芒果视频

基本結構

電話機是通過電信號(hao)雙向傳輸話音的終端(duan)設備(bei)。

歷史上(shang)對電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機的改(gai)進和發明包括(kuo)(kuo)：碳粉(fen)話(hua)(hua)筒、電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)人工交(jiao)換板(ban)、撥號盤、自(zi)動電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)交(jiao)換機、程控(kong)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)交(jiao)換機、雙音多頻撥號、語音數(shu)字采樣等。新技(ji)術包括(kuo)(kuo)：ISDN、DSL、模擬(ni)移(yi)動電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)和數(shu)字移(yi)動電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機等。

基本按鍵

電(dian)話(hua)電(dian)源線、電(dian)話(hua)線、收線開(kai)關(guan)、受話(hua)器、增音(yin)按(an)鈕(niu)、送話(hua)器、本機號碼片、鈴(ling)聲及免(mian)提(ti)喇叭、記(ji)(ji)憶(yi)代碼鍵、記(ji)(ji)憶(yi)號碼片、數(shu)字按(an)鍵、記(ji)(ji)憶(yi)取出鍵、記(ji)(ji)憶(yi)儲存鍵、重撥鍵、工作指(zhi)示燈(deng)、免(mian)提(ti)鍵、R鍵、免(mian)提(ti)送話(hua)器、鈴(ling)聲調節(jie)(jie)開(kai)關(guan)、P/T開(kai)關(guan)、免(mian)提(ti)接收音(yin)量調節(jie)(jie)旋鈕(niu)。

工作原理

電話通(tong)(tong)信是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)聲(sheng)能(neng)與電能(neng)相互轉換、并利用(yong)“電”這(zhe)個媒(mei)介(jie)來(lai)傳輸語言(yan)的(de)一種通(tong)(tong)信技(ji)術。兩個用(yong)戶要進(jin)行(xing)通(tong)(tong)信，最簡單的(de)形(xing)式就是(shi)將兩部電話機用(yong)一對(dui)線(xian)路連接起(qi)來(lai)。

當發話(hua)者(zhe)拿起電話(hua)機對著送話(hua)器講話(hua)時，聲帶的振動激(ji)勵空氣振動，形(xing)成聲波。

聲波作用于送話(hua)器上(shang)，使之(zhi)產生電(dian)流(liu)，稱為話(hua)音(yin)電(dian)流(liu)。

話(hua)音(yin)電流沿著線路傳送到對方電話(hua)機的受話(hua)器內。

而受(shou)話(hua)器作用與送話(hua)器剛好相(xiang)反——把電(dian)流轉化為(wei)聲波，通過空氣傳至人的耳朵(duo)中。

這(zhe)樣，就(jiu)完成了最簡單的通話過(guo)程。

發展歷史

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是美(mei)國人A.G.貝爾(er)于1876年發(fa)明的(de)。他用兩(liang)根導線連(lian)接(jie)(jie)兩(liang)個(ge)結(jie)構完全相(xiang)同、在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵上裝(zhuang)有振動膜片的(de)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器和(he)(he)受(shou)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器，首先實現兩(liang)端通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。但通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)距離短(duan)、效率低(di)。1878年出(chu)現了炭精(jing)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器效率大大提高。受(shou)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器結(jie)構也有改進。最早的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是磁石電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，靠自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用手搖發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)送(song)呼叫信(xin)號(hao)。1880年出(chu)現共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，改由共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)集中(zhong)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，省去手播(bo)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。1891年出(chu)現了旋轉撥(bo)號(hao)盤(pan)式自動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，它可以發(fa)出(chu)直(zhi)流撥(bo)號(hao)脈沖，控制自動交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動作，選擇被叫用戶，自動完成(cheng)(cheng)交換(huan)功能(neng)。從(cong)而(er)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)通信(xin)推向一個(ge)新階段。到20世紀(ji)60年代(dai)末(mo)期(qi)出(chu)現了按(an)鍵式全電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。除脈沖發(fa)號(hao)方式外，又出(chu)現了雙(shuang)音(yin)多(duo)頻(pin)（DTMF）發(fa)號(hao)方式。隨(sui)著(zhu)程控交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)發(fa)展，雙(shuang)音(yin)頻(pin)按(an)鍵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)已(yi)逐步普及。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)正在(zai)(zai)向集成(cheng)(cheng)化邁進，話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)專用集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)已(yi)廣(guang)泛用于話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)各(ge)組成(cheng)(cheng)部分。各(ge)種多(duo)功能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特種用途電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也應(ying)運而(er)生。到20世紀(ji)90年代(dai)初，已(yi)有了將撥(bo)號(hao)、通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、振鈴三種功能(neng)集于一塊集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。隨(sui)著(zhu)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音(yin)識別(bie)技術的(de)發(fa)展，直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)用話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音(yin)“撥(bo)號(hao)”的(de)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也正在(zai)(zai)出(chu)現

最初(chu)的電(dian)話機(ji)（終端）是由(you)微(wei)型發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)電(dian)池構成(cheng)的磁(ci)石(shi)式(shi)電(dian)話機(ji)，打電(dian)話時，使(shi)用者用手搖微(wei)型發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)發(fa)出電(dian)信號呼叫對方，對方啟機(ji)后構成(cheng)通(tong)話回路。后來，1877年(nian)(nian)愛迪生（T.E.Edison）發(fa)明(ming)(ming)了碳(tan)素送話器(qi)和(he)誘(you)導線路后通(tong)話距(ju)離延長了。同一(yi)年(nian)(nian)又發(fa)明(ming)(ming)了共電(dian)式(shi)電(dian)話機(ji)。1891年(nian)(nian)終于發(fa)展到A.B.Strowger發(fa)明(ming)(ming)了自動式(shi)電(dian)話機(ji)。

基本功能

電話機設置在電話通信起點和(he)終點的(de)用(yong)戶(hu)側，是電話網的(de)用(yong)戶(hu)終端設備。現代的(de)電話機能夠方便地實現終端用(yong)戶(hu)之(zhi)間的(de)呼(hu)叫和(he)通話，是經過一百多(duo)年來許多(duo)人的(de)研究(jiu)和(he)無(wu)數次的(de)改(gai)進而形(xing)成的(de)。盡管(guan)它們的(de)式樣千差萬(wan)別，但一般都有如下基本功(gong)能：

1、聲電互換

因(yin)為(wei)要進行快速(su)的(de)、遠距離的(de)通信(xin)，不能直(zhi)接傳送聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)，而必(bi)須先把聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)變成(cheng)電(dian)信(xin)號（即(ji)以電(dian)作(zuo)為(wei)載體），到對方(fang)后再把電(dian)信(xin)號還原(yuan)成(cheng)為(wei)聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)。

2、摘機識別

當主(zhu)叫方拿起電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)時，交(jiao)換機(ji)(ji)應有(you)(you)能(neng)知道“有(you)(you)人要打電(dian)話(hua)(hua)”的功能(neng)，以便(bian)交(jiao)換機(ji)(ji)做好接續準備。

3、發送信號

自動電話機正是通過發送撥號(hao)信號(hao)來指揮電話交換機的工(gong)作，并進而建立兩個電話機之間(jian)的連接的。

4、響鈴

即在對(dui)方來電(dian)話(hua)時，電(dian)話(hua)機能以鈴聲(sheng)告訴主人：“有人來電(dian)話(hua)了。”

5、電接續

電(dian)(dian)話機中(zhong)，實現(xian)這五大功能的部件依次是：送受話器、叉簧、撥號盤(pan)（或按鍵盤(pan)）、電(dian)(dian)話鈴和電(dian)(dian)話回路。

主要分類

有線電話

電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機具有(you)將(jiang)終端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)波(bo)轉換為電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)信號，通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)線(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)送(song)(song)到遠距(ju)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)，同(tong)時將(jiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳(chuan)送(song)(song)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)信號再生為語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)（音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)波(bo)），使其(qi)通話(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能，以及發送(song)(song)可從(cong)多個對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)中選擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)信號（撥號脈沖），告知對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)呼叫(jiao)(jiao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)等功能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機由將(jiang)語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)轉換為電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)發送(song)(song)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)送(song)(song)話(hua)(hua)機、將(jiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳(chuan)送(song)(song)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)還原(yuan)為語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)受話(hua)(hua)機、呼叫(jiao)(jiao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)撥號或(huo)按鈕、發送(song)(song)呼叫(jiao)(jiao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鈴聲、將(jiang)這些(xie)連接在電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)線(xian)(xian)上執(zhi)行(xing)其(qi)功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)路網等組成(cheng)。送(song)(song)話(hua)(hua)機內有(you)裝滿(man)碳(tan)(tan)素(su)(su)顆(ke)(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)小箱(xiang)子(zi)，其(qi)前方(fang)(fang)有(you)薄硬鋁合金振動板。振動板根據語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)振動，振動碳(tan)(tan)素(su)(su)顆(ke)(ke)粒，碳(tan)(tan)素(su)(su)顆(ke)(ke)粒傳(chuan)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，隨著顆(ke)(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)接觸程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻發生變化，生成(cheng)語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。受話(hua)(hua)機接受對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)后，在線(xian)(xian)圈上生成(cheng)語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)力，振動鐵振動板，發出聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。

無線電話

無(wu)線環路(lu)-無(wu)繩電話

電話子母機

數字無繩電話

模擬無繩電話

移動電話手機

小靈通（無線(xian)電話）

智能電話

隨著IT技術(shu)的(de)不斷的(de)飛(fei)速(su)發展，嵌入(ru)式終端設備的(de)處理能(neng)力越(yue)來越(yue)強，21世紀初(chu)出現了(le)一種帶(dai)個人數據(ju)助理（PDA）的(de)電話機“智能(neng)電話”。

智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)除了(le)有(you)完整的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)外，通常還具有(you)大容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)片管理功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、來去電(dian)管理功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、防止電(dian)話(hua)(hua)騷擾（電(dian)話(hua)(hua)防火墻）功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、企業集團電(dian)話(hua)(hua)名(ming)片（內部名(ming)片）管理功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)，以及輔(fu)助辦(ban)公的(de)(de)(de)許多功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)，比如：日程(cheng)安排、便箋、日歷、計算器等(deng)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。早期的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)通過撥號上網，具有(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息交(jiao)換能(neng)(neng)力，實現(xian)了(le)發送短信(xin)、接收(shou)文字信(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。隨著固網智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)在中國近十年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)發展，其處理能(neng)(neng)力加強，逐漸地(di)增加了(le)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)手機（Smartphone）具有(you)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。

智能電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)已有(you)通(tong)過(guo)因(yin)特網上網的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)及較強的(de)(de)(de)多媒的(de)(de)(de)體功能。可以進行網絡瀏(liu)覽、音視頻的(de)(de)(de)播放、具有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)書、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)相框等功能。同時智能電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)在輔(fu)助(zhu)辦(ban)公、輔(fu)助(zhu)營(ying)銷、娛(yu)樂等方面的(de)(de)(de)功能也有(you)了(le)大大的(de)(de)(de)加強。在對(dui)傳統固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)顛覆(fu)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，實現了(le)更多的(de)(de)(de)商務功能和PDA功能。

使用環境

使用條件

環境(jing)溫度：-10℃~40℃

相對濕度：45%~95%

大氣(qi)壓力：860~1060mbar

環境噪聲：≤60dB(A)

技術性能

1、工作頻率：300~3400HZ

2、脈沖通斷(duan)比：1.6±0.2∶1

3、雙音頻撥號頻偏(pian)：≤±1.5%

4、雙(shuang)音頻(pin)(pin)(pin)信(xin)號電平：①低頻(pin)(pin)(pin)群：-9±3dB；②高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)群：-7±3dB；③頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率組(zu)合中高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)分量比低頻(pin)(pin)(pin)分量高(gao)2±1dB

5、振(zhen)鈴(ling)聲級：≥70dB(A)

6、電聲性能：

①在0公里時，客觀發送(song)(song)(song)參(can)考當(dang)量≥+3；在3公里時，客觀發送(song)(song)(song)參(can)考當(dang)量≤+15；在5公里時，客觀發送(song)(song)(song)參(can)考當(dang)量≤+15。

②在(zai)0公(gong)(gong)里(li)時(shi)，客觀接收(shou)參(can)考(kao)(kao)當(dang)(dang)量(liang)≥－5；在(zai)3公(gong)(gong)里(li)時(shi)，客觀接收(shou)參(can)考(kao)(kao)當(dang)(dang)量(liang)≤+2；在(zai)5公(gong)(gong)里(li)時(shi)，客觀接收(shou)摻考(kao)(kao)當(dang)(dang)量(liang)≤+2。

③在0公里時，客(ke)觀側音參(can)考(kao)當量≥+3；在3公里時，客(ke)觀側音參(can)考(kao)當量≥+10；在5公里時，客(ke)觀側音參(can)考(kao)當量≥+10。

未來發展

高科(ke)技電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展都(dou)是隨(sui)著無線通(tong)信的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)達而形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展趨(qu)(qu)勢(shi)經過Digital電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機和PCS后發(fa)(fa)展到(dao)可(ke)以用(yong)衛(wei)星通(tong)信的(de)(de)(de)(de)IMT-200服(fu)(fu)務(wu)。IMT-200支持信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)高速傳送，Packet，畫像等多(duo)媒體的(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)，將來世界各個地方都(dou)可(ke)以使用(yong)所(suo)有(you)(you)聲音電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報用(yong)戶直通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，傳呼和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子郵(you)件；隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子郵(you)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)普及，網絡也日益化，網絡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)已是不可(ke)阻擋的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展趨(qu)(qu)勢(shi)。現有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)，已經不能(neng)提供人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要了。未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)講裝備(bei)攝像頭，帶有(you)(you)色彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)晶顯示器，我們在接固(gu)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，都(dou)能(neng)夠看到(dao)雙(shuang)方。