芒果视频

基本結構

電話機是通(tong)過電信號雙向傳輸話音的終端設備。

歷史(shi)上對電話機(ji)的改進和(he)發(fa)明包括：碳(tan)粉話筒、電話人(ren)工交換板、撥(bo)號(hao)盤、自動電話交換機(ji)、程控電話交換機(ji)、雙音多頻(pin)撥(bo)號(hao)、語音數(shu)(shu)字(zi)采樣等。新技術(shu)包括：ISDN、DSL、模擬移(yi)動電話和(he)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)移(yi)動電話機(ji)等。

基本按鍵

電(dian)(dian)話(hua)電(dian)(dian)源線(xian)、電(dian)(dian)話(hua)線(xian)、收線(xian)開關(guan)、受話(hua)器、增(zeng)音按鈕(niu)、送話(hua)器、本機號(hao)碼片、鈴(ling)聲及免提喇(la)叭(ba)、記憶(yi)(yi)代碼鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)、記憶(yi)(yi)號(hao)碼片、數字按鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)、記憶(yi)(yi)取出(chu)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)、記憶(yi)(yi)儲(chu)存(cun)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)、重撥鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)、工作(zuo)指(zhi)示燈、免提鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)、R鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)、免提送話(hua)器、鈴(ling)聲調(diao)(diao)節開關(guan)、P/T開關(guan)、免提接收音量調(diao)(diao)節旋鈕(niu)。

工作原理

電(dian)話通信(xin)是(shi)通過聲能與電(dian)能相(xiang)互(hu)轉換(huan)、并利用(yong)“電(dian)”這個媒介來傳輸語言的一種(zhong)通信(xin)技術。兩個用(yong)戶要(yao)進行通信(xin)，最簡(jian)單(dan)的形式(shi)就是(shi)將兩部(bu)電(dian)話機(ji)用(yong)一對線路連接起來。

當發話(hua)者(zhe)拿起電話(hua)機對著送話(hua)器(qi)講話(hua)時，聲帶的振動(dong)激勵空(kong)氣振動(dong)，形成聲波(bo)。

聲波作用于(yu)送(song)話(hua)器上，使(shi)之產生電流(liu)，稱為話(hua)音(yin)電流(liu)。

話(hua)音(yin)電(dian)流(liu)沿著線路(lu)傳送到對(dui)方(fang)電(dian)話(hua)機的受話(hua)器內。

而受話器作用與送話器剛(gang)好(hao)相(xiang)反——把電流(liu)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為聲波，通過空氣傳至人的耳朵中。

這樣(yang)，就完成了最(zui)簡單的通話(hua)過程。

發展歷史

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是美國人(ren)A.G.貝爾于(yu)(yu)1876年發(fa)(fa)(fa)明的(de)。他用(yong)(yong)兩根導線連接(jie)兩個(ge)結構完(wan)全(quan)相同、在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵上裝有(you)振動(dong)膜片的(de)送話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器和受話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器，首先(xian)實現(xian)(xian)兩端通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。但通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)距(ju)離短、效率(lv)低。1878年出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)炭(tan)精送話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)送話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器效率(lv)大大提高。受話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器結構也有(you)改進。最(zui)早的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是磁石(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，靠自(zi)(zi)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)手(shou)搖(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)送呼叫(jiao)信(xin)號(hao)。1880年出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，改由共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)集中供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，省(sheng)去手(shou)播發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。1891年出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)旋轉撥號(hao)盤式(shi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，它可以發(fa)(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)直(zhi)流撥號(hao)脈沖，控制(zhi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)作，選擇被(bei)叫(jiao)用(yong)(yong)戶，自(zi)(zi)動(dong)完(wan)成(cheng)交換(huan)功能。從而把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)通信(xin)推向(xiang)一個(ge)新階段。到20世(shi)紀(ji)60年代(dai)末期(qi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)按鍵式(shi)全(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。除脈沖發(fa)(fa)(fa)號(hao)方式(shi)外，又出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)雙音多(duo)頻（DTMF）發(fa)(fa)(fa)號(hao)方式(shi)。隨(sui)著(zhu)程控交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，雙音頻按鍵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)已逐步普(pu)及。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路正在(zai)向(xiang)集成(cheng)化邁進，話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)專用(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路已廣泛用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路各組成(cheng)部分。各種(zhong)多(duo)功能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也應運而生。到20世(shi)紀(ji)90年代(dai)初，已有(you)了(le)將撥號(hao)、通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、振鈴(ling)三種(zhong)功能集于(yu)(yu)一塊集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。隨(sui)著(zhu)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音識別技術的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，直(zhi)接(jie)用(yong)(yong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音“撥號(hao)”的(de)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也正在(zai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)

最初(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機（終端(duan)）是由微型(xing)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機和(he)電(dian)(dian)池構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)磁石(shi)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機，打電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)時，使用者用手搖微型(xing)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機發(fa)(fa)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)信號呼叫對方(fang)，對方(fang)啟(qi)機后構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)通(tong)話(hua)(hua)回路。后來(lai)，1877年愛(ai)迪生（T.E.Edison）發(fa)(fa)明(ming)了(le)(le)碳素送話(hua)(hua)器和(he)誘導線路后通(tong)話(hua)(hua)距離延長了(le)(le)。同一年又發(fa)(fa)明(ming)了(le)(le)共電(dian)(dian)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機。1891年終于發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)到A.B.Strowger發(fa)(fa)明(ming)了(le)(le)自(zi)動式(shi)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機。

基本功能

電話(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)設(she)置在電話(hua)(hua)通信起點和終(zhong)點的用(yong)戶(hu)側，是電話(hua)(hua)網的用(yong)戶(hu)終(zhong)端(duan)設(she)備。現代的電話(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)能夠方(fang)便(bian)地(di)實(shi)現終(zhong)端(duan)用(yong)戶(hu)之間的呼(hu)叫和通話(hua)(hua)，是經過一百多年來許多人的研(yan)究和無數(shu)次的改進而形成的。盡(jin)管它們的式樣(yang)千差萬(wan)別，但一般都(dou)有如下基本功能：

1、聲電互換

因為(wei)(wei)要進行快速的(de)、遠距(ju)離的(de)通信(xin)，不(bu)能直接傳送聲(sheng)音(yin)，而必須先(xian)把(ba)聲(sheng)音(yin)變成電信(xin)號（即以電作為(wei)(wei)載(zai)體），到(dao)對方后再把(ba)電信(xin)號還原成為(wei)(wei)聲(sheng)音(yin)。

2、摘機識別

當主叫方拿起電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機時，交(jiao)換機應有能知道“有人要打電(dian)(dian)話(hua)”的功能，以便交(jiao)換機做(zuo)好(hao)接續準備。

3、發送信號

自動電(dian)話(hua)機正是通(tong)過發送撥號信號來指揮電(dian)話(hua)交(jiao)換機的(de)工作，并進而建立兩個電(dian)話(hua)機之間的(de)連接的(de)。

4、響鈴

即在對方來(lai)(lai)電話(hua)時，電話(hua)機能(neng)以鈴聲告訴主人：“有人來(lai)(lai)電話(hua)了。”

5、電接續

電話(hua)機中，實現這(zhe)五大功能的部(bu)件(jian)依次是(shi)：送(song)受話(hua)器、叉(cha)簧、撥號盤（或按鍵盤）、電話(hua)鈴和(he)電話(hua)回路。

主要分類

有線電話

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具有將(jiang)終端的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)波(bo)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子信(xin)號(hao)(hao)，通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)線(xian)傳送(song)到遠距離的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)方(fang)，同時將(jiang)對(dui)方(fang)傳送(song)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子信(xin)號(hao)(hao)再生(sheng)為(wei)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)（音(yin)(yin)波(bo)），使其(qi)(qi)通話(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能，以及(ji)發(fa)送(song)可從多(duo)個對(dui)方(fang)中選(xuan)擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)（撥號(hao)(hao)脈沖），告(gao)知對(dui)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)呼(hu)叫(jiao)音(yin)(yin)等功能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由將(jiang)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)發(fa)送(song)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、將(jiang)對(dui)方(fang)傳送(song)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)還原為(wei)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)話(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、呼(hu)叫(jiao)對(dui)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)撥號(hao)(hao)或按鈕、發(fa)送(song)呼(hu)叫(jiao)音(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鈴(ling)聲(sheng)、將(jiang)這些(xie)連接在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)線(xian)上執(zhi)行其(qi)(qi)功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)路網等組成。送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)有裝滿碳素顆粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)小箱(xiang)子，其(qi)(qi)前方(fang)有薄硬鋁合金振動(dong)(dong)(dong)板。振動(dong)(dong)(dong)板根據語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)振動(dong)(dong)(dong)，振動(dong)(dong)(dong)碳素顆粒，碳素顆粒傳導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，隨著顆粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)接觸(chu)程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻發(fa)生(sheng)變化，生(sheng)成語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。受(shou)話(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)接受(shou)對(dui)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)后(hou)，在線(xian)圈(quan)上生(sheng)成語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁力(li)，振動(dong)(dong)(dong)鐵振動(dong)(dong)(dong)板，發(fa)出聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)。

無線電話

無線(xian)環路-無繩電話

電話子母機

數字無繩電話

模擬無繩電話

移動電話手機

小靈通（無(wu)線電話）

智能電話

隨著IT技術的不斷(duan)的飛速(su)發展，嵌入式終(zhong)端設備的處理能(neng)力越(yue)來越(yue)強，21世紀初出現了一種帶(dai)個人數據助理（PDA）的電話機“智能(neng)電話”。

智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)除了(le)有完整的(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)外，通常還(huan)具有大容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)名(ming)片(pian)管理(li)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、來去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理(li)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)騷(sao)擾（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)防火(huo)墻）功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、企(qi)業集團(tuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)名(ming)片(pian)（內部名(ming)片(pian)）管理(li)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，以(yi)及輔助(zhu)辦(ban)公的(de)(de)許多功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，比如：日(ri)程安(an)排、便箋、日(ri)歷(li)、計算器(qi)等(deng)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。早(zao)期的(de)(de)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)通過撥(bo)號上網(wang)，具有一定的(de)(de)信息交換能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，實現了(le)發送短信、接收文字信息的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。隨著固網(wang)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)在中國近十年的(de)(de)發展，其(qi)處理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力加(jia)強(qiang)，逐漸地增加(jia)了(le)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)手(shou)機(ji)（Smartphone）具有的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。

智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)話(hua)已有(you)通過因特(te)網(wang)上(shang)網(wang)的能(neng)(neng)力及較強的多(duo)媒的體功能(neng)(neng)。可以進行網(wang)絡瀏覽、音視頻的播放(fang)、具有(you)電(dian)子(zi)書、電(dian)子(zi)相(xiang)框(kuang)等功能(neng)(neng)。同時(shi)智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)話(hua)在(zai)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)辦公(gong)、輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)營銷、娛樂等方面的功能(neng)(neng)也有(you)了大(da)大(da)的加強。在(zai)對傳統固定電(dian)話(hua)顛覆(fu)的基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，實現了更(geng)多(duo)的商務功能(neng)(neng)和(he)PDA功能(neng)(neng)。

使用環境

使用條件

環境溫度：-10℃~40℃

相(xiang)對濕(shi)度：45%~95%

大氣壓力：860~1060mbar

環境噪聲(sheng)：≤60dB(A)

技術性能

1、工作頻(pin)率：300~3400HZ

2、脈沖通斷比：1.6±0.2∶1

3、雙音(yin)頻(pin)撥號頻(pin)偏：≤±1.5%

4、雙音頻信號(hao)電(dian)平：①低(di)頻群：-9±3dB；②高頻群：-7±3dB；③頻率組(zu)合中高頻分量(liang)比低(di)頻分量(liang)高2±1dB

5、振鈴(ling)聲級(ji)：≥70dB(A)

6、電聲性能：

①在0公里時，客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)發送參考當量≥+3；在3公里時，客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)發送參考當量≤+15；在5公里時，客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)發送參考當量≤+15。

②在(zai)(zai)0公(gong)里(li)(li)時，客觀接收(shou)(shou)參考當(dang)量≥－5；在(zai)(zai)3公(gong)里(li)(li)時，客觀接收(shou)(shou)參考當(dang)量≤+2；在(zai)(zai)5公(gong)里(li)(li)時，客觀接收(shou)(shou)摻考當(dang)量≤+2。

③在0公里(li)時，客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)側音參考(kao)當量(liang)≥+3；在3公里(li)時，客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)側音參考(kao)當量(liang)≥+10；在5公里(li)時，客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)側音參考(kao)當量(liang)≥+10。

未來發展

高(gao)科技電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)都是隨著(zhu)無線(xian)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達而形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)。電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢經過Digital電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)和(he)PCS后發(fa)展(zhan)到可以用衛星通(tong)(tong)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)IMT-200服務。IMT-200支持信(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速傳送，Packet，畫像等多媒(mei)體的(de)(de)(de)服務，將(jiang)來世界各個地(di)方都可以使用所有(you)聲音(yin)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)，電(dian)報(bao)用戶(hu)直通(tong)(tong)電(dian)路，傳呼(hu)和(he)電(dian)子(zi)郵(you)件；隨著(zhu)電(dian)子(zi)郵(you)件的(de)(de)(de)普及(ji)，網絡也日(ri)益化(hua)，網絡電(dian)話(hua)(hua)已(yi)是不可阻擋的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢。現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)話(hua)(hua)，已(yi)經不能(neng)提供人們的(de)(de)(de)需要了。未來的(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)話(hua)(hua)講(jiang)裝備攝像頭，帶有(you)色彩(cai)的(de)(de)(de)液晶顯示器，我們在接固定電(dian)話(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)時候，都能(neng)夠看到雙方。