明清(qing)時期由于商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)經(jing)濟的(de)發展,商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)流(liu)通(tong)領域(yu)擴大,商(shang)(shang)(shang)人十分活躍,逐漸形成(cheng)了商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。著名的(de)有徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)、江右(you)幫(bang)、洞(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)、山(shan)東商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)、秦商(shang)(shang)(shang)、潮商(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)、龍游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)、寧波商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)等十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。
當徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)在商(shang)(shang)(shang)場爭(zheng)雄之(zhi)時,冷不防在浙(zhe)江中(zhong)西南部(bu)崛起(qi)一(yi)個(ge)頗有影響的(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)歷史上有一(yi)個(ge)當年堪稱國家(jia)級(ji)的(de)大“幫(bang)(bang)派”,當然,這個(ge)大“幫(bang)(bang)派”系明(ming)(ming)清時列全國十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)雖以龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)命名(ming),但并非單指龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)縣的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人,而是實指浙(zhe)江衢(qu)州府所屬龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、常山縣、西安(今衢(qu)縣)、開(kai)化和江山五(wu)縣的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人,其中(zhong)以龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人人數最多(duo),經商(shang)(shang)(shang)手段最為高明(ming)(ming),故冠以龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)之(zhi)名(ming),簡(jian)稱“龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)幫(bang)(bang)”。
商幫(bang)的出現(xian),是我國商品經(jing)濟發(fa)展的重要標(biao)志。
在明中葉嘉靖、萬歷(li)年(nian)間(1522-1620),十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫中最(zui)活(huo)躍的是洞(dong)庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)和龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang),當(dang)時(shi)社會(hui)上流傳(chuan)著兩句(ju)諺語:“鉆天洞(dong)庭(ting)遍地(di)徽”、“遍地(di)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)”。這(zhe)反映洞(dong)庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)、徽州商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)、龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)遍布(bu)全國并雄踞(ju)商(shang)(shang)(shang)界(jie)的事實。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)歷(li)史上為(wei)姑篾(mie)文(wen)化發祥地(di),更是“入閩(min)要(yao)道”、“金衢處(chu)徽之(zhi)沖(chong)”,為(wei)古(gu)代重(zhong)要(yao)鹽道餉(xiang)道,“通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)浙(zhe)孔(kong)(kong)道,饋餉(xiang)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)必(bi)系”之(zhi)地(di),又是浙(zhe)皖閩(min)贛(gan)4省交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樞(shu)紐(niu)。明人(ren)(ren)徐復初說:“邑(龍(long)(long)(long)游(you))當(dang)孔(kong)(kong)道,舟車(che)所(suo)(suo)(suo)至,商(shang)(shang)(shang)貨(huo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),紛總填(tian)溢。”龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)人(ren)(ren)農耕之(zhi)外,借交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)便(bian),經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)乃成謀生重(zhong)要(yao)手段,加之(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)社會(hui)上素(su)不賤商(shang)(shang)(shang),頭腦(nao)活(huo)絡之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)多選(xuan)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)路。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)有豐富的資(zi)源,這(zhe)也為(wei)他們經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)提供了(le)物質條件。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)多山林竹木(mu)和茶漆(qi)糧(liang)油等,這(zhe)些土特產品(pin)成為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)重(zhong)要(yao)的外貿商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)。
當時(shi)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang),以龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)為主體,涵蓋了周圍(wei)衢州(zhou)諸(zhu)縣的(de)商(shang)(shang)家。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)形成(cheng)有一個漫長的(de)過程。它發軔于(yu)南(nan)宋,活躍于(yu)明中葉,至(zhi)清乾隆年(nian)(nian)間為鼎(ding)盛。宋室南(nan)遷后,建都杭(hang)州(zhou),為了方便(bian)同(tong)長江(jiang)沿岸抗(kang)金(jin)(jin)前(qian)線的(de)聯系,官府(fu)修建了東起京城(cheng)杭(hang)州(zhou),西接湘贛的(de)官道。這(zhe)條官道在龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)和壽(shou)昌交(jiao)界的(de)梅嶺關入龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)境,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)視此(ci)為大好商(shang)(shang)機,就把木材運到杭(hang)州(zhou)銷售。也有大商(shang)(shang)人(ren)到浙江(jiang)外地(di)經商(shang)(shang)致(zhi)富,如(ru)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)韋塘(tang)人(ren)朱世榮,“流(liu)寓常(chang)州(zhou)致(zhi)巨富,置(zhi)產亙常(chang)州(zhou)三(san)縣之(zhi)半(ban)(ban),后歸衢江(jiang)古碼(ma)里,復大置(zhi)產,當時(shi)以為財雄衢常(chang)二府(fu)。”到了明朝(chao),一個以龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)為中心,帶(dai)動整個衢州(zhou)地(di)區商(shang)(shang)人(ren)們的(de)流(liu)域性商(shang)(shang)業團體響亮(liang)登場(chang),他們在金(jin)(jin)衢盆(pen)地(di)崛起,逐鹿中原(yuan),遠征邊(bian)關,漂洋(yang)出(chu)海,以“遍地(di)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)”的(de)氣(qi)勢被人(ren)們稱為“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)幫(bang)(bang)”。據史料(liao)記載:明萬(wan)歷年(nian)(nian)間,“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)丘之(zhi)民,往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)糊(hu)口于(yu)四(si)(si)方,誦讀之(zhi)外,農賈(jia)相半(ban)(ban)”。明天啟年(nian)(nian)間,“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)民,多向天涯海角,遠行(xing)商(shang)(shang)賈(jia),幾(ji)空縣之(zhi)半(ban)(ban)。”如(ru)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)童(tong)巨川在嘉靖年(nian)(nian)間至(zhi)宣府(fu)大同(tong)做(zuo)邊(bian)貿生意,“一往(wang)(wang)返旬月,獲利必倍,歲得(de)數(shu)萬(wan)金(jin)(jin),自是(shi)兄弟更相往(wang)(wang)來,垂20余年(nian)(nian),遂成(cheng)大賈(jia)。”至(zhi)清乾隆年(nian)(nian)間童(tong)氏家族:“多行(xing)賈(jia)四(si)(si)方,其居家土著者,不過十之(zhi)三(san)四(si)(si)耳。”
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)不像晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)手握(wo)巨資,經(jing)營票(piao)號,在金(jin)融(rong)市場上(shang)顯(xian)(xian)山露(lu)水;也(ye)不像徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)壟斷鹽鹺,聲(sheng)名顯(xian)(xian)赫。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)特點是,埋頭(tou)(tou)苦干,不露(lu)聲(sheng)色(se),卻在珠寶古董業(ye)中(zhong)獨占鰲頭(tou)(tou),又在印書刻書販書業(ye)中(zhong)從事于文(wen)化(hua)傳播(bo),還在海外貿易中(zhong)插上(shang)一手,成(cheng)為頗具實力(li)的一大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。
龍游(you)(you)商幫(bang)雖地(di)處偏僻,卻有著開放的(de)(de)心態,在觀念上也(ye)比較(jiao)新潮(chao)。主(zhu)要表現在兩個(ge)方面上,即投資上的(de)(de)"敢為天下先"精神和(he)“海納百川(chuan)”的(de)(de)肚量。明清(qing)時期,許多商人(ren)將經營(ying)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)所(suo)賺得的(de)(de)資金用來購(gou)買土地(di)或者經營(ying)典當(dang)、借貸業(ye)(ye)(ye),以求有穩(wen)定的(de)(de)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)。而龍游(you)(you)商敏銳地(di)意(yi)識到,要獲(huo)得更的(de)(de)利潤,必須(xu)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)手工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產和(he)工(gong)礦產業(ye)(ye)(ye)上。他們果斷地(di)投入(ru)(ru)于(yu)紙業(ye)(ye)(ye)、礦業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)商品生(sheng)產,或者直(zhi)接參與(yu)商品生(sheng)產,使商業(ye)(ye)(ye)資本(ben)轉(zhuan)化為產業(ye)(ye)(ye)資本(ben),給當(dang)時封(feng)建(jian)社會注入(ru)(ru)了帶有雇傭(yong)關系的(de)(de)新生(sheng)產關系。龍游(you)(you)商人(ren)還不(bu)排斥外地(di)商幫(bang)對(dui)本(ben)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)滲透,并且相處友善,吸收(shou)外地(di)商人(ren)于(yu)己幫(bang),推進了龍游(you)(you)商幫(bang)的(de)(de)發(fa)展。
明清時期(qi)龍游商幫是(shi)當(dang)時活躍于商壇的中(zhong)國(guo)十(shi)大商幫之一,它(ta)之所以能在與(yu)實力雄厚的徽(hui)商、晉(jin)商等(deng)競爭(zheng)中(zhong)獨樹一幟,在珠(zhu)寶(bao)業(ye)、墾(ken)拓(tuo)業(ye)、造紙業(ye)和印書業(ye)中(zhong)立于不敗之地,除了它(ta)有開拓(tuo)進取、不怕(pa)艱(jian)苦的精神和善于經營管理之外,恐怕(pa)與(yu)它(ta)具有較高文(wen)化(hua)素養和誠實守信職業(ye)道德有著密切的關聯(lian)。
龍游商(shang)人(ren)在(zai)營商(shang)活動中,歷(li)來(lai)看重(zhong)“財自道(dao)生,利緣(yuan)義取(qu)”“以儒術飾賈(jia)事”。主(zhu)張誠(cheng)信為(wei)本(ben),堅守以義取(qu)利,是(shi)龍游商(shang)幫一(yi)以貫之(zhi)的(de)儒商(shang)品(pin)(pin)格,也(ye)使其(qi)獲得(de)了良好的(de)市(shi)場信譽。從根本(ben)意義上說(shuo),將(jiang)誠(cheng)信作為(wei)經(jing)商(shang)從賈(jia)的(de)道(dao)德規范,正是(shi)龍游商(shang)幫獲得(de)成功的(de)要(yao)訣。龍游商(shang)人(ren)傅家來(lai)開設(she)傅立宗(zong)紙號,視產品(pin)(pin)質量為(wei)企業(ye)立身之(zhi)本(ben),精(jing)益求精(jing),所(suo)造之(zhi)紙,質量上乘(cheng),且比同行出(chu)產的(de)同一(yi)件(jian)紙號要(yao)重(zhong)十(shi)多(duo)斤之(zhi)多(duo)。他還從把握造紙生產流程每個(ge)環節入手(shou),嚴格檢驗(yan),次品(pin)(pin)決不(bu)(bu)出(chu)售。產品(pin)(pin)享譽大江南北,歷(li)久(jiu)不(bu)(bu)衰。為(wei)了表示對(dui)用戶負責和維持良好的(de)信譽,其(qi)產品(pin)(pin)都統(tong)一(yi)加印“西(xi)山(shan)傅立宗(zong)”印記。
與(yu)龍游(you)商(shang)幫誠實守信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)職業道(dao)(dao)德(de)相比,我(wo)(wo)(wo)市(shi)信(xin)(xin)用環境卻長期不(bu)(bu)容(rong)樂觀,少數企(qi)業和個人(ren)紅眼于(yu)(yu)周邊地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)發展,心(xin)態浮躁,急功近利,甚至不(bu)(bu)擇手(shou)段,前些年(nian)上街貿易大樓曾一(yi)度聚集眾(zhong)多商(shang)貿私營公(gong)司,但多為(wei)“殺豬(zhu)”公(gong)司,彼此間以騙(pian)取外地(di)(di)客商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)貨物為(wei)能事;外地(di)(di)車子被我(wo)(wo)(wo)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)貨運配(pei)載信(xin)(xin)息(xi)中(zhong)心(xin)所騙(pian)的(de)(de)(de)投訴(su)也不(bu)(bu)絕于(yu)(yu)耳;我(wo)(wo)(wo)市(shi)銀行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)良資產(chan)中(zhong),因企(qi)業“失信(xin)(xin)”而造成的(de)(de)(de)約(yue)占45%;有關調查也表明,連衢(qu)州人(ren)對本(ben)地(di)(di)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)用評價都(dou)已信(xin)(xin)心(xin)不(bu)(bu)足(zu),普(pu)遍認(ren)為(wei)本(ben)省企(qi)業好(hao)于(yu)(yu)國外企(qi)業,省內(nei)(nei)其他市(shi)企(qi)業好(hao)于(yu)(yu)本(ben)市(shi)企(qi)業。在這樣的(de)(de)(de)背景(jing)下,龍游(you)商(shang)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)誠信(xin)(xin)精神(shen),在我(wo)(wo)(wo)市(shi)尤(you)其值得弘揚。信(xin)(xin)用衢(qu)州的(de)(de)(de)建設,除了(le)要繼續加(jia)大治理(li)力(li)度之(zhi)外,內(nei)(nei)在的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)教(jiao)育也是極(ji)為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)方面(mian)。儒(ru)家教(jiao)化(hua)學說的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個最為(wei)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)特點,就在于(yu)(yu)在實施教(jiao)化(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),把(ba)(ba)社會的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)內(nei)(nei)化(hua)為(wei)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)自覺(jue)行(xing)動。在這方面(mian),龍游(you)商(shang)幫自覺(jue)地(di)(di)以儒(ru)家道(dao)(dao)德(de)觀念規(gui)(gui)范(fan)自己的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)業行(xing)動,把(ba)(ba)信(xin)(xin)、誠作為(wei)待人(ren)接物的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)原則,無疑為(wei)我(wo)(wo)(wo)市(shi)經濟(ji)主體(ti)樹立了(le)極(ji)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)榜樣。
馳騁(cheng)于商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)界(jie)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang),其經營區域甚廣,足跡遍及(ji)全國各地(di)(di)(di)。史書記(ji)載(zai):龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人“挾(xie)資以出守為(wei)恒(heng)業,即(ji)秦、晉、滇、蜀,萬(wan)里視若比舍,俗(su)有(you)遍地(di)(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)之諺”。明(ming)(ming)萬(wan)歷年間流傳的(de)(de)“遍地(di)(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)”之民(min)諺,有(you)力地(di)(di)(di)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)與(yu)享有(you)“鉆天(tian)洞(dong)庭(ting)”、“無(wu)徽不成鎮(zhen)”等(deng)(deng)美譽的(de)(de)洞(dong)庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)與(yu)徽州(zhou)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)一樣,都是明(ming)(ming)清時期稱雄商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)界(jie)的(de)(de)頗有(you)影響的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)域商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)幫(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人大多從(cong)事(shi)長途(tu)販銷(xiao)活(huo)動(dong),“龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)之民(min)多向天(tian)涯海角,遠行商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)賈”,不僅(jin)活(huo)躍(yue)在江(jiang)南(nan)、北(bei)京(jing)、湖(hu)南(nan)、湖(hu)北(bei)和閩粵諸地(di)(di)(di),而且(qie)還一直深入到西北(bei)、西南(nan)等(deng)(deng)偏遠省份。如據有(you)關文獻記(ji)載(zai):明(ming)(ming)成化年間,僅(jin)云南(nan)姚安府(即(ji)今云南(nan)楚雄彝族自治州(zhou)西部)就聚集了(le)浙江(jiang)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人和江(jiang)西安福商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人三五萬(wan)人。
龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)這種開拓(tuo)進(jin)取、不畏艱辛、不戀家土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敬業(ye)(ye)(ye)精(jing)神(shen)(shen),和(he)當代溫臺(tai)(tai)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)家精(jing)神(shen)(shen)本質(zhi)上是(shi)一致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),溫臺(tai)(tai)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)農(nong)民(min)(農(nong)村剩(sheng)余勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力)為尋求生路,寧愿(yuan)背井離(li)鄉,在外(wai)(wai)面(mian)(mian)開闊了(le)(le)眼界(jie)和(he)有(you)(you)了(le)(le)微薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累之后,他(ta)們便把自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息、知識(shi)、經驗及外(wai)(wai)界(jie)人(ren)(ren)緣(yuan)等資源向親朋好友擴散。溫臺(tai)(tai)經濟(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)最初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖動(dong)(dong)來(lai)自于(yu)民(min)間(jian)(jian),由卑(bei)微又見多識(shi)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)(jian)能人(ren)(ren)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)、發動(dong)(dong)。遺憾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創業(ye)(ye)(ye)沖動(dong)(dong)卻未能上升(sheng)為浙西地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域人(ren)(ren)文(wen)精(jing)神(shen)(shen),其可貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)精(jing)神(shen)(shen)最終仍淹沒于(yu)強勢農(nong)耕文(wen)化中(zhong)。到(dao)民(min)國(guo)時期,連(lian)龍(long)游(you)(you)本地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)也(ye)幾乎全落入外(wai)(wai)地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)手中(zhong),“遍(bian)地(di)龍(long)游(you)(you)之說”也(ye)漸成(cheng)絕唱(chang)。當前,我市(shi)要大力弘揚(yang)“龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)走出去精(jing)神(shen)(shen),一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)要繼續堅定(ding)不移地(di)開展(zhan)(zhan)勞(lao)務輸出,讓廣大農(nong)村剩(sheng)余勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力在走出去中(zhong)接(jie)受(shou)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洗禮,涌(yong)現出越來(lai)越多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)(jian)創業(ye)(ye)(ye)者。另一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)在接(jie)受(shou)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)梯度轉移的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,還要大力推(tui)動(dong)(dong)和(he)支持市(shi)內(nei)有(you)(you)比較優勢、市(shi)外(wai)(wai)有(you)(you)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)計(ji)劃(hua)、有(you)(you)步驟地(di)到(dao)外(wai)(wai)地(di)辦廠,從而推(tui)動(dong)(dong)從產(chan)(chan)品到(dao)要素、從資本到(dao)技術全面(mian)(mian)主動(dong)(dong)地(di)進(jin)入國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)(wai)市(shi)場,爭(zheng)取更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)空間(jian)(jian)。
明清時期,有許多外籍商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)奔赴龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),有的(de)還(huan)寓居(ju)于龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),加入龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)行(xing)列,并(bing)把各自的(de)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)經驗帶入到了(le)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)中,推進了(le)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)發展。如徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)程(cheng)廷柱在(zai)康(kang)熙年間(jian)曾率眾在(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經營有典業和田莊;汪文俊在(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經營有鹽業。又如贛(gan)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)周學錦在(zai)康(kang)熙年間(jian)從江西(xi)撫州(zhou)趨利業商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),并(bing)定居(ju)于此。還(huan)如閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三(san)元戴馮氏、黃靜(jing)齋、池(chi)明英等都先后經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。清末至(zhi)民國時期,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)縣籍商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人漸少,客(ke)籍居(ju)多,他們大(da)多來自浙(zhe)江的(de)遂昌、蘭溪、義烏、處州(zhou)、紹興、寧波和徽(hui)州(zhou)府所屬各縣,以及江西(xi)、福建等省。由此可見,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人群體融合了(le)徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、粵商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、蘇商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、浙(zhe)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和贛(gan)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)等外地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)形成(cheng)基于血緣地(di)緣關系,本質(zhi)上(shang)具有排他性,但他們卻能容(rong)納(na)其他商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人的(de)融入,足可見其胸襟的(de)寬大(da)。
然(ran)而隨著龍(long)游商(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沒落(luo),這方曾經如此大氣(qi)十(shi)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地,反而漸(jian)生一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)“排(pai)外”情結。很難想象,前些年在龍(long)游商(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)源地會發(fa)生因眼紅外地布(bu)商(shang)物(wu)美價廉(lian),而引發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哄搶布(bu)匹事件。去年投(tou)資環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項調查也表明,大多數經濟主體(ti)有看到、聽(ting)到過(guo)或有過(guo)受(shou)本地人(ren)欺騙壓制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺。證實了衢州(zhou)人(ren)有較濃(nong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)外傾向。這些年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐證明,我市要(yao)加(jia)快發(fa)展,就必(bi)須承接龍(long)游商(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)放胸襟,真正(zheng)培育出兼容(rong)并蓄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市精神。要(yao)廣為吸納來自于海內外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術、資本、管(guan)理(li)、人(ren)才等各種(zhong)(zhong)資源和(he)生產要(yao)素,吸收當今最先進(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展理(li)念(nian)、思想觀念(nian),為我市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展服務,培育衢州(zhou)人(ren)友好親(qin)善(shan)、大度(du)包容(rong)、海納百川的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胸懷。在加(jia)強(qiang)本地企(qi)業家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時,要(yao)引導他們(men)向外來企(qi)業家(jia)學(xue)習,使他們(men)開(kai)闊視野,增長才干,克服小(xiao)富即(ji)安、不思進(jin)(jin)(jin)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)農意識,進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)做(zuo)大做(zuo)強(qiang)企(qi)業。
后人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)嘆惋龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)如(ru)此行色(se)匆匆地(di)消失于(yu)歷(li)史舞臺時(shi),多(duo)(duo)把原因歸結(jie)為當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)及戰亂。然(ran)而(er)外在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件變化(hua)(hua)(hua)并(bing)非根本,如(ru)二戰過后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德、日兩(liang)(liang)國(guo)仍(reng)然(ran)能(neng)(neng)(neng)于(yu)滿目瘡夷中復(fu)興(xing);溫(wen)臺地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雖(sui)幾經(jing)(jing)(jing)抑制(zhi)卻(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“春風吹又(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)”。區(qu)(qu)域經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長遠發展歸根到底(di)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)源遠流長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)底(di)蘊(yun)。儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)氛(fen)(fen)圍中崛起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang),有(you)(you)著較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)水準,這是(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)當(dang)時(shi)眾(zhong)多(duo)(duo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)區(qu)(qu)別。明代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)與(yu)(yu)(yu)唐寅(yin)(伯虎)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)征明齊名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)名(ming)(ming)士李維(wei)楨,即專為龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)李汝衡(heng)(heng)立(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),題為《贈李汝衡(heng)(heng)序》;龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童佩、胡貿也(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)一代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)名(ming)(ming)士王世貞、歸有(you)(you)光(guang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)成莫(mo)逆之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)。龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)這些清高自許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)士結(jie)交(jiao),若非氣質相近是(shi)(shi)(shi)很難解(jie)釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)“賈而(er)好儒(ru)(ru)”之(zhi)(zhi)風可見一斑。然(ran)而(er)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)優(you)勢能(neng)(neng)(neng)助龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)成就一個(ge)個(ge)奇跡,接下(xia)來(lai),傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桎(zhi)梏卻(que)注(zhu)定(ding)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)走(zou)不(bu)了(le)(le)(le)太遠。地(di)處(chu)南宗儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浙(zhe)西地(di)區(qu)(qu),歷(li)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)方志在(zai)(zai)(zai)記述商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)時(shi),都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)低調處(chu)理(li)。浙(zhe)西人(ren)(ren)(ren)從內(nei)心(xin)深處(chu)鄙視商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),主要表現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)方面,一是(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)農(nong)抑商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),二是(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)仕輕(qing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這樣(yang)具(ju)有(you)(you)很強(qiang)宗法色(se)彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)(ru)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支配(pei)下(xia),龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)多(duo)(duo)始終未能(neng)(neng)(neng)培(pei)植出對商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)忠(zhong)心(xin)。龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中從商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)終的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極(ji)少,多(duo)(duo)數(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)無(wu)(wu)論(lun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)發了(le)(le)(le)家(jia)或(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)賠了(le)(le)(le)本,最(zui)終還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)葉落歸根,返回到以農(nong)為本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老路(lu)上來(lai)。一些富有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)把精力和(he)(he)財產(chan)投入(ru)官場競逐(zhu);或(huo)如(ru)龍(long)游(you)葉氏家(jia)族將經(jing)(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)所(suo)得巨資(zi)悉數(shu)投入(ru)葉氏建筑群,而(er)很少有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去投資(zi)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)擴大(da)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)。而(er)值得深思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),同樣(yang)受(shou)(shou)南宗儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)滋養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)州(zhou)、金(jin)華(hua)等(deng)(deng)(deng)浙(zhe)東南地(di)區(qu)(qu),卻(que)批判地(di)繼承了(le)(le)(le)朱子理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue),形成了(le)(le)(le)有(you)(you)別于(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)儒(ru)(ru)家(jia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)——“永嘉學(xue)(xue)(xue)派(pai)”和(he)(he)“金(jin)華(hua)呂學(xue)(xue)(xue)”、“永康之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)流派(pai)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)決定(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值選擇,“永嘉學(xue)(xue)(xue)派(pai)”“金(jin)華(hua)呂學(xue)(xue)(xue)”講究實(shi)效、注(zhu)重(zhong)功利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)(xiang)及其價(jia)值取向和(he)(he)逐(zhu)利(li)追求,又(you)(you)有(you)(you)力地(di)塑造(zao)和(he)(he)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)(le)(le)溫(wen)州(zhou)、金(jin)華(hua)等(deng)(deng)(deng)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民間心(xin)理(li)和(he)(he)區(qu)(qu)域文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),構(gou)成了(le)(le)(le)區(qu)(qu)域經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發展中不(bu)可或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“遺傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)因子”。而(er)衢州(zhou)、龍(long)游(you)雖(sui)有(you)(you)柯(ke)山、清獻、鳳(feng)梧等(deng)(deng)(deng)大(da)書院,但這些書院因循守舊,抱殘守缺,也(ye)無(wu)(wu)一流名(ming)(ming)家(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe),因此即便(bian)歷(li)史上因緣(yuan)際會出現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)這樣(yang)大(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群體(ti),也(ye)未能(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)合,產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)充滿活力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua),反而(er)使浙(zhe)西地(di)區(qu)(qu)承受(shou)(shou)了(le)(le)(le)太多(duo)(duo)儒(ru)(ru)家(jia)思想(xiang)(xiang)中庸保守文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉重(zhong)負荷,使人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)(xiang)和(he)(he)行動(dong)受(shou)(shou)到了(le)(le)(le)限制(zhi),以至幾次(ci)與(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)騰飛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)契機錯失交(jiao)臂。當(dang)前,我(wo)市要從龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰(shuai)落中汲取經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗教訓,就必須(xu)進一步強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛(fen)(fen)圍,以求縮小與(yu)(yu)(yu)省內(nei)發達(da)地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距,并(bing)爭取在(zai)(zai)(zai)同一梯度地(di)區(qu)(qu)中占據優(you)勢。要堅持不(bu)懈地(di)導入(ru)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)進觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)和(he)(he)相關知(zhi)識(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)干(gan)部和(he)(he)群眾(zhong)中開展教育、培(pei)訓和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播,以新觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)新知(zhi)識(shi)逐(zhu)步取代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)舊觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)。迫(po)切需要強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)市場經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)識(shi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)全(quan)球化(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)識(shi)、現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)社會法制(zhi)和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)倫理(li)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)識(shi)、現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)道德觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)識(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教化(hua)(hua)(hua),克服小農(nong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)意識(shi)、封建主義殘余意識(shi)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計劃(hua)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)意識(shi)。當(dang)全(quan)社會真正形成了(le)(le)(le)有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)企業(ye)(ye)家(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會環(huan)(huan)境(jing)、體(ti)制(zhi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)興(xing)也(ye)就為期不(bu)遠了(le)(le)(le)。
時光流逝,沖淡了(le)龍游(you)商幫創立的(de)輝(hui)煌業績,只(zhi)留(liu)下一個個散落在(zai)浙西大地上(shang)的(de)民居大院。難道作為后人的(de)我們,只(zhi)能(neng)是綴串起這一個個珍(zhen)珠,向(xiang)世人炫耀我們的(de)祖(zu)上(shang)也曾風光過就足了(le)嗎?什么時候才能(neng)重新迎來浙西新一代“商幫”的(de)復興?這才是當前(qian)研究龍游(you)商幫歷史的(de)真實所在(zai)。
僻(pi)居于(yu)浙(zhe)(zhe)西(xi)山區的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游商幫在歷(li)史上(shang)曾經輝煌(huang)一時(shi),在明(ming)萬歷(li)時(shi)已有(you)“遍地(di)龍(long)(long)游”之諺(參見萬歷(li)《龍(long)(long)游縣(xian)志》),與(yu)(yu)當(dang)時(shi)馳(chi)名的(de)(de)“無徽(hui)不成鎮”、“鉆(zhan)天洞庭”的(de)(de)徽(hui)商蘇商等并駕齊驅。其所以(yi)能在市場競爭中(zhong)嶄露(lu)頭角,是與(yu)(yu)它有(you)著(zhu)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)商業道德很有(you)關系,聲譽良(liang)好(hao),贏得了(le)人們的(de)(de)信任。反之,也有(you)些(xie)商人欺(qi)詐(zha)造假(jia),只能蒙騙一時(shi),不能長久立(li)足于(yu)商壇。明(ming)代浙(zhe)(zhe)江人張應(ying)俞編著(zhu)了(le)《杜騙新書》,列舉(ju)24類84則騙術(shu),這(zhe)就是明(ming)代中(zhong)葉以(yi)來商壇上(shang)不誠信的(de)(de)劣跡(詳(xiang)見拙著(zhu)《明(ming)清時(shi)期商業及(ji)商人書之研究》下篇第6章。該書為(wei)《國學精粹叢書》的(de)(de)一種,臺灣洪葉文化事業有(you)限(xian)公司,1997年出版)。
相比之下,龍(long)(long)游商(shang)幫的(de)誠實守信就顯得(de)非常可(ke)貴。龍(long)(long)游商(shang)人傅(fu)家來開設傅(fu)立宗紙號(hao),非常注(zhu)重產(chan)(chan)品的(de)質量(liang),精(jing)益求精(jing),所(suo)造(zao)之紙,堅韌白(bai)凈(jing),均(jun)勻齊整,比其他家的(de)紙在同一件紙號(hao)中重十多(duo)斤。造(zao)紙是多(duo)工序的(de)生產(chan)(chan)流程(cheng),他為(wei)了保證(zheng)質量(liang),層層把關,嚴格檢(jian)驗(yan),次品決不(bu)出(chu)售(shou)。產(chan)(chan)品暢銷(xiao)大江(jiang)南北,經久(jiu)不(bu)衰(shuai)。為(wei)了表示對用戶負責(ze)和維持良好的(de)信譽,他的(de)產(chan)(chan)品都(dou)統一加印
“西山傅立宗(zong)”印記。
姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)(da)棉布(bu)店以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)信譽(yu)(yu)著(zhu)稱,冠為金(華)衢(州)嚴(州)三府第一(yi)家。自從(cong)胡筱(xiao)漁接管以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai),非常重視信譽(yu)(yu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)誠(cheng)實守信教育(yu)每一(yi)位(wei)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong),多次提出要薄(bo)利(li)(li)多銷,童叟無(wu)欺,決不(bu)(bu)二價(jia)。為了防止流通中有(you)銀(yin)元摻假損(sun)害(hai)顧(gu)客利(li)(li)益(yi),特聘請了三位(wei)有(you)經驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)銀(yin)工(gong)(gong),嚴格檢(jian)驗(yan),凡經過(guo)他店的(de)(de)(de)銀(yin)幣加(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)(da)”印記,讓顧(gu)客放(fang)心。在(zai)(zai)經營中目光(guang)遠大(da)(da),不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)短(duan)期行為來(lai)賺(zhuan)錢(qian),為了信譽(yu)(yu),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)愿承(cheng)擔(dan)暫(zan)時的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。有(you)一(yi)次,他在(zai)(zai)海(hai)(hai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)訂(ding)購(gou)了7500匹(pi)(pi)(pi)石門(men)布(bu),價(jia)值6萬銀(yin)元,在(zai)(zai)運輸過(guo)程中遭劫,這本不(bu)(bu)關姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)(da)店的(de)(de)(de)事,海(hai)(hai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)布(bu)商(shang)亦(yi)立即派(pai)人(ren)來(lai)龍游處理此事,主動(dong)承(cheng)擔(dan)損(sun)失(shi),胡筱(xiao)漁重義疏財,當場(chang)償(chang)付(fu)了對方6萬元布(bu)款,還(huan)再訂(ding)購(gou)了7500匹(pi)(pi)(pi)棉布(bu),并熱情款待海(hai)(hai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)布(bu)商(shang)。由于這一(yi)義舉,姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)(da)布(bu)店信譽(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)增,遐邇聞名(ming),在(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)經商(shang)活動(dong)中,凡碰到貨物緊俏(qiao)時,海(hai)(hai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)等(deng)地布(bu)商(shang)都(dou)首先滿(man)足他的(de)(de)(de)貨源需求,全力支持(chi)他渡過(guo)難關。他對職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)也以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)禮相(xiang)(xiang)待,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)誠(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)待,從(cong)不(bu)(bu)刻薄(bo),職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)中年長(chang)者,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)叔伯相(xiang)(xiang)稱,同輩以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兄(xiong)弟(di)(di)、晚輩以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)弟(di)(di)侄相(xiang)(xiang)呼,平等(deng)待人(ren)。年終還(huan)發“紅(hong)利(li)(li)壓歲錢(qian)”,春(chun)節賞每一(yi)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)匹(pi)(pi)(pi)布(bu)代(dai)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)獎勵(li)金。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)心比(bi)心,誠(cheng)摯待人(ren),職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)受感動(dong),工(gong)(gong)作就(jiu)更負(fu)責(ze),保(bao)證了姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)良好運作。
大絲(si)綢(chou)商(shang)李(li)(li)(li)汝衡(heng),商(shang)品販銷到(dao)湖廣十(shi)五(wu)郡(jun),幾乎壟(long)斷了楚湘的(de)絲(si)綢(chou)市場。他職業道德良(liang)好,待人寬厚誠信(xin),人望甚好。明代大文人李(li)(li)(li)維楨著文贊揚他:“李(li)(li)(li)十(shi)二汝衡(heng)者,越之(zhi)龍游人也。……至汝衡(heng)而資益(yi)拓(tuo),所居積綺縠纻(zhu)罽,遍四方之(zhi)珍異,挽舟轉轂以百數,所冠(guan)帶(dai)衣履,遍楚之(zhi)十(shi)五(wu)郡(jun)。而善與(yu)時低(di)昂,人或(huo)就之(zhi)貰貸無所靳(jin),亦(yi)不責子錢,久(jiu)乃或(huo)負之(zhi),遂不復(fu)言。……楚人慕其誼,爭交歡汝衡(heng)。”(《大泌(mi)山(shan)房集(ji)》卷68,《贈李(li)(li)(li)汝衡(heng)序》)
龍游(you)本(ben)是(shi)姑(gu)篾故國舊地,素有(you)重文化(hua)的傳(chuan)(chuan)統,詩書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)禮(li)樂傳(chuan)(chuan)家,耕讀遵禮(li),弦歌不(bu)絕。就是(shi)出為賈也不(bu)忘(wang)讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),故首選造紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍為業。龍游(you)新造之(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在明代已(yi)具(ju)名(ming)氣。明著名(ming)刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家余象斗(dou)文臺,他(ta)刻印(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍尤(you)注重用紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),他(ta)品評全(quan)國著名(ming)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品有(you)徽歙紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(青光白(bai)滑冰翼(yi)凝霜,績(ji)溪(xi)龍須,西(xi)(xi)山觀音(yin)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)),江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(觀音(yin)蓮七(qi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)),鉛(qian)山(奏本(ben))紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,而(er)認為浙江(jiang)衢紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尤(you)勝,“連(lian)四紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),開化(hua)縣(xian)有(you)連(lian)三連(lian)四紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亦(yi)佳,只要(yao)白(bai)厚無(wu)粉者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)為妙(miao)。”“常(chang)山縣(xian)有(you)榜紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),并中夾紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奏本(ben)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次于鉛(qian)山。”龍游(you)縣(xian)溪(xi)口鎮是(shi)龐大(da)的造紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中心(xin)(xin)兼銷售(shou)市(shi)場(chang),紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商麕集(ji)。乾隆間閩商林瓊(qiong)茂(mao)來(lai)龍擇地上塘設(she)坊(fang)造紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),傳(chuan)(chuan)至(zhi)其(qi)孫林巨倫,已(yi)“積貲巨萬”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)商童佩,名(ming)噪一時,刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)販(fan)(fan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大(da)江(jiang)南北,其(qi)父彥清,“最稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)儒雅,不(bu)寢然諾。”幼時從父販(fan)(fan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吳越間,“喜讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),手一帙,坐船(chuan)間,日夜不(bu)輟(chuo),歷(li)歲久,流(liu)覽既富,所為詩風格清越,不(bu)失古音(yin)。為他(ta)文亦(yi)工善,尤(you)善考證書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫(hua)金石彝敦之(zhi)屬(shu)。”王(wang)世貞稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)“藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萬卷,皆(jie)其(qi)手所自校者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”,是(shi)著名(ming)藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家。所刻之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質量上乘,深受學者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)歡迎,時之(zhi)名(ming)流(liu)碩(shuo)儒王(wang)世貞、王(wang)穉(zhi)登、歸有(you)光引之(zhi)座客,并為他(ta)作序(xu)作傳(chuan)(chuan)。他(ta)本(ben)人有(you)《童子鳴(ming)集(ji)》、《佩萸雜錄》、《九華游(you)記(ji)》、《南獄東岱(dai)詩》、與余湘合纂《龍游(you)縣(xian)志》等。刻印(yin)過《徐侍郎集(ji)》、《文房四譜》、《楊盈(ying)川集(ji)》等。他(ta)的學問(wen)深得名(ming)儒稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)贊,胡(hu)應麟(lin)見(jian)其(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目曰:“所臚列經史子集(ji),皆(jie)犁(li)然會心(xin)(xin),令人手舞(wu)足蹈。”引為“子期”好友(you),王(wang)世貞更稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為“千古是(shi)知音(yin)”。龍游(you)童氏是(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)香門第,業書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)眾。如童富,“為書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈,往來(lai)閩粵吳中貿遷,……為人坦夷樸茂(mao),樂善好施(shi),……湖海之(zhi)士(shi),多(duo)嘖嘖稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)。”另一位書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈胡(hu)貿,承父兄(xiong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,“往來(lai)賈書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)及士(shi)人家”,也是(shi)有(you)名(ming)的書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈。明代大(da)學問(wen)家唐(tang)順之(zhi)荊川謙曰:“非貿,則予事無(wu)與成”。與唐(tang)深交(jiao),胡(hu)死后唐(tang)曾(ceng)贈(zeng)棺以殮。龍游(you)望族余氏也是(shi)世代營印(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,曾(ceng)在江(jiang)蘇太倉州婁縣(xian)開設(she)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)。“清初(chu),龍游(you)余氏開書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)于婁縣(xian),刊讀本(ben)四書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)畫(hua)無(wu)偽,遠近購買(mai)。”
上(shang)述僅是龍(long)游商(shang)幫中的(de)(de)幾個(ge)(ge)例子。龍(long)游商(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)深(shen)受(shou)中華傳統(tong)文(wen)化的(de)(de)熏陶,亦賈亦儒(ru),保持著良(liang)好的(de)(de)節操,以(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)品為重(zhong),注(zhu)重(zhong)自(zi)身修養,有(you)社(she)(she)會責任(ren)感,誠(cheng)信(xin)為本,終于事(shi)業有(you)成。歷(li)史的(de)(de)經驗值得借鑒,發揚我(wo)國優秀的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)傳統(tong),完善市場經濟條件(jian)下的(de)(de)職業道(dao)(dao)德(de),提倡人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)誠(cheng)信(xin),形成良(liang)好的(de)(de)社(she)(she)會風氣,這(zhe)是我(wo)們這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)時代(dai)的(de)(de)一(yi)項(xiang)重(zhong)要工作。
點評:龍游商人"敢為(wei)天下先"的精神和"海納百(bai)川"的肚量,是他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)良(liang)好的經商心態的反映。他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)雖然是出自一(yi)個偏僻之地,既(ji)無官府支(zhi)持,又無強大的宗族勢力(li)作堅強后盾,但他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)卻能在強手(shou)如(ru)林的各(ge)大商幫中(zhong)崛起,自立于商幫之林。
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)是指(zhi)以(yi)浙(zhe)江衢州府龍(long)游縣為(wei)中(zhong)心的衢商(shang)(shang)集(ji)團,它萌發(fa)于南(nan)宋,興盛(sheng)于明代中(zhong)葉,以(yi)經營珠寶業、販(fan)書業、紙張業著(zhu)名。明萬歷(li)年間(jian)(1573—1602),它于徽商(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)以(yi)及江右幫(bang)商(shang)(shang)人在商(shang)(shang)場中(zhong)角逐,稱雄一(yi)(yi)時(shi),故有“遍地(di)龍(long)游”之(zhi)諺。它以(yi)一(yi)(yi)府一(yi)(yi)縣之(zhi)地(di)為(wei)基礎,聚集(ji)了大量資金,而成(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)國十大商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),至清代逐漸為(wei)寧紹商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)所(suo)替代。
主 要 行 業 銷 售 范 圍 重要集鎮、代表商行或人(ren)物(wu)
1 紙(zhi) 商(shang) 遠(yuan)銷江蘇(su)一帶 龍(long)游溪口鎮是造紙(zhi)和紙(zhi)張貿易中(zhong)心
2 書(shu) 商 浙江、江蘇、河(he)北(bei)及山東、京師 明代(dai)龍游書(shu)商、藏書(shu)家童佩(pei)
3 糧食商 毗鄰各省(sheng) 龍游(you)茶圩米市(shi),年銷量1200萬(wan)噸
4 山貨商 全國(guo)及(ji)東南亞各國(guo) 胡同和號(hao),年產各類油(you)10萬余斤
5 藥(yao)材商 毗鄰地區(qu) 龍游縣城滋福堂藥(yao)店
6 絲綢棉布商 遠銷湖廣一帶 龍游縣城百(bai)年老(lao)店(dian)姜益(yi)大廣貨店(dian)
7 珠寶商(shang) 最大市場在京師 一般單人匹馬經營
8 海(hai)外貿易商(shang) 日本、東(dong)南亞各國 海(hai)外走私(si)貿易為主
9 邊貿商 遠(yuan)銷緬(mian)甸、印度 在云南姚安(an)地區(qu)墾荒(huang)經商
龍游(you)商(shang)幫經(jing)營行業(ye)頗(po)廣,有山貨、紙、刻印販書、珠寶古董、長途(tu)販運、農(nong)業(ye)屯墾、礦冶等(deng)。
山貨(huo)業。皆為(wei)當(dang)地產品(pin)竹木茶油(you)漆(qi)煙。清康(kang)熙年間龍游縣志記載:“南鄉稍有竹木紙(zhi)筍之(zhi)利,可以貿(mao)易他郡……北(bei)鄉則止(zhi)有桕(jiu)油(you)一項。”
造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)業。造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)多以作坊(fang)或工遺(yi)址龍游北鄉古商道場(chang)形式生產(chan),自(zi)產(chan)自(zi)銷,具(ju)有若干商業資本與產(chan)業資本相(xiang)結合(he)的生產(chan)方式。溪口(kou)鎮(zhen)是生產(chan)和銷售的中(zhong)心。該鎮(zhen):“其繁盛,乃倍(bei)于城市焉。”
刻印(yin)(yin)販(fan)書(shu)業(ye)(ye)。龍游多產紙(zhi)木,可刻印(yin)(yin)書(shu)籍,又有文(wen)化傳統,一些文(wen)人(ren)學(xue)士放(fang)下架子,從事于刻印(yin)(yin)販(fan)書(shu)業(ye)(ye)以聚財。望族(zu)余氏,還(huan)(huan)在江蘇婁縣開設書(shu)坊(fang)書(shu)肆,刊印(yin)(yin)讀本安畫,銷路(lu)很(hen)好。書(shu)販(fan)胡貿善(shan)錐(zhui)書(shu),經常(chang)和一些文(wen)人(ren)交(jiao)往(wang)。明(ming)大學(xue)者唐順(shun)之因愛書(shu),把(ba)胡貿引為座上客。他還(huan)(huan)說:“非貿,則予事無(wu)與(yu)成(cheng)。”把(ba)自己成(cheng)就歸之于與(yu)胡貿的交(jiao)往(wang)。
珠寶古董(dong)業。經營珠寶業一需(xu)有雄厚(hou)資(zi)金,二(er)需(xu)有鑒別(bie)觀賞能力(li),三需(xu)有進貨銷貨的渠道,四(si)需(xu)有能躲過被劫被盜的應變能力(li)。古書記載(zai):“龍游(you)商(shang)賈,其所(suo)賈多明(ming)珠、翠羽、寶石、貓(mao)眼類較(軟(ruan))物。千金之貨,只一身(shen)自赍京(jing)師、販(fan)絮(xu)、僧鞋、蒙(meng)戎、襤(lan)褸巨(ju)疽、膏藥內皆寶珠所(suo)藏,人無所(suo)知者。”可見龍游(you)商(shang)人不但有雄厚(hou)的資(zi)金,還(huan)具有較高(gao)文化和應變能力(li),處事謹慎,是不事張揚的實干商(shang)人,
長途販運業。據王(wang)文祿《策樞》記載(zai),龍游(you)商人李(li)汝(ru)衡(heng),擁(yong)有(you)重資(zi),常(chang)備(bei)百余輛(艘)車船運銷貨物,把絲綢遠銷到湖北一省(sheng)十五郡之地,占領了全省(sheng)銷售(shou)市場。明嘉靖年間(jian)捕獲(huo)的走(zou)私貿(mao)易中,就有(you)龍游(you)商人參(can)與其(qi)事。
礦冶業。據顧炎武《天下(xia)郡國(guo)利病書》中記載,有(you)龍游人祝十八,聚礦工有(you)數百人,在平(ping)洋銅塘、吳村一帶從(cong)事礦冶。龍游商幫(bang)肯吃(chi)苦,不(bu)畏艱辛,不(bu)怕(pa)路遙道險。
他們足(zu)跡遍及(ji)全國各地(di),直至海外日本、呂(lv)宋(song)等(deng)地(di)。如在明嘉靖(jing)年間,就發(fa)現海外通商(shang)者(zhe)中有龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人(ren)。另外,早(zao)于明成化(hua)元年(1465)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人(ren)就與江(jiang)西安福(fu)商(shang)人(ren)一起,到(dao)云(yun)南姚安(今楚雄)從事(shi)屯墾(ken),種(zhong)植糧食和經濟作(zuo)物。他們數萬人(ren)長途跋涉,克服了水(shui)土(tu)不服等(deng)困難,在云(yun)貴一帶從事(shi)經商(shang)墾(ken)荒,享有“天涯賈客”之(zhi)譽,為我(wo)國西南的開發(fa)立(li)下汗馬功勞,至今云(yun)貴高原(yuan)還有許多龍(long)游(you)人(ren)的后(hou)代。可以說龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)是中國歷史(shi)上(shang)西部(bu)開發(fa)的先(xian)驅(qu)之(zhi)一。
龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)之(zhi)所以(yi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)重一時,還因為他們具有(you)寬容、誠信(xin)等品(pin)性和良好的職業道德。如紙(zhi)商(shang)傅立宗,紙(zhi)優(you)價實,為保證質量,紙(zhi)品(pin)統(tong)加印(yin)“西山傅立宗”字樣,從示(shi)信(xin)用。姜益大棉布號,特聘了3名(ming)(ming)(ming)驗(yan)銀工(gong),凡經流(liu)通該店的通貨,皆加蓋印(yin)記,以(yi)示(shi)負(fu)責。滋福堂是著名(ming)(ming)(ming)中藥店,以(yi)重金(jin)延請名(ming)(ming)(ming)醫監(jian)制丸藥,配制成(cheng)藥準確無誤,分(fen)工(gong)細密,層(ceng)層(ceng)檢驗(yan),要求藥工(gong)對顧客的健康負(fu)責。龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人從不排外,善待遷居來龍(long)經商(shang)者,如經營、鹽、紙(zhi)等的徽(hui)州大商(shang)程廷柱率(lv)3個弟弟去龍(long)游(you)經商(shang),很快融入龍(long)游(you)社會,所以(yi)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)中就有(you)閩、贛、徽(hui)諸商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的成(cheng)員(yuan)。
龍游商(shang)幫(bang)雖有(you)輝煌的(de)過(guo)去(qu),但隨著交(jiao)通條件的(de)變化(hua),近代海(hai)洋文化(hua)的(de)興起(qi)和海(hai)外貿易的(de)發展,它與徽(hui)商(shang)、晉商(shang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)幫(bang)一樣未能適應時代的(de)發展,逐漸衰落。到清道光年間,鴉(ya)片戰爭以(yi)后,寧波等(deng)(deng)(deng)地被(bei)辟(pi)為五口通商(shang)之埠,此時新興的(de)上(shang)海(hai)、寧波、潮汕、廈漳等(deng)(deng)(deng)地商(shang)幫(bang),取(qu)代了龍游等(deng)(deng)(deng)商(shang)幫(bang)。不過(guo),龍游等(deng)(deng)(deng)商(shang)幫(bang)在歷史上(shang)的(de)業績和經商(shang)道德,將永世不泯!
龍(long)游商人(ren)初露頭角(jiao)于南宋,迨至明(ming)(ming)代已蔚(yu)為大觀,萬歷時已是(shi)“遍地龍(long)游”的(de)局面,分布于全國各大市(shi)場(chang)上。隆萬間(jian)(jian)任職知縣(xian)的(de)萬廷謙就說“龍(long)丘(qiu)之(zhi)民,往(wang)往(wang)湖口(kou)于四(si)方,誦(song)讀之(zhi)外(wai),農賈(jia)(jia)相半”。晚明(ming)(ming)時龍(long)游商人(ren)更(geng)(geng)是(shi)活躍,趨(qu)商者(zhe)(zhe)更(geng)(geng)眾。天啟時,“龍(long)游之(zhi)民,多(duo)向(xiang)天涯海角(jiao),遠(yuan)行商賈(jia)(jia),幾(ji)空縣(xian)之(zhi)半,而(er)居家(jia)(jia)耕(geng)種者(zhe)(zhe),僅當縣(xian)之(zhi)半。”至康乾間(jian)(jian),“其居家(jia)(jia)土著(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)過十之(zhi)三四(si)耳(er)。”這當然是(shi)估(gu)計(ji)數,不(bu)能作準確的(de)計(ji)量分析,但總的(de)趨(qu)勢是(shi)從嘉隆萬間(jian)(jian)龍(long)游商賈(jia)(jia)已遍布四(si)方,至康雍乾間(jian)(jian)有增(zeng)無(wu)減。
由于經(jing)商(shang)的(de)(de)成功,龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)遂把財富返回(hui)家鄉,并將外地(di)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)尚(shang)也(ye)帶(dai)回(hui)龍(long)游(you),社(she)會(hui)富庶,消費需求(qiu)增長,人皆曰俗(su)之侈(chi)靡(mi)(mi)(mi)已不(bu)可挽回(hui)。隆萬時陸瓚(zan)就說(shuo):“習尚(shang)昔固號儉嗇也(ye),今則日事于侈(chi)靡(mi)(mi)(mi)。”涂杰亦云:“服(fu)飾多(duo)用(yong)紗絹,器皿多(duo)用(yong)金銀,侈(chi)靡(mi)(mi)(mi)相高,已非一(yi)(yi)日。”“邑(yi)中室廬往稱樸素(su),萬歷(li)中葉漸以雕琢相高。”社(she)會(hui)心理是(shi)羨慕奢華,愿(yuan)向生活水平高的(de)(de)地(di)方看(kan)齊,競相仿(fang)效。萬歷(li)間已呈“俗(su)侈(chi)靡(mi)(mi)(mi),尤(you)效慕三(san)吳之豪”趨(qu)勢(shi)。生活穩定了(le),才有(you)可能向蘇杭侈(chi)靡(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)尚(shang)仿(fang)效。從這一(yi)(yi)側面也(ye)折射(she)出龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)給龍(long)游(you)帶(dai)來經(jing)濟的(de)(de)富庶和社(she)會(hui)生活的(de)(de)安(an)定。風(feng)(feng)尚(shang)趨(qu)于侈(chi)靡(mi)(mi)(mi)是(shi)當時經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)進步的(de)(de)表征。
龍游商幫與同時代其他商幫相比(bi),它(ta)最大(da)特色和(he)優點(dian)乃是富于開拓精(jing)神,不畏艱險,勇敢地(di)邁出(chu)家(jia)門(men),走(zou)出(chu)山區,投向廣(guang)闊的(de)天地(di),在闖蕩市場(chang)中,逐漸地(di)揚棄了(le)“安(an)土重遷”、“骨肉相附”的(de)情結。它(ta)是明清時代最早走(zou)向西部開發的(de)商壇勁旅。大(da)批離開土地(di)的(de)農(nong)民加(jia)入商賈行列,也有大(da)批舍儒從商之徒,他們“挾資以出(chu),守為恒(heng)業,即秦晉蜀滇萬里,視若比(bi)舍,俗(su)有遍地(di)龍游之諺(yan)。”
明清(qing)時期(qi)經濟(ji)最發(fa)(fa)達(da)地區(qu)是長(chang)江(jiang)三(san)角(jiao)洲(江(jiang)南(nan))和(he)珠江(jiang)三(san)角(jiao)洲一帶(dai),秦(qin)晉滇(dian)蜀(shu)(shu)西部地區(qu)相(xiang)對(dui)來(lai)說較為后(hou)進,而(er)龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫不嫌西部經濟(ji)不發(fa)(fa)達(da),生活艱苦,路途(tu)(tu)遙遠,行程險阻,以(yi)豪邁氣概(gai)視天涯海角(jiao)若比鄰,無遠而(er)不屆,誠為天涯賈客。龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)人李汝衡(heng)(heng),攜絲綢經商(shang)(shang)于(yu)蜀(shu)(shu)楚。李維楨記:“李十二汝衡(heng)(heng)者,越之龍游(you)人也。自其(qi)(qi)父鶴汀賈江(jiang)陵(ling),迄(qi)今(jin)人與年蓋兩世矣(yi)。父子(zi)饒心(xin)計(ji),趨時不失累。至汝衡(heng)(heng)而(er)資益(yi)(yi)拓,所(suo)居(ju)積(ji)綺縠纻罽(ji),窮四方之珍異,車免舟轉轂以(yi)百數,所(suo)冠帶(dai)衣履,遍楚之十五郡。而(er)善與時低昂,人或就之貰貸無所(suo)靳。……”童巨川偕其(qi)(qi)弟盛川于(yu)嘉靖間(jian),在(zai)“宣(xuan)府大同貿易邊庭,……厥(jue)后(hou)子(zi)若侄嗣其(qi)(qi)業,資利(li)益(yi)(yi)饒。”童氏數代(dai)在(zai)宣(xuan)大做邊界貿易致巨富。最可(ke)值得大書特書的(de)是龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)人群體挺進大西南(nan)滇(dian)省姚安等地區(qu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)。在(zai)明清(qing)時代(dai)交通條件下,攜妻(qi)帶(dai)子(zi)千萬里(li)跋涉至西南(nan)決非易事,非得有數月始可(ke)抵(di)達(da)。驅動他們長(chang)途(tu)(tu)跋涉行動并非胸懷(huai)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)西部的(de)公益(yi)(yi)心(xin),而(er)利(li)益(yi)(yi)驅動倒是其(qi)(qi)原動力。因為在(zai)江(jiang)南(nan)華南(nan)中(zhong)原等地商(shang)(shang)業中(zhong)競爭已不容易,施展才能的(de)空間(jian)畢竟有限(xian),他們獲悉(xi)滇(dian)省尚有大發(fa)(fa)展的(de)前景,所(suo)以(yi)才毅然前往,足見龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫對(dui)商(shang)(shang)業信息還是靈(ling)通的(de)。
明代成化元年(nian)就有大批龍游商人偕同(tong)江右商人(江西安福)在云南邊陲姚(yao)安等府經商,姚(yao)安即今楚雄(xiong)彝族自(zi)治(zhi)州一帶。語言不通,生活習(xi)俗(su)不同(tong),自(zi)然還會有水土不服(fu)的困難,但是(shi)他們(men)(men)能(neng)克服(fu)種種困難,準備長(chang)期生存下去,求得發展。他們(men)(men)不是(shi)流民,而是(shi)有眼(yan)光有氣魄的商賈,據官方史籍記載(zai):
“成化元年(nian)(1465)十(shi)(shi)一月初(chu)七日禮部等(deng)(deng)衙門(men)題(ti)為建言(yan)民(min)情等(deng)(deng)事(shi),該湖廣布政(zheng)(zheng)司(si)等(deng)(deng)衙門(men)右參議等(deng)(deng)官人等(deng)(deng)鄭序等(deng)(deng)建言(yan):……姚(yao)安(an)軍(jun)民(min)府(fu)(fu)陰陽學正木(mu)甘理(li)(li)言(yan)一件(jian),禁約(yue)游食,初(chu)見云南遠在萬里,各(ge)(ge)邊(bian)衛(wei)指府(fu)(fu)軍(jun)民(min)相參,山(shan)多(duo)田少,不(bu)(bu)通舟車(che),近年(nian)雨水不(bu)(bu)調,五谷(gu)少收(shou),米(mi)(mi)糧涌貴(gui),過活艱(jian)難。有(you)浙江(jiang)江(jiang)西等(deng)(deng)布政(zheng)(zheng)司(si)安(an)福龍游等(deng)(deng)縣(xian)客商人等(deng)(deng)不(bu)(bu)下三五萬人在衛(wei)府(fu)(fu)坐(生(sheng))理(li)(li),偏處(chu)城市鄉(xiang)村屯堡(bao)安(an)歇,生(sheng)放錢債,利上(shang)生(sheng)利,收(shou)債米(mi)(mi)谷(gu),賤(jian)買貴(gui)賣,娶妻生(sheng)子,置買奴仆,游食無度(du),二三十(shi)(shi)年(nian)不(bu)(bu)回(hui)原(yuan)籍。……行云南按察司(si)著落各(ge)(ge)衛(wei)府(fu)(fu)查勘(kan)所屬鄉(xiang)村屯堡(bao)城郭去處(chu),但有(you)江(jiang)西等(deng)(deng)處(chu)客民(min),不(bu)(bu)問從引新舊,盡數(shu)拿解原(yuan)籍當差,不(bu)(bu)許(xu)托故稽遲及窩藏隱蔽,連歇家人等(deng)(deng)一律治罪,庶(shu)使邊(bian)食稍寬,奸弊斯革(ge)矣(yi)。前件(jian)云南按察司(si)查究(jiu)。”
這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)節(jie)史(shi)料充(chong)分反映了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫是(shi)(shi)數(shu)萬(wan)人成群結隊來(lai)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)黔滇(dian)邊(bian)(bian)陲少數(shu)民(min)族聚居(ju)地(di)從(cong)(cong)(cong)事(shi)于(yu)(yu)屯墾(ken)(ken)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),把(ba)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)技(ji)術帶(dai)到(dao)(dao)西南,他(ta)們(men)來(lai)到(dao)(dao)遠(yuan)離城市“鄉村屯堡安歇(xie)。”干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“生放(fang)(fang)錢債,利(li)(li)上(shang)(shang)(shang)生利(li)(li);收(shou)債米(mi)谷(gu),賤買(mai)(mai)貴賣”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)利(li)(li)貸收(shou)錢收(shou)谷(gu),即放(fang)(fang)青苗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法,利(li)(li)用手頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雄厚資金進(jin)行(xing)(xing)糧食買(mai)(mai)賣;另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)值得注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“置(zhi)買(mai)(mai)奴仆(pu)(pu),游(you)食無(wu)度(du)”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)句(ju)話。可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)流動性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屯墾(ken)(ken),即一(yi)(yi)地(di)一(yi)(yi)地(di)輪流開(kai)發(fa)墾(ken)(ken)拓(tuo),利(li)(li)用雇(gu)傭制吸收(shou)當(dang)地(di)閑散的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動力,以(yi)(yi)奴仆(pu)(pu)形式招募勞(lao)工進(jin)行(xing)(xing)大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屯墾(ken)(ken),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)很(hen)有(you)意(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),值得深入(ru)研究(jiu)。關(guan)(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)“奴仆(pu)(pu)”系(xi)(xi)何種(zhong)身(shen)(shen)份之人,估計(ji)不(bu)會(hui)是(shi)(shi)具有(you)很(hen)強人身(shen)(shen)隸屬關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴仆(pu)(pu),應是(shi)(shi)身(shen)(shen)份上(shang)(shang)(shang)自(zi)由(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雇(gu)傭勞(lao)動者(zhe)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人出(chu)錢雇(gu)傭他(ta)們(men),從(cong)(cong)(cong)事(shi)于(yu)(yu)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墾(ken)(ken)荒、耕種(zhong)等勞(lao)務(wu)。在龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)當(dang)地(di)就有(you)雇(gu)傭仆(pu)(pu)婢(bi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)事(shi)家(jia)務(wu)或(huo)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)上(shang)(shang)(shang)勞(lao)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形,據康熙《龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)縣志(zhi)》記:“士(shi)庶之家(jia),不(bu)能廣置(zhi)婢(bi)仆(pu)(pu),仆(pu)(pu)多傭工,婢(bi)則(ze)出(chu)市貿易(yi),多白(bai)首不(bu)嫁以(yi)(yi)終其身(shen)(shen)。”從(cong)(cong)(cong)“仆(pu)(pu)多傭工,婢(bi)則(ze)出(chu)市貿易(yi)”來(lai)看,并(bing)無(wu)身(shen)(shen)份上(shang)(shang)(shang)隸屬關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)。也(ye)許他(ta)們(men)把(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)雇(gu)傭關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式也(ye)帶(dai)到(dao)(dao)云南邊(bian)(bian)陲農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屯墾(ken)(ken)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)來(lai)。如(ru)(ru)果理(li)解不(bu)錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話,當(dang)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人已(yi)具有(you)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)營(ying)(ying)理(li)念,將土地(di)作為生息資本(ben)來(lai)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying),以(yi)(yi)先進(jin)技(ji)術提(ti)高(gao)(gao)生產(chan)(chan)力,采取農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)雇(gu)傭制來(lai)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)濟作物,把(ba)收(shou)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品作為商(shang)(shang)品再投(tou)放(fang)(fang)市場,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)新式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)方(fang)式,把(ba)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資本(ben)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資本(ben)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)大變革,具有(you)轉(zhuan)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi),表示著新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌芽。過(guo)去在研討中(zhong)國(guo)封(feng)建社會(hui)里資本(ben)主義(yi)萌芽時人們(men)較(jiao)普(pu)遍(bian)重視手工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),礦冶業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)品生產(chan)(chan)與雇(gu)傭制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌發(fa),也(ye)較(jiao)多著眼于(yu)(yu)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域如(ru)(ru)江(jiang)南以(yi)(yi)及大中(zhong)城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)方(fang)式變革,對(dui)(dui)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、對(dui)(dui)偏遠(yuan)地(di)區重視不(bu)足,今以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人開(kai)發(fa)大西南的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)例來(lai)看,不(bu)能不(bu)注意(yi)到(dao)(dao)他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造(zao)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫等開(kai)發(fa)西南,對(dui)(dui)融洽民(min)族關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi),開(kai)發(fa)邊(bian)(bian)疆(jiang)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟是(shi)(shi)很(hen)有(you)意(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在近世歷史(shi)(明清)上(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)了(le)(le)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超前行(xing)(xing)動,表現了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前衛(wei)意(yi)識(shi)和對(dui)(dui)西部開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)說它(ta)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)最早(zao)走向西部開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先驅者(zhe)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)缺乏輔證史(shi)料,有(you)待于(yu)(yu)再發(fa)掘新史(shi)料,現在也(ye)只能做(zuo)如(ru)(ru)此的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)論。
明(ming)中央(yang)政(zheng)府及(ji)當(dang)地(di)政(zheng)府官員守舊(jiu)求穩,怕人(ren)口流動影響邊陲(chui)的(de)社會(hui)治安(an)(an)和糧食(shi)供應豐(feng)足,千(qian)方百計下令強制回遷這(zhe)些(xie)在邊陲(chui)安(an)(an)家落(luo)戶“二三十不(bu)回原(yuan)籍”的(de)商(shang)民,采用(yong)“拿解原(yuan)籍當(dang)差”,這(zhe)實是很(hen)不(bu)明(ming)智的(de)短視行為。官方行文如此,到底各級政(zheng)府執行如何?未見下文,估計龍(long)游安(an)(an)福商(shang)民仍會(hui)“屯堡安(an)(an)歇”、“娶妻(qi)生(sheng)子(zi)”而長(chang)期(qi)“生(sheng)理”下去,今(jin)之滇(dian)省遺民,必(bi)有(you)血(xue)脈繁衍的(de)安(an)(an)福龍(long)游商(shang)人(ren)后裔。
商(shang)(shang)品(pin)、市(shi)(shi)場、商(shang)(shang)業(ye),信(xin)息(xi)是社會經濟發展(zhan)的(de)(de)重要杠桿(gan)之(zhi)一,明清時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫已初步意識到(dao)(dao)它們的(de)(de)意義。他們利用自己稟賦(fu)的(de)(de)知(zhi)識和才能,窺(kui)測市(shi)(shi)場,注重信(xin)息(xi),挺(ting)身(shen)遠出,躋身(shen)于收益大(da)的(de)(de)珠(zhu)寶業(ye)和海外(wai)貿易(yi)業(ye),憑借(jie)自身(shen)的(de)(de)優勢(shi),利用知(zhi)識經營印書(shu)業(ye)。他們意識到(dao)(dao)社會資源開(kai)(kai)發的(de)(de)價(jia)值,不辭萬里,融洽(qia)民族關系,“進軍”大(da)西(xi)南(nan),開(kai)(kai)發滇省姚(yao)安地區,采用雇傭制(zhi)的(de)(de)方式經營邊陲的(de)(de)屯(tun)墾業(ye)。這(zhe)是一種新的(de)(de)生產方式,是一大(da)創造,表明了明清時(shi)代(dai)龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫具(ju)有無遠不屆、天涯賈客的(de)(de)大(da)無畏(wei)精神(shen),也展(zhan)示了他們走在時(shi)代(dai)前頭(tou),具(ju)有先進的(de)(de)理念。他們對西(xi)部的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發,作出了歷史性的(de)(de)貢獻;它是中國歷史上真正開(kai)(kai)發西(xi)部的(de)(de)先驅者。
1.為商之(zhi)道(dao),仁信為本(ben)。商戰取勝(sheng),理性致上。
2.一招鮮,吃遍天。
3.敢想敢干,敢為人先。
4.財散人聚,財聚人散;取之有道,用之歡(huan)樂。
5.多(duo)(duo)看(kan)則清,多(duo)(duo)聽則明,多(duo)(duo)思則準(zhun),多(duo)(duo)干則成(cheng)。
6.思路決定(ding)財路,一切都(dou)是人為。
7.裁衣(yi)先量體,經商先摸底。
8.不摸行情休開店(dian)。
9.常去同行看看,生意不會清淡(dan)。
10.貴中(zhong)看賤,賤中(zhong)看貴。
11.先賣(mai)出手,后買入手。
12.豐年紙馬鋪,歉年糧食行(xing)。
13.兵以(yi)快勝,商(shang)以(yi)奇贏。
14.逆境(jing)看順境(jing),順境(jing)看逆境(jing)。順逆都來(lai)看,經商風(feng)險小。
15.貧賤莫尋親,富貴莫露財。
16.道(dao)由(you)天定(ding),事在(zai)人為。