芒果视频

人物簡介

共工(gong)，為(wei)氏(shi)(shi)族名，又稱共工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)。為(wei)中國(guo)古代(dai)神話中的水(shui)神。《列子·湯問》：“共工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)與顓頊爭為(wei)帝(di)，怒而觸不周之山，折天柱，絕(jue)地維(wei)，故(gu)天傾西北，日月星辰就焉；地不滿東南，故(gu)百川水(shui)潦歸焉。”另外還有一種(zhong)說法，共工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)是軒轅裔黃帝(di)王朝時代(dai)的部落(luo)名，把共工(gong)與驩兜、三苗(miao)、鯀(gun)列入四(si)罪。

主要經歷

此共工(gong)(gong)(gong)并非(fei)神話中的(de)共工(gong)(gong)(gong)（神話中的(de)共工(gong)(gong)(gong)乃(nai)伏羲女(nv)媧(wa)政權(quan)時期的(de)人物），乃(nai)炎帝魁(kui)(kui)隗氏(shi)政權(quan)五任帝祝融時期的(de)“水正”部落(luo)(luo)首領(ling)的(de)統稱，也(ye)是炎帝魁(kui)(kui)隗氏(shi)政權(quan)最后(hou)一位統治者七任帝，后(hou)被(bei)神農氏(shi)擊敗(bai)，帶領(ling)部落(luo)(luo)改名“共工(gong)(gong)(gong)氏(shi)”。夸父則為魁(kui)(kui)隗氏(shi)嫡(di)系九世孫，也(ye)是炎帝共工(gong)(gong)(gong)（炎帝共工(gong)(gong)(gong)只有一人，所(suo)以(yi)單指(zhi)一人）的(de)曾(ceng)孫輩。

《史(shi)記：五帝(di)(di)(di)本(ben)紀》：昔帝(di)(di)(di)鴻(hong)氏(shi)有(you)不(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)，掩(yan)義隱賊，好(hao)行兇慝，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)渾沌。少皞(hao)(hao)氏(shi)有(you)不(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)，毀信惡忠，崇(chong)飾惡言(yan)(yan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)窮奇(qi)。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)氏(shi)有(you)不(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)教訓，不(bu)(bu)知話(hua)言(yan)(yan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)梼杌。此三(san)族世憂之(zhi)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)堯(yao)，堯(yao)未能去。縉云(yun)(yun)氏(shi)有(you)不(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)，貪于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)飲食，冒于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)貨賄，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)饕餮。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)惡之(zhi)，比之(zhi)三(san)兇。舜賓于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)門，乃流(liu)四(si)(si)兇族，遷(qian)(qian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)裔，以(yi)(yi)御螭魅，于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是四(si)(si)門辟(pi)，言(yan)(yan)毋兇人也。《尚書·堯(yao)典》：讙兜(dou)進言(yan)(yan)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，堯(yao)曰(yue)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)而(er)(er)試之(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)師，共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)果淫辟(pi)。四(si)(si)岳(yue)舉(ju)鯀治(zhi)鴻(hong)水，堯(yao)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)，岳(yue)強請試之(zhi)，試之(zhi)而(er)(er)無功，故(gu)(gu)百(bai)姓不(bu)(bu)便(bian)。三(san)苗在江淮、荊州數為(wei)(wei)(wei)亂。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是舜歸而(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)(di)，請流(liu)（帝(di)(di)(di)鴻(hong)氏(shi)）共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)幽陵(ling)，以(yi)(yi)變北(bei)狄(di)；放（少皞(hao)(hao)氏(shi)）讙兜(dou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，以(yi)(yi)變南(nan)蠻；遷(qian)(qian)（縉云(yun)(yun)氏(shi)）三(san)苗于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)危(wei)，以(yi)(yi)變西戎；殛（顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)氏(shi)）鯀于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)羽山(shan)(shan)(shan)，以(yi)(yi)變東夷：四(si)(si)罪而(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)咸(xian)(xian)服。“流(liu)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)幽州，放驩兜(dou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，竄三(san)苗于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)危(wei)，殛鯀于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)羽山(shan)(shan)(shan)，四(si)(si)罪而(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)咸(xian)(xian)服。”《列(lie)子(zi)·湯問》：“共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)氏(shi)與(yu)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)爭(zheng)(zheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)，（顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)，黃帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)裔（《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經·海(hai)內(nei)經》）。故(gu)(gu)此戰(zhan)實為(wei)(wei)(wei)黃炎(yan)(yan)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)繼續）怒(nu)(nu)而(er)(er)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，折天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱，絕(jue)地維(wei)，故(gu)(gu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)傾(qing)西北(bei)，日月(yue)星(xing)辰(chen)就焉(yan)(yan)；地不(bu)(bu)滿東南(nan)，故(gu)(gu)百(bai)川水潦歸焉(yan)(yan)。”《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經·海(hai)內(nei)經》：“炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)妻，赤水之(zhi)子(zi)，聽沃生(sheng)(sheng)炎(yan)(yan)居，炎(yan)(yan)居生(sheng)(sheng)節并，節并生(sheng)(sheng)戲器，戲器生(sheng)(sheng)祝融，祝融降處于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)江水，生(sheng)(sheng)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。”又《天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen)訓》、《淮南(nan)子(zi)》：“昔者共(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)爭(zheng)(zheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)，怒(nu)(nu)而(er)(er)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱折，地維(wei)絕(jue)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)傾(qing)西北(bei)，故(gu)(gu)日月(yue)星(xing)辰(chen)移焉(yan)(yan)；地不(bu)(bu)滿東南(nan)，故(gu)(gu)水潦塵埃歸焉(yan)(yan)。”

姜亮夫《 楚辭通故 · 燭(zhu)龍》 所據材料全抄自(zi)俞氏， 但(dan)其說卻大相(xiang)徑庭， 他認為“ 燭(zhu)龍”即“ 祝融” 之音轉(zhuan)

《山(shan)海(hai)經·海(hai)內(nei)經》：祝融降處于江水，生(sheng)共工。此祝融是離朱也叫離婁。江水即(ji)泗水，今

.天泗水流域的(de)邾婁(lou)便是(shi)祝(zhu)融離朱生(sheng)共(gong)工(gong)的(de)地(di)方。《山海經·大荒東(dong)經》：東(dong)海之外(wai)大壑，少(shao)(shao)昊之國。少(shao)(shao)昊孺帝顓頊于此。少(shao)(shao)昊之都在曲阜，距(ju)離共(gong)工(gong)出生(sheng)地(di)邾婁(lou)非常近(jin)。所以顓頊與共(gong)工(gong)原(yuan)本是(shi)鄰(lin)居(ju)關系，他(ta)們共(gong)同的(de)領袖是(shi)強大的(de)少(shao)(shao)昊。

顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)與共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)原本應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)可以(yi)和(he)(he)睦相處的(de)(de)(de)。但是(shi)(shi)由于少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)統治后(hou)(hou)期少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)族的(de)(de)(de)衰落(luo)(luo)(luo)，加上共(gong)(gong)工(gong)一(yi)(yi)族的(de)(de)(de)崛起。原本江(jiang)(jiang)水流域的(de)(de)(de)統治者少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)已經(jing)沒有能(neng)力約束崛起的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)因此向少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)的(de)(de)(de)統治權發起了挑戰。這正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)《國語(yu)·楚語(yu)》里面記載的(de)(de)(de)：少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)氏(shi)之衰也(ye)(ye)，九(jiu)黎(li)亂德，其(qi)后(hou)(hou)三苗復九(jiu)黎(li)之德的(de)(de)(de)事件(jian)。歷史(shi)上，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)也(ye)(ye)稱帝江(jiang)(jiang)，就是(shi)(shi)江(jiang)(jiang)水之帝的(de)(de)(de)含義。面對共(gong)(gong)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)崛起，少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)指(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)繼承人顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)自然不服氣，于是(shi)(shi)乃命重(zhong)黎(li)對抗共(gong)(gong)工(gong)。重(zhong)黎(li)即(ji)重(zhong)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)和(he)(he)黎(li)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)。重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)之子，也(ye)(ye)在(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)水流域；黎(li)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)是(shi)(shi)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)妻子女(nv)祿(lu)的(de)(de)(de)娘家部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)，女(nv)祿(lu)的(de)(de)(de)祿(lu)是(shi)(shi)黎(li)字的(de)(de)(de)通假。女(nv)祿(lu)所在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)也(ye)(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏(shi)，是(shi)(shi)祝(zhu)融離朱(zhu)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏(shi)也(ye)(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)奔(ben)氏(shi)，奔(ben)是(shi)(shi)濆(fen)的(de)(de)(de)通假。濆(fen)字就是(shi)(shi)噴(pen)泉的(de)(de)(de)意思，滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)即(ji)滕(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)泉。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏(shi)在(zai)今.天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)山東(dong)滕(teng)(teng)州，滕(teng)(teng)州就是(shi)(shi)因滕(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)泉而得名。黎(li)(祿(lu))姓滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏(shi)地(di)理位置在(zai)今.天(tian)滕(teng)(teng)州一(yi)(yi)帶，與他祖先(xian)祝(zhu)融所在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)邾(zhu)婁很近，女(nv)祿(lu)與顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)也(ye)(ye)有一(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)分稱祝(zhu)融的(de)(de)(de)。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏(shi)本和(he)(he)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)同(tong)族，但因兄(xiong)弟(di)分家不愉(yu)快所以(yi)也(ye)(ye)出來(lai)支(zhi)持顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)攻(gong)打(da)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)。

就這樣得(de)到(dao)了(le)江水流域重和黎部落(luo)的支持，顓(zhuan)頊(xu)實力大增(zeng)，把共(gong)(gong)工逼走。《文子》曰：“共(gong)(gong)工為(wei)(wei)水害，故顓(zhuan)頊(xu)誅之。”此時共(gong)(gong)工依然強(qiang)大，為(wei)(wei)了(le)取得(de)長久的和平(ping)，顓(zhuan)頊(xu)與共(gong)(gong)工還搞了(le)聯姻關系(xi)，顓(zhuan)頊(xu)和女(nv)祿的后代(dai)老童娶了(le)共(gong)(gong)工大臣根水氏(shi)和竭水氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)妻。

《山海經(jing)》中(zhong)也有記(ji)載：“朝陽(yang)之(zhi)谷，神(shen)曰(yue)天(tian)吳，是為水伯”。帝顓頊(xu)(xu)(xu)時期（約公元前25世(shi)紀），顓頊(xu)(xu)(xu)部落聯(lian)盟與共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)部落聯(lian)盟在(zai)中(zhong)原地區(qu)（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)北(bei)部）作戰(zhan)。原始社會晚期，相傳黃(huang)帝之(zhi)孫顓頊(xu)(xu)(xu)號高陽(yang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，繼黃(huang)帝為該部落聯(lian)盟首(shou)領。他生于若水而居帝丘（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)濮陽(yang)東(dong)南(nan)），正處黃(huang)河(he)（約當今(jin)衛河(he)）東(dong)岸附近。炎(yan)(yan)帝共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)的后裔為炎(yan)(yan)帝族分支共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)部落聯(lian)盟的首(shou)領，居住在(zai)九州黃(huang)河(he)中(zhong)游河(he)西地區(qu)（約在(zai)今(jin)河(he)南(nan)輝縣境(jing)），在(zai)顓頊(xu)(xu)(xu)部落聯(lian)盟的上流。在(zai)顓頊(xu)(xu)(xu)高陽(yang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)權(quan)取得黃(huang)帝（黃(huang)帝并非一(yi)人，為一(yi)個時期的政(zheng)權(quan)領導統稱）之(zhi)位時，顓頊(xu)(xu)(xu)以借口帶(dai)領軍(jun)隊南(nan)征北(bei)戰(zhan)，降服各路諸(zhu)侯，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)為其中(zhong)之(zhi)一(yi)。

人物評價

據說共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏姓姜，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)炎(yan)帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)后代(dai)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神農氏之后，又(you)一個為發展農業(ye)生(sheng)產做出過重要(yao)貢獻的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。他(ta)發明了(le)筑(zhu)堤(di)蓄水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法。關(guan)于他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說，幾乎全與水(shui)(shui)有關(guan)，有名的(de)(de)(de)(de)故事(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)怒(nu)(nu)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)。黃河(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)常泛濫(lan)威脅到了(le)部落的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存，共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)率領(ling)大家與洪水(shui)(shui)英(ying)勇搏斗，他(ta)們采(cai)取“堵(du)”而(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“疏”的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法來治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)，未能根(gen)治(zhi)(zhi)洪水(shui)(shui)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為后人(ren)(ren)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)積累了(le)經(jing)驗。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)華(hua)夏的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)英(ying)雄，被后世尊為水(shui)(shui)神。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)表現出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)永不(bu)(bu)言敗(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中華(hua)民族寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神財富。之后與顓(zhuan)頊爭(zheng)奪部落盟主地(di)位(wei)，而(er)顓(zhuan)頊則利用民眾(zhong)迷(mi)信的(de)(de)(de)(de)心理，聲(sheng)稱共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)會“觸(chu)怒(nu)(nu)上天(tian)”，導致共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)失(shi)去支持，最終失(shi)敗(bai)。而(er)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)為捍衛自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)大業(ye)，撞山(shan)自(zi)殺，以表示(shi)“看(kan)，這樣都沒(mei)有‘觸(chu)怒(nu)(nu)上天(tian)’”。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)與顓(zhuan)頊爭(zheng)奪帝位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故事(shi)，后被演繹成(cheng)“怒(nu)(nu)而(er)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)周之山(shan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)神話。