精,所作收入《蘩(fan)香草集》。李因培祖孫四代名噪文壇,其事跡《清(qing)史》有傳,并被(bei)近年出版(ban)的《中國歷史人物辭典》收錄。
泊靜子按:
李(li)(li)(li)(li)因培(pei)曾前后(hou)兩次(ci)(ci)提學(xue)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)(su),據《清(qing)高宗實(shi)錄》卷489:“乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)(long)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)五月(yue),以(yi)光祿寺卿李(li)(li)(li)(li)因培(pei)提督江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)(su)學(xue)政(zheng)(zheng)。”同書卷521:“乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)(long)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)九(jiu)月(yue),諭:‘各省(sheng)學(xue)政(zheng)(zheng),已屆期滿(man)(man),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)(su)學(xue)政(zheng)(zheng)李(li)(li)(li)(li)因培(pei),……俱著(zhu)仍留。’”同書卷597:“乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)(long)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)九(jiu)月(yue),諭:‘各省(sheng)學(xue)政(zheng)(zheng),現屆期滿(man)(man)。……浙江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)政(zheng)(zheng),著(zhu)李(li)(li)(li)(li)因培(pei)調(diao)補(bu)。”是(shi)為李(li)(li)(li)(li)因培(pei)第一(yi)次(ci)(ci)提學(xue)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)(su),法定時間(jian)是(shi)從(cong)乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)(long)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)五月(yue)至(zhi)乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)(long)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)九(jiu)月(yue)。但是(shi),又(you)據同書卷608,至(zhi)乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)(long)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)三月(yue)時候,戶(hu)部尚有議覆(fu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)(su)學(xue)政(zheng)(zheng)李(li)(li)(li)(li)因培(pei)疏請記載,則李(li)(li)(li)(li)因培(pei)實(shi)際提學(xue)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)(su)學(xue)政(zheng)(zheng)當是(shi)至(zhi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)三月(yue)以(yi)后(hou)止(zhi)。
李(li)因(yin)(yin)培(pei)第(di)二(er)次提督江蘇學(xue)政,據《清高(gao)宗實錄(lu)》卷(juan)670:乾(qian)隆二(er)十(shi)七年九(jiu)月壬戌,諭曰(yue):‘各省學(xue)政,現屆(jie)差滿(man)。……江蘇學(xue)政,著(zhu)李(li)因(yin)(yin)培(pei)調補。’”同(tong)書卷(juan)731:“乾(qian)隆三(san)十(shi)年閏二(er)月,諭:‘湖北巡(xun)撫員缺,著(zhu)李(li)因(yin)(yin)培(pei)補授(shou)。’”又據同(tong)書735:“乾(qian)隆三(san)十(shi)年四月,湖北巡(xun)撫李(li)因(yin)(yin)培(pei)奏(zou)湖北吏治廢弛有二(er)。”則李(li)因(yin)(yin)培(pei)第(di)二(er)次提學(xue)江蘇當是(shi)從乾(qian)隆二(er)十(shi)七年至三(san)十(shi)年四月止。