芒果视频

產生方式

當今是(shi)互(hu)聯網(wang)的時代，我(wo)們仍然對電力有著持續增長(chang)的需求，因為我(wo)們發(fa)明(ming)了(le)電腦、家(jia)電等更多(duo)使(shi)用(yong)電力的產品。不可否認新(xin)技術的不斷出現使(shi)得電力成為人們的必需品。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)的產生方式主要有：火(huo)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)（煤等可燃燒物）、太陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)、大容(rong)量風力(li)發電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)、核能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)、氫(qing)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)、水利發電(dian)(dian)等。

21世紀能(neng)(neng)(neng)源科學將為人類(lei)文明再(zai)創輝煌，例如(ru)，燃料電(dian)池(chi)是將氫、天然氣、煤氣、甲醇、肼等(deng)燃料的(de)(de)化(hua)學能(neng)(neng)(neng)直接轉換成電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)一類(lei)化(hua)學電(dian)源；生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)是以生(sheng)物質為載體的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量，生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)高效和清(qing)潔利用技術也得(de)到極大發展。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃料(liao)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)獲取，熱機效(xiao)率高(gao)，調峰較(jiao)易(yi)(yi)實現(xian)，建設成(cheng)本低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)與冶金(jin)、化工、水泥等高(gao)能耗工業(ye)形成(cheng)共生產(chan)業(ye)鏈。

二、弊端：

煙氣(qi)污染：煤(mei)炭直接燃燒(shao)排放(fang)的(de)SO2、NOx等酸性氣(qi)體不斷增長(chang)，使我國很多地區酸雨量增加。全國每年產(chan)生140萬噸SO2。

粉塵(chen)污染：對電站附近環(huan)境造成粉煤灰污染，對人們的(de)生活及植物的(de)生長造成不良影響(xiang)。全國(guo)每年產(chan)生1500萬噸煙(yan)塵(chen)。

資(zi)源消(xiao)(xiao)耗：發電的汽輪(lun)機通(tong)常選(xuan)用水作為冷卻介質(zhi)，一座100萬(wan)千瓦火力(li)發電廠每日的耗水量約為 十萬(wan)噸。全(quan)國每年消(xiao)(xiao)耗5000萬(wan)噸標(biao)準。

核能發電

一、優勢(shi)：基本不受自然(ran)資源產地限制(zhi)，運行成本低，無(wu)溫室氣(qi)體(ti)排放。

二、要用反應堆產(chan)生核能(neng)，需要解決以(yi)下10個問題：

為核(he)裂變鏈式(shi)反(fan)應提供必要(yao)的條(tiao)件，使(shi)之得以進行。

鏈式反應必須能由人通過一定裝置進行控制。失去控制的裂(lie)變能不(bu)僅不(bu)能用于發(fa)電，還(huan)會釀成災害。

裂變反應產生的(de)能量要能從反應堆中安全取出。

裂(lie)變反應中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)中(zhong)子和放射性(xing)物(wu)質對(dui)人體危害(hai)很大(da)，必須設法避免它們對(dui)核(he)電站工作人員和附近居民(min)的(de)傷害(hai)。

核能電廠會(hui)產(chan)生高低階放射性廢料，或者是使用過之核燃料，雖(sui)然所占體積不大(da)(da)，但(dan)因具有放射線(xian)，故(gu)必須慎重處理，且需面(mian)對(dui)相當大(da)(da)的政治(zhi)困(kun)擾。

核(he)能(neng)發電廠熱效率(lv)較低，因而比一般化石燃料電廠排放更(geng)多廢熱到(dao)環境里，故核(he)能(neng)電廠的熱污染(ran)較嚴重。

核能(neng)電(dian)廠投資成本太大，電(dian)力公司的財(cai)務(wu)風(feng)險較高。

核(he)能電(dian)廠較不適宜做尖峰、離峰之隨(sui)載運轉。

興建(jian)核(he)電廠較易引(yin)發政治歧見紛爭(zheng)。

核電廠(chang)的反應(ying)器內有(you)大量的放射性(xing)物質，如果在事(shi)故中釋放到外界環(huan)境，會對生(sheng)態及民眾造成傷害(hai)。

核電(dian)在正(zheng)常情況下固(gu)然是干凈的，但(dan)萬一發生核泄(xie)漏，后果同(tong)樣是可怕的。前蘇聯切爾諾(nuo)貝利(li)核電(dian)站事故，已使900萬人受到了不(bu)同(tong)程(cheng)度的損害，而且這一影響并未終(zhong)止。

水力發電

優勢：幾乎完全無(wu)污(wu)染，運營成(cheng)本低，便于調峰，可再生，有航(hang)運、水(shui)利等邊(bian)際效益(yi)。

弊端：水(shui)力發電要(yao)淹沒(mei)大量土地(di)，有可能(neng)導致生態(tai)環境破(po)壞(huai)，而且(qie)大型水(shui)庫一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)塌崩(beng)，后果將不堪設想。另(ling)外，一(yi)(yi)個國家的水(shui)力資源也是有限的，而且(qie)還要(yao)受季(ji)節的影響。

風力發電

優勢(shi)：無環境污染，運行成(cheng)本(ben)低，可再生。

弊端：噪(zao)聲，視覺污染。占用大(da)片土地及林地，對植被破壞大(da)。不穩定，不可控。成本仍(reng)然很高。

太陽能光伏發電

優勢：運行無污染，可再生，設(she)備(bei)小型化，適合非集中(zhong)供(gong)電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)和(he)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一起(qi)，構成電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)整體(ti)功能。通過輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，把相距甚(shen)遠的(de)(de)（可達(da)數(shu)千(qian)千(qian)米）發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)負(fu)荷(he)中心聯(lian)系起(qi)來，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)開發和(he)利用(yong)超越地(di)域的(de)(de)限制(zhi)。和(he)其他(ta)能源的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)（如輸(shu)煤、輸(shu)油(you)等）相比，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)損耗小、效(xiao)益高、靈活方便(bian)、易于(yu)調(diao)(diao)控、環境污染(ran)少；輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)還可以將不同地(di)點的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)連接起(qi)來，實行峰谷調(diao)(diao)節(jie)。輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能利用(yong)優越性的(de)(de)重(zhong)要體(ti)現，在現代化社(she)會中，它(ta)是(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)能源動脈。

輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)按(an)結構形式可分(fen)為架(jia)空輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)和地下(xia)(xia)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)。前者由線(xian)路(lu)桿塔、導線(xian)、絕(jue)緣子(zi)等構成(cheng)，架(jia)設(she)在地面上；后(hou)者主要用電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，敷設(she)在地下(xia)(xia)（或(huo)水下(xia)(xia)）。輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)按(an)所送電(dian)(dian)(dian)流性質(zhi)可分(fen)為直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世紀(ji)(ji)80年代首先成(cheng)功地實現了(le)(le)直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后(hou)因受電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提不高的(de)(de)限制（輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量大體與(yu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)平(ping)方成(cheng)比例）19世紀(ji)(ji)末為交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)成(cheng)功，迎來(lai)了(le)(le)20世紀(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化時(shi)代。20世紀(ji)(ji)60年代以來(lai)，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新(xin)發展(zhan)，與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)配合(he)，形成(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)直(zhi)(zhi)流混(hun)合(he)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)。

輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)高(gao)低是(shi)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)發展水平的(de)主要標(biao)志。到(dao)20世紀90年代，世界各國(guo)常(chang)用(yong)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)有220千伏(fu)及以(yi)上的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)330～765千伏(fu)的(de)超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1000千伏(fu)及以(yi)上的(de)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

變電

電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統中，發電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)將天然的(de)(de)(de)一次(ci)能源(yuan)轉變(bian)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)能，向(xiang)遠方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)送電(dian)(dian)，為了減小輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)線路上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能損耗及(ji)線路阻抗壓降(jiang)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)將電(dian)(dian)壓升高；為了滿足電(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)安全的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)，又要(yao)(yao)將電(dian)(dian)壓降(jiang)低，并分配給各(ge)(ge)個用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，這就需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)能升高和降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)壓，并能分配電(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)是電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統中通(tong)過(guo)其變(bian)換電(dian)(dian)壓、接(jie)受和分配電(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)工裝(zhuang)置，它是聯系(xi)(xi)發電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和電(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)中間環節，同時通(tong)過(guo)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)將各(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網聯系(xi)(xi)起來(lai)，變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是變(bian)換電(dian)(dian)壓，傳輸(shu)和分配電(dian)(dian)能。變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)由(you)電(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)壓器、配電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置、二次(ci)系(xi)(xi)統及(ji)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)附屬設備(bei)組成(cheng)。

變壓(ya)器是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)的(de)中心設備，變壓(ya)器利用(yong)的(de)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應原理。配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)中所(suo)有的(de)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器、載流(liu)導體(ti)輔助設備連接(jie)在一起的(de)裝置。其(qi)(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)是接(jie)受(shou)和分配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置主要由母(mu)線、高(gao)壓(ya)斷(duan)路器開關、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器線圈、互感器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器、避雷(lei)器、高(gao)壓(ya)熔斷(duan)器、二次設備及必要的(de)其(qi)(qi)他輔助設備所(suo)組成。

二(er)次設備是(shi)指一次系統狀態測量、控(kong)制、監察和保(bao)護(hu)的(de)設備裝(zhuang)置。由這些(xie)設備構(gou)成的(de)回路叫二(er)次回路，總稱二(er)次系統。

二次系統(tong)的設備(bei)包含測量裝置(zhi)、控(kong)制(zhi)裝置(zhi)、繼電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)裝置(zhi)、自(zi)動控(kong)制(zhi)裝置(zhi)、直(zhi)流系統(tong)及必要的附屬設備(bei)。

電壓等級

電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統電(dian)(dian)壓等級有220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著電(dian)(dian)機制造工藝的提高，10 kV電(dian)(dian)動機已批量生(sheng)產，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)3 kV、6 kV已較少使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，20 kV、66 kV也很少使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統以(yi)(yi)(yi)10 kV、35 kV為(wei)主(zhu)。輸配電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統以(yi)(yi)(yi)110 kV以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)為(wei)主(zhu)。發電(dian)(dian)廠發電(dian)(dian)機有6 kV、10 kV與20kV三種(zhong)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)20 kV為(wei)主(zhu)，用(yong)(yong)戶均為(wei)220V、380V（0.4 kV）低(di)壓系(xi)統。

根據《城(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)力網(wang)(wang)規(gui)定設計(ji)規(gui)則》規(gui)定：輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)110kV、66kV，中壓(ya)(ya)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)20kV、10kV、6 kV，低(di)壓(ya)(ya)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發電廠(chang)(chang)發出6 kV或(huo)10 kV電，除發電廠(chang)(chang)自己(ji)用(yong)（廠(chang)(chang)用(yong)電）之(zhi)外，也(ye)可以用(yong)10 kV電壓送(song)給發電廠(chang)(chang)附近用(yong)戶，10 kV供電范圍為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10Km、35 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)20~50Km、66 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)30~100Km、110 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)50~150Km、220 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)100~300Km、330 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)200~600Km、500 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)150~850Km。

變配電站

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級均通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器來轉(zhuan)換，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)高為(wei)升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為(wei)升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)站(zhan)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降低為(wei)降壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為(wei)降壓(ya)(ya)站(zhan)）。一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)為(wei)另一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選用兩個線(xian)圈（繞組(zu)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙圈變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器，一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)為(wei)兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選用三個線(xian)圈（繞組(zu)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)三圈變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器。

變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)除升壓(ya)(ya)與降壓(ya)(ya)之分外，還以(yi)規模大小分為樞紐(niu)站(zhan)，區域(yu)站(zhan)與終(zhong)端站(zhan)。樞紐(niu)站(zhan)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級一般為三(san)(san)個（三(san)(san)圈變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)），550kV /220kV /110kV。區域(yu)站(zhan)一般也(ye)有(you)(you)三(san)(san)個電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級（三(san)(san)圈變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)），220 kV /110kV /35kV或110kV /35kV /10kV。終(zhong)端站(zhan)一般直(zhi)接接到用戶，大多數為兩(liang)個電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級（兩(liang)圈變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)）110kV /10 kV或35 kV /10 kV。用戶本身的變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)一般只有(you)(you)兩(liang)個電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級（雙圈變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其中以(yi)10kV /0.4kV為最多。

接線方案

1）一次接線種類

變電(dian)站一(yi)次回路(lu)(lu)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)是指(zhi)輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)進入變電(dian)站之后，所有(you)電(dian)力設備（變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)及進出線(xian)(xian)開關等）的相互連(lian)接(jie)方(fang)式。其(qi)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)案有(you)：線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)組，橋形接(jie)線(xian)(xian)，單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)，單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分段，雙母(mu)線(xian)(xian)，雙母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分段，環網(wang)供(gong)電(dian)等。

2）線路變(bian)壓器(qi)組(zu)

變(bian)電站只有一路(lu)進線與一臺變(bian)壓器(qi)，而且再無發(fa)展的(de)情況下采用(yong)線路(lu)變(bian)壓器(qi)組接線。

3）橋形接線

有(you)兩(liang)路(lu)進線(xian)(xian)、兩(liang)臺變壓器(qi)，而且(qie)再沒有(you)發展的情況下，采用橋(qiao)形接線(xian)(xian)。針對變壓器(qi)，聯(lian)絡(luo)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)在(zai)兩(liang)個進線(xian)(xian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)之內(nei)為(wei)內(nei)橋(qiao)接線(xian)(xian)，聯(lian)絡(luo)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)在(zai)兩(liang)個進線(xian)(xian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)之外為(wei)外橋(qiao)接線(xian)(xian)。

4）單母線

變電(dian)站進(jin)出線(xian)較多(duo)時，采用(yong)(yong)單母線(xian)，有兩(liang)路(lu)進(jin)線(xian)時，一(yi)(yi)般一(yi)(yi)路(lu)供(gong)電(dian)、一(yi)(yi)路(lu)備用(yong)(yong)（不同(tong)時供(gong)電(dian)），二者可(ke)設備用(yong)(yong)電(dian)源互自投，多(duo)路(lu)出線(xian)均由一(yi)(yi)段母線(xian)引出。

5）單母線分段

有(you)兩路(lu)以上(shang)進線(xian)(xian)(xian)，多(duo)路(lu)出線(xian)(xian)(xian)時，選用單母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)段，兩路(lu)進線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)別接(jie)(jie)到(dao)兩段母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)，兩段母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)用母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)聯開關連接(jie)(jie)起(qi)來。出線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)別接(jie)(jie)到(dao)兩段母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)。

單母線分(fen)段運行(xing)方式比較多。一般為(wei)一路主(zhu)供(gong)，一路備(bei)用（不合閘），母聯合上(shang)，當主(zhu)供(gong)斷(duan)電(dian)時(shi)，備(bei)用合上(shang)，主(zhu)供(gong)、備(bei)用與母聯互(hu)鎖。備(bei)用電(dian)源容量較小時(shi)，備(bei)用電(dian)源合上(shang)后(hou)，要斷(duan)開一些(xie)出線。這是(shi)比較常用的一種(zhong)運行(xing)方式。

對(dui)于特別(bie)重要的負(fu)荷，兩路進線(xian)均為主供，母聯開關斷(duan)開，當一路進線(xian)斷(duan)電(dian)時，母聯合上，來(lai)電(dian)后斷(duan)開母聯再合上進線(xian)開關。

單(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分(fen)段(duan)(duan)也有利(li)于變(bian)電(dian)站內部(bu)檢修(xiu)，檢修(xiu)時(shi)可以(yi)停掉一段(duan)(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)，如(ru)果是單(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)不(bu)分(fen)段(duan)(duan)，檢修(xiu)時(shi)就要全站停電(dian)，利(li)用旁路母(mu)(mu)線(xian)可以(yi)不(bu)停電(dian)，旁路母(mu)(mu)線(xian)只用于電(dian)力系統變(bian)電(dian)站。

6）雙母線

雙(shuang)(shuang)母(mu)(mu)線主(zhu)要用于發電廠及大型變電站，每路(lu)線路(lu)都由一(yi)個斷路(lu)器(qi)經過兩(liang)(liang)個隔(ge)離(li)開關分別接到兩(liang)(liang)條(tiao)母(mu)(mu)線上，這樣(yang)在(zai)母(mu)(mu)線檢修(xiu)時(shi)，就(jiu)可以利用隔(ge)離(li)開關將線路(lu)倒在(zai)一(yi)條(tiao)件母(mu)(mu)線上。雙(shuang)(shuang)母(mu)(mu)線也有分段(duan)與不(bu)分段(duan)兩(liang)(liang)種，雙(shuang)(shuang)母(mu)(mu)線分段(duan)再加旁路(lu)斷路(lu)器(qi)，接線方(fang)式復雜(za)，但檢修(xiu)就(jiu)非常方(fang)便了，停電范圍可減少。

二次回路

1）二次回(hui)路種類

變配電站二(er)次回路包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：測(ce)量(liang)(liang)、保護、控制與信號(hao)回路部(bu)分。測(ce)量(liang)(liang)回路包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：計量(liang)(liang)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)與保護測(ce)量(liang)(liang)。控制回路包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：就(jiu)地手動合(he)分閘(zha)(zha)、防跳(tiao)聯(lian)鎖(suo)、試驗、互(hu)投(tou)聯(lian)鎖(suo)、保護跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)以及合(he)分閘(zha)(zha)執行部(bu)分。信號(hao)回路包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)開關(guan)運行狀態(tai)信號(hao)、事(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)信號(hao)與事(shi)故預(yu)告信號(hao)。

2）測量回路

測量(liang)回路(lu)分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流回路(lu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回路(lu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流回路(lu)各種設備串聯于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流互(hu)(hu)感器二次側（5A），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流互(hu)(hu)感器是將(jiang)原邊負荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流統(tong)一(yi)變(bian)為5A測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。計(ji)量(liang)與保護分別(bie)用(yong)各自的(de)(de)互(hu)(hu)感器（計(ji)量(liang)用(yong)互(hu)(hu)感器精度(du)要求高），計(ji)量(liang)測量(liang)串接(jie)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度(du)表(biao)，功率表(biao)與功率因數表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流端(duan)(duan)子(zi)。保護測量(liang)串接(jie)于(yu)保護繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流端(duan)(duan)子(zi)。微(wei)機保護一(yi)般(ban)將(jiang)計(ji)量(liang)及保護集(ji)中于(yu)一(yi)體(ti)，分別(bie)有(you)計(ji)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流端(duan)(duan)子(zi)與保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流端(duan)(duan)子(zi)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)測量(liang)回路，220/380V低壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)統直接(jie)接(jie)220V或380V，3KV以上高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)統全(quan)部經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)互感器(qi)將(jiang)各(ge)種(zhong)等級的高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變為統一的100V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)度表(biao)、功率表(biao)與(yu)功率因(yin)數表(biao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)圈經其端(duan)(duan)子并接(jie)在100V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)母線(xian)上。微機保護(hu)單元計量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與(yu)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)統一為一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)端(duan)(duan)子。

3）控制回路

（1）合分閘回路

合(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)通過合(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)進行操(cao)作，常規保護為(wei)提示操(cao)作人員及事故跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)報警需要(yao)，轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)選(xuan)用(yong)預合(he)(he)-合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)-合(he)(he)后(hou)及預分(fen)(fen)(fen)-分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)-分(fen)(fen)(fen)后(hou)的(de)多檔轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)使利(li)用(yong)不對應接(jie)線(xian)進行合(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)提示與(yu)(yu)事故跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)報警，國家已有標準圖設計(ji)。采用(yong)微機保護以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)，要(yao)進行遠分(fen)(fen)(fen)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)操(cao)作后(hou)，還要(yao)到(dao)就地進行轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)對位操(cao)作，這就失(shi)去(qu)了遠分(fen)(fen)(fen)操(cao)作的(de)意義，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)應取消不對應接(jie)線(xian)，選(xuan)用(yong)中間自復位的(de)只有合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)三檔轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)。

（2）防跳回路

當(dang)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)出(chu)現故(gu)障時(shi)(shi)進行(xing)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)，或短路(lu)(lu)事故(gu)未排(pai)除，又進行(xing)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)（誤(wu)操作(zuo)），這時(shi)(shi)就會出(chu)現斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器反復合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)，不僅容易(yi)引(yin)起或擴(kuo)大事故(gu)，還(huan)會引(yin)起設備損(sun)壞或人身事故(gu)，所以(yi)高(gao)壓開(kai)(kai)關控(kong)制回(hui)路(lu)(lu)應設計防跳(tiao)。防跳(tiao)一(yi)般選用(yong)電(dian)(dian)流啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)，電(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)持(chi)的(de)雙線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)繼電(dian)(dian)器。電(dian)(dian)流線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)串接于分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)作(zuo)為啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。電(dian)(dian)壓線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)接于合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)，作(zuo)為保(bao)持(chi)線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，當(dang)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)流線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)經分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)起動(dong)(dong)。如果(guo)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)有(you)故(gu)障，或處于手動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)位(wei)置(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)壓線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)起啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)并(bing)通過其(qi)常開(kai)(kai)接點(dian)自(zi)保(bao)持(chi)，其(qi)常閉接點(dian)馬(ma)上(shang)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)(kai)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)，保(bao)證斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器在分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)過程中不能馬(ma)上(shang)再合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)。防跳(tiao)繼電(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)流回(hui)路(lu)(lu)還(huan)可以(yi)通過其(qi)常開(kai)(kai)接點(dian)將電(dian)(dian)流線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)自(zi)保(bao)持(chi)，這樣可以(yi)減輕保(bao)護繼電(dian)(dian)器的(de)出(chu)口接點(dian)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)(kai)負荷，也減少了保(bao)護繼電(dian)(dian)器的(de)保(bao)持(chi)時(shi)(shi)間要求(qiu)。

有些微機保(bao)護(hu)裝置(zhi)自己已(yi)具(ju)有防(fang)跳(tiao)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，這(zhe)樣就可(ke)以不再(zai)設計防(fang)跳(tiao)回路。斷(duan)路器操(cao)(cao)作機構選用彈(dan)(dan)簧儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)時(shi)，如果選用儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)后可(ke)以進行一(yi)(yi)次合(he)閘(zha)與分閘(zha)的(de)彈(dan)(dan)簧儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)操(cao)(cao)作機構（也(ye)有用于重合(he)閘(zha)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)后可(ke)以進行二次合(he)閘(zha)與分閘(zha)的(de)彈(dan)(dan)簧儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)操(cao)(cao)作機構），因為儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)一(yi)(yi)般都要求10秒左右(you)，當(dang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)開關(guan)經常處于斷(duan)開位置(zhi)時(shi)，儲(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)次能(neng)(neng)，合(he)完之(zhi)后，將(jiang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)開關(guan)再(zai)處于斷(duan)開位置(zhi)，可(ke)以跳(tiao)一(yi)(yi)次閘(zha)；跳(tiao)閘(zha)之(zhi)后，要手動儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)之(zhi)后才能(neng)(neng)進行合(he)閘(zha)，此時(shi)，也(ye)可(ke)以不再(zai)設計防(fang)跳(tiao)回路。

（3）試驗與互投聯鎖與控制

對于手車(che)開關柜，手車(che)推(tui)出后要(yao)進行(xing)斷路器合(he)分閘試驗(yan)，應設計合(he)分閘試驗(yan)按鈕。進線與母聯(lian)(lian)斷路，一般應根據要(yao)求進行(xing)互投聯(lian)(lian)鎖或控制。

（4）保護跳閘

保(bao)護(hu)跳閘(zha)出(chu)口經(jing)過(guo)連接片接于(yu)(yu)跳閘(zha)回路，連接片用(yong)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)調試(shi)，或運行過(guo)程中解除某些保(bao)護(hu)功能。

（5）合(he)分閘回路

合(he)分閘回路(lu)為(wei)經合(he)分閘母線為(wei)操作(zuo)機(ji)構提供電源，以及(ji)其控制回路(lu)，一般都應單獨畫出(chu)。

4）信號回路

（1）開(kai)關運行狀態信(xin)號(hao)由(you)合閘與分閘指示兩個裝于開(kai)關柜上的信(xin)號(hao)燈(deng)組成(cheng)：經過操作轉(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)關不對應接線后(hou)接到正電(dian)(dian)源上。采用微機保護后(hou)，轉(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)關取(qu)消了(le)不對應接線，所以信(xin)號(hao)燈(deng)正極可以直(zhi)接接到正電(dian)(dian)源上。

（2）事(shi)(shi)故信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)有事(shi)(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)與(yu)(yu)事(shi)(shi)故預告兩種(zhong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)，事(shi)(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)報警也要通(tong)過(guo)轉化(hua)開關(guan)不對應(ying)后，接(jie)(jie)到事(shi)(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)母(mu)線(xian)上，再(zai)引到中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)。事(shi)(shi)故預告信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)通(tong)過(guo)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)接(jie)(jie)點(dian)引到中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)。采用微機(ji)保護(hu)后，將(jiang)斷路器(qi)(qi)操作機(ji)構輔助接(jie)(jie)點(dian)與(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)接(jie)(jie)點(dian)分(fen)別接(jie)(jie)到微機(ji)保護(hu)單(dan)元的(de)開關(guan)量輸入端(duan)子(zi)，需(xu)要有中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)時，如果微機(ji)保護(hu)單(dan)元可以提供事(shi)(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)與(yu)(yu)事(shi)(shi)故預告輸出接(jie)(jie)點(dian)，可將(jiang)其引到中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)。否(fou)則，應(ying)利用信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)另一對接(jie)(jie)點(dian)引到中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)。

（3）中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號系統(tong)為安裝于值班室內的集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)報警系統(tong)，由事故跳(tiao)閘(zha)與事故預告兩套聲光報警組成，光報警用光字牌，不(bu)用信(xin)號燈，光字牌分(fen)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)與分(fen)散兩種(zhong)。采用變(bian)電(dian)站綜合自動化系統(tong)后，可以不(bu)再設(she)計中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號系統(tong)，或將其簡化，只設(she)計集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)報警作為計算機報警的后備(bei)報警。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年，巴(ba)黎北火(huo)車站建成世界(jie)上第一座火(huo)電(dian)廠(chang)，為附近照明供(gong)電(dian)。1879年，美國舊金(jin)山實驗電(dian)廠(chang)開始發電(dian)，是世界(jie)上最早出售電(dian)力的(de)電(dian)廠(chang)。80年代，在英國和美國建成世界(jie)上第一批水電(dian)站。1913年，全(quan)世界(jie)的(de)年發電(dian)量達 500億千瓦時，電(dian)力工業已作為一個獨立(li)的(de)工業部(bu)門，進入人類的(de)生產活(huo)動領(ling)域。

20世紀30、40年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)，美國(guo)成為(wei)電(dian)(dian)力工業的(de)(de)(de)先進國(guo)家，擁有(you)20萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)組31臺，容(rong)量(liang)為(wei)30萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)型火(huo)電(dian)(dian)廠9座。同(tong)一(yi)時期，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組達5～10萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。1934年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)開工興建的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)古(gu)力水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站，計(ji)劃(hua)容(rong)量(liang)是(shi) 888萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，1941年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)，到1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)達649萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa) ，至80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期一(yi)直是(shi)世界上(shang)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站。1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，全(quan)世界發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)增至9589億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時 ，是(shi)1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)19倍。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)，平均年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增長(chang)率分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)增長(chang)7.9倍，平均年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增長(chang)率7.6%，約相當于(yu)每10年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)翻一(yi)番(fan)。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，全(quan)世界水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)63.7%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)15.6%；美國(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)11.4%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.1%， 核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.0%；前蘇聯水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)76.4%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10.1%；日(ri)本水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)12.9%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)61.8%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25.1%；中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)21.0%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世界上(shang)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)比重(zhong)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)法國(guo)，1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)74.6%。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、水(shui)、火電(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)速(su)差異顯著。國家統計局于公布了2010年1-8月(yue)(yue)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)數據，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)生產(chan)與(yu)(yu)供(gong)應(ying)業(ye)(ye)整體(ti)實現(xian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額936.1億(yi)，同(tong)(tong)比增(zeng)長119%；細分(fen)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)來看(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額為(wei)220.0億(yi)，同(tong)(tong)比增(zeng)長-17.8%；水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額248.4億(yi)，同(tong)(tong)比增(zeng)長45.9%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額380.0億(yi)，同(tong)(tong)比增(zeng)長655%。從(cong)(cong)環比數據看(kan)，2010年6-8月(yue)(yue)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)生產(chan)與(yu)(yu)供(gong)應(ying)業(ye)(ye)整體(ti)實現(xian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額462億(yi)，環比增(zeng)長37%；細分(fen)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)看(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額50.5億(yi)，環比下降56%；水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額206.4億(yi)，環比增(zeng)長307%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)6-8月(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額168.1億(yi)，環比增(zeng)長28%。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)速(su)的(de)大幅度(du)提高主要由(you)于09年四季度(du)銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價的(de)調整以及銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量逐季增(zeng)加所導致(zhi)。從(cong)(cong)下游主要耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)來看(kan)，除鋼鐵外，化工(gong)、建材(cai)(cai)、有色行(xing)業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額均顯著超過07-08年的(de)同(tong)(tong)期水(shui)平(ping)，特別(bie)是建材(cai)(cai)。從(cong)(cong)環比數據看(kan)，除建材(cai)(cai)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)外，其他(ta)高耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額環比有所下滑(hua)。

2010三季度(du)(du)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)利潤大幅(fu)度(du)(du)增(zeng)長(chang)。由(you)于2010年三季度(du)(du)來水(shui)好于往年，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)也明(ming)(ming)顯增(zeng)加，2010年6-8月(yue)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)利潤總額206億，同比增(zeng)長(chang)96%。隨著國家對水(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發正(zheng)面態度(du)(du)的明(ming)(ming)朗，我們(men)預(yu)計國家對水(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發的支持政策將逐(zhu)步出臺(tai)，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)業投資價值也將逐(zhu)步明(ming)(ming)晰。

20世(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)代，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業進入以大(da)(da)(da)(da)機組(zu)(zu)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、超高壓以至特(te)高壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，形成以聯合(he)系統為特(te)點的(de)(de)新時期(qi)。1973年(nian)，瑞士BBC公司(si)制造的(de)(de)130萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)雙軸發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)在美國肯勃蘭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)投(tou)入運行(xing)。蘇(su)聯于(yu)1981年(nian)制造并投(tou)運世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)容(rong)(rong)量最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)120萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)單軸汽輪發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)。到1977年(nian)，美國已有(you)120座裝機容(rong)(rong)量百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)型火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。1985年(nian)，蘇(su)聯有(you)百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以上(shang)(shang)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)59座。1983年(nian)，日(ri)本有(you)百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)32座，其(qi)中(zhong)鹿兒島電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)總容(rong)(rong)量440萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa) ，是(shi)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)燃油電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)設計容(rong)(rong)量最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站是(shi)巴西和(he)巴拉圭(gui)合(he)建的(de)(de)伊泰普水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，設計容(rong)(rong)量1260萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，采用70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機組(zu)(zu)，與運行(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站美國大(da)(da)(da)(da)古力(li)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)水輪機組(zu)(zu)70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)容(rong)(rong)量相等。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站是(shi)日(ri)本福島核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，容(rong)(rong)量是(shi)909.6萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。

總裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)幾百(bai)萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦的(de)(de)大型水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、大型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)建(jian)成(cheng)，促進了超高(gao)(gao)(gao)、特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)發展。1935年(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)首次(ci)將輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級從(cong)110～220千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)到(dao)287千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)，出現了超高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典(dian)建(jian)成(cheng)二(er)分(fen)裂導(dao)(dao)線(xian)的(de)(de)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)超高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1959年(nian)(nian)，蘇聯(lian)建(jian)成(cheng)500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)，長850千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米的(de)(de)三分(fen)裂導(dao)(dao)線(xian)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1965～1969年(nian)(nian)，加拿(na)大、蘇聯(lian)和(he)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)先后(hou)建(jian)成(cheng)735 、750和(he)765千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1985年(nian)(nian)，蘇聯(lian)首次(ci)建(jian)成(cheng)1150 千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)距離890千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)正(zheng)研究1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)1500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，意大利研究1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，日本(ben)建(jian)設250千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米長1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞典(dian)、美(mei)國(guo)(guo)、蘇聯(lian)分(fen)別采(cai)用(yong)±100、±450 、±750千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，后(hou)者(zhe)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)距離2414千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)600萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。到(dao)1985年(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)界已有18個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)、32個(ge)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)投運，總輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)送容量(liang)2000萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。

中國電力發展階段

一、第一階段計(ji)劃經濟時期(qi)（1949-1978年）

自1949年(nian)到1978年(nian)，中(zhong)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)歷(li)史分別有燃(ran)料工業部(bu)(bu)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)(bu)、水利電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)(bu)三個(ge)階(jie)段。在燃(ran)料部(bu)(bu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)(bu)階(jie)段，電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)執行集中(zhong)管(guan)理(li)的方法；時至水利電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)(bu)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)與(yu)水利又經歷(li)了分散與(yu)集中(zhong)各兩次不同管(guan)理(li)，卻(que)始終(zhong)擺(bai)脫不了一個(ge)魔咒-----一分就(jiu)亂，一收就(jiu)危。

1、燃料工業部(bu)(bu)時(shi)期(qi)（1949-1955年）。建(jian)國后，在中(zhong)央領導下，電(dian)(dian)力實(shi)行集中(zhong)管制(zhi)與統一調控(kong)。成立(li)了電(dian)(dian)力工業部(bu)(bu)。但是當時(shi)的電(dian)(dian)力工業部(bu)(bu)只能直接管理(li)少數電(dian)(dian)廠，大部(bu)(bu)分電(dian)(dian)廠都(dou)實(shi)行軍官。有地(di)方各大軍區管理(li)。

1950年(nian)左右，各地軍管(guan)電廠逐(zhu)步將權力(li)回(hui)歸到電力(li)工(gong)業部。電力(li)工(gong)業部成(cheng)立六大區(qu)域電力(li)管(guan)理(li)部門，對電力(li)集中壟斷垂直管(guan)理(li)，政(zheng)企合一。

2、電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)時期（1955年(nian)-1958年(nian)）。1955年(nian)7月，全國人大一致通過(guo)撤銷老燃料工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)，成(cheng)立(li)煤炭、電(dian)力、石(shi)油工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)。電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)成(cheng)立(li)以后，各地方成(cheng)立(li)輔助機構。加強管理體(ti)制(zhi)。并將水利部(bu)門的一些權力集中過(guo)來。從而形(xing)成(cheng)中央跟地方雙重(zhong)領導的格局。

3、水(shui)利(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部時期(qi)（1958-1966年）。1958年黨中央召開(kai)會議，定了調調。要(yao)大力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)水(shui)利(li)(li)工程。在(zai)長(chang)期(qi)發(fa)展(zhan)來看(kan)，認為(wei)水(shui)利(li)(li)比電(dian)(dian)力(li)還要(yao)重要(yao)。于是順乎(hu)時勢(shi)，將水(shui)利(li)(li)部與電(dian)(dian)力(li)部合并為(wei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業部。

4、"文(wen)化大革命"時期(qi)（1966年-1978年）。1966年"文(wen)化大革命"開(kai)始后(hou)，水(shui)利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)再(zai)次實行軍管，電(dian)力管理權力再(zai)一次落(luo)入地方手中。1970年，軍官結束(shu)。水(shui)利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)有革命委員會領導。1975年革委會結束(shu)領導，權力再(zai)一次恢復到水(shui)利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)。

文革對電(dian)力造成的(de)破壞應驗了(le)一(yi)放就亂(luan)的(de)魔咒(zhou)。對中國電(dian)力工業近(jin)乎造成了(le)不可(ke)逆轉的(de)傷害。

1975年水利電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部恢復后，周(zhou)總(zong)理提(ti)出(chu)加快發展電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)的倡導。為(wei)祖國電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)事業(ye)撥亂反正(zheng)，從此(ci)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)再次集中(zhong)的中(zhong)央。

二(er)、第(di)二(er)階段，摸著石頭過河(he)（1979-1997年）

從1978年黨(dang)的(de)十一屆三中全會以(yi)后(hou)(hou)，中國的(de)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)進(jin)入(ru)了(le)(le)改革探索時期(qi)。在此期(qi)間中央電力(li)(li)管理(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門又經過四次變更，即第(di)二(er)次成(cheng)立電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，第(di)二(er)次成(cheng)立水利電力(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，成(cheng)立能源部(bu)(bu)(bu)，最后(hou)(hou)第(di)三次成(cheng)立電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)(bu)。在電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)管理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革方面(mian)。曾研(yan)究過全面(mian)包(bao)干經濟(ji)責任制(zhi)，簡政放權、自(zi)負盈虧、以(yi)電養電等方案，最后(hou)(hou)成(cheng)立了(le)(le)華(hua)能集團公司及各大區的(de)電力(li)(li)集團公司，這一時期(qi)的(de)電力(li)(li)改革朝著國務院提出的(de)"政企分(fen)開(kai)，省(sheng)為(wei)實體(ti)(ti)，聯合電網，統一調(diao)度，集資(zi)辦電"的(de)電力(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革原則(ze)進(jin)行。

1、第(di)二次成立(li)(li)電(dian)力工業部(bu)（1979-1982年）1979年2月，國務院(yuan)決定撤消水利電(dian)力部(bu)，成立(li)(li)電(dian)力工業部(bu)和(he)水利部(bu)，這(zhe)是我國第(di)二次成立(li)(li)電(dian)力工業部(bu)。

2、第(di)二次(ci)(ci)(ci)成(cheng)立(li)水利(li)電(dian)力(li)部（1982-1988年）1982年3月，五(wu)屆(jie)四次(ci)(ci)(ci)全國人民代表大會再(zai)次(ci)(ci)(ci)將水利(li)、電(dian)力(li)兩(liang)部合并成(cheng)立(li)水利(li)電(dian)力(li)部。這次(ci)(ci)(ci)合并之(zhi)后，接受以往的(de)經驗教(jiao)訓，繼(ji)續(xu)沿著電(dian)力(li)工業集中統一的(de)方(fang)向發展(zhan)。

在水利電(dian)力(li)(li)部期間，黨中央、國務院(yuan)十(shi)分重(zhong)視電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)發展，1986年(nian)5月(yue)國務院(yuan)召開會議(yi)研(yan)究電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業體制改(gai)革(ge)(ge)問(wen)題，6月(yue)電(dian)力(li)(li)體制改(gai)革(ge)(ge)小組提(ti)(ti)(ti)出了(le)(le)《加(jia)快電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業發展的(de)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)方案(an)（草案(an)）》的(de)報告，提(ti)(ti)(ti)出了(le)(le)五項(xiang)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)措(cuo)施和(he)五項(xiang)政策。1987年(nian)9月(yue)14日，李鵬副總理提(ti)(ti)(ti)出了(le)(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業體制改(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)原則(ze)是："政企分開，省(sheng)為實體，聯(lian)(lian)合電(dian)網，統一調度，集資(zi)辦電(dian)”和(he)因地制宜的(de)方針。在此之前(qian)，水利電(dian)力(li)(li)部曾提(ti)(ti)(ti)出全面包干的(de)經濟責任制，簡政放權以(yi)及(ji)自負盈虧、以(yi)電(dian)養電(dian)的(de)建議(yi)。1988年(nian)7月(yue)1日起進(jin)行(xing)華東(dong)電(dian)網體制改(gai)革(ge)(ge)試點，分別成立華東(dong)電(dian)力(li)(li)聯(lian)(lian)合公司(si)和(he)上海市(shi)、江蘇省(sheng)、浙江省(sheng)、安徽省(sheng)電(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)，同時保留華東(dong)電(dian)業管(guan)理局和(he)省(sheng)（市(shi)）電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業局名(ming)稱，實行(xing)雙軌制運行(xing)，以(yi)創(chuang)造條件實現政企分開。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業體制改革和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，需(xu)要有相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體制改革相配套，在這(zhe)段時(shi)間里，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建設(she)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體制最大的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)是(shi)由撥款改為貸款；由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)嚴重偏低，為了解決(jue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，主(zhu)要采取了建立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建設(she)基(ji)(ji)金、賣用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)權和集資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)辦(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)。為節約(yue)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建設(she)中普通開(kai)展了降低造價(jia)，縮(suo)短建設(she)周期；基(ji)(ji)本建設(she)項目投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)包干責任制和招投(tou)標(biao)制度。為彌補投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業還(huan)率(lv)先利用外資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，成立華能(neng)國(guo)際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)司；發(fa)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建設(she)債券和適當(dang)提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)折舊(jiu)。這(zhe)些(xie)措施打破(po)了獨家(jia)辦(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)局面(mian)，出現了多渠道、多元(yuan)化(hua)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)辦(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)局面(mian)，加(jia)快(kuai)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。

3、能源部時期（1988-1993年）

1988年(nian)5月，七屆一(yi)次全國(guo)人民代(dai)表大會(hui)決定(ding)，撤消水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)，把電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理工作并入(ru)新成(cheng)立(li)的(de)能(neng)(neng)源部(bu)(bu)，能(neng)(neng)源部(bu)(bu)承擔電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)政(zheng)和企業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理職能(neng)(neng)。1988年(nian)5月22日，能(neng)(neng)源部(bu)(bu)正式成(cheng)立(li)，同年(nian)12月成(cheng)立(li)中國(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)(ye)聯合會(hui)，在網省(sheng)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理局、電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)局的(de)基礎(chu)上成(cheng)立(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)集團公司和省(sheng)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公司。由(you)此，實(shi)現了電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)的(de)行(xing)政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理、企業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理和行(xing)業(ye)(ye)自律性管(guan)(guan)(guan)理職能(neng)(neng)的(de)初步分(fen)開，在電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理體制改革中邁出了堅實(shi)的(de)一(yi)步。

最早組(zu)建的(de)(de)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)是中(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)是全(quan)民所有制的(de)(de)實業(ye)(ye)(ye)、金融、貿(mao)易、科技(ji)和(he)服務(wu)相結合(he)(he)的(de)(de)多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)、綜(zong)合(he)(he)性的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)。是由(you)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)國際(ji)電(dian)力(li)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)精煤公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)原材料公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、中(zhong)國（華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)）工程技(ji)術開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)科技(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)金融公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)綜(zong)合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)實業(ye)(ye)(ye)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)服務(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)等九個(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)以(yi)及原水電(dian)部歸口管(guan)理的(de)(de)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)技(ji)術開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)綜(zong)合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)工程建設公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)南方（集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)）等四個(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)聯合(he)(he)組(zu)建的(de)(de)。這個(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)由(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源部與國家(jia)計委共(gong)同管(guan)理，以(yi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源部為主，是我(wo)國電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)1988年組(zu)建的(de)(de)第一(yi)個(ge)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。

大區(qu)(qu)和省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)公司(si)化(hua)改(gai)組分兩(liang)步(bu)(bu)進行(xing)(xing)。第一步(bu)(bu)是從1988年(nian)開始到(dao)1990年(nian)止，將大區(qu)(qu)電(dian)(dian)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)局改(gai)組為(wei)聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)，將省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)局改(gai)組為(wei)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)。國(guo)務院電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)方案明確規定(ding)：省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)和聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)都是獨(du)立核算(suan)、自負盈虧的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)體，具有法(fa)(fa)人地位。電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內各發供(gong)電(dian)(dian)單位的(de)(de)(de)資產(chan)關(guan)系不變。聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)由能源部歸口管(guan)(guan)理(li)，在(zai)國(guo)家計劃中實(shi)行(xing)(xing)單列。非跨省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局，要逐(zhu)步(bu)(bu)改(gai)建為(wei)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)，獨(du)立經營，由能源部和省(sheng)人民政(zheng)府雙重(zhong)領(ling)導(dao)，并接受委托行(xing)(xing)使(shi)所在(zai)地區(qu)(qu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職能。改(gai)革(ge)方案要求各公司(si)要落(luo)實(shi)，健全各種形式的(de)(de)(de)承包經營責(ze)任(ren)制(zhi)，逐(zhu)步(bu)(bu)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)股份制(zhi)，采用售電(dian)(dian)量和物質消耗工(gong)資含(han)量包干辦法(fa)(fa)。獨(du)立電(dian)(dian)廠均可獨(du)立核算(suan)，與電(dian)(dian)網(wang)訂立經濟合同(tong)，接受電(dian)(dian)網(wang)統一調度，非獨(du)立電(dian)(dian)廠按現行(xing)(xing)規定(ding)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)。這項改(gai)革(ge)到(dao)1990年(nian)6月基本完成。

第(di)二步是1991年(nian)(nian)底到(dao)1993年(nian)(nian)初(chu)，組(zu)建(jian)(jian)大(da)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)。1991年(nian)(nian)12月(yue)14日國(guo)務(wu)院批(pi)準(zhun)的(de)第(di)一批(pi)試點的(de)55個(ge)大(da)型企業(ye)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)中(zhong)(zhong)，能(neng)源部(bu)(bu)有7個(ge)，其中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)占6個(ge)，即華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)、東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)和西北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)，全部(bu)(bu)都是跨地區的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公司。1992年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)10日，能(neng)源部(bu)(bu)向(xiang)國(guo)家計委、國(guo)家體改委、國(guo)務(wu)院經貿辦上報關于同(tong)意(yi)(yi)組(zu)建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)東北、華(hua)(hua)(hua)東、華(hua)(hua)(hua)北、華(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)的(de)函，隨后又報送了同(tong)意(yi)(yi)組(zu)建(jian)(jian)西北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)的(de)函，經批(pi)準(zhun)后，于1993年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)11日華(hua)(hua)(hua)北、東北、華(hua)(hua)(hua)東、華(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)、西北五大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)宣(xuan)告成立。

4、第(di)三次成(cheng)立電(dian)力工業部(bu)（1993-1997年(nian)）

1993年(nian)3月，八屆第一(yi)次(ci)全國人(ren)民代表大(da)會通(tong)過決議，撤消能源(yuan)部(bu)，第三次(ci)成立電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業部(bu)。國務院(yuan)(yuan)批準的(de)組建電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部(bu)的(de)指導(dao)思想(xiang)是(shi)："政企(qi)職責分開，大(da)力簡政放權(quan)，由部(bu)門管理(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)向行(xing)業管理(li)(li)(li)(li)，加強規劃、協調、監督、服務職能；精簡內設(she)機構和編制(zhi)(zhi)，合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)配置職能，提(ti)高宏(hong)觀管理(li)(li)(li)(li)水平(ping)；實(shi)事求(qiu)(qiu)是(shi)，平(ping)穩過渡，合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)分流富裕人(ren)員。"要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)在堅持"政企(qi)分開，省為實(shi)體(ti)，聯合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一(yi)調度，集資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)"和"因地因網制(zhi)(zhi)宜"的(de)方針指引下，下放和轉(zhuan)移對(dui)企(qi)業人(ren)、財、物及(ji)經營(ying)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)職能，加強宏(hong)觀管理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)職能，由于國務院(yuan)(yuan)批準的(de)文件(jian)明確要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)支持辦好五大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集團，各(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管局和省電(dian)(dian)(dian)力局仍維持現(xian)行(xing)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)，所(suo)以在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業部(bu)時期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革沒有(you)顯著的(de)變化。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部(bu)成立后，繼續保留中國電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)聯(lian)合(he)會，作為(wei)全(quan)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)、事業(ye)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)的(de)聯(lian)合(he)組織(zhi)，其性質不變，由電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)歸(gui)口管理。華能(neng)集(ji)團(tuan)實行(xing)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)為(wei)主與國家計委雙重領導(dao)的(de)體制(zhi)。另外，在葛洲壩(ba)工(gong)(gong)程局的(de)基礎上，成立了(le)葛洲壩(ba)集(ji)團(tuan)公司。

為確(que)保三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的順(shun)利進行，1993年(nian)1月(yue)3日(ri)國務院決定成立國務院三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)委員會，同(tong)時成立中國長江三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程開(kai)發總公司，全面負責三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)和經營。1994年(nian)12月(yue)14日(ri)，三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程正式開(kai)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)成立后，根據國家(jia)體改委等部(bu)門(men)有關股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制企(qi)業(ye)試點辦法的(de)(de)規定，于1993年9月印發(fa)(fa)了《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制企(qi)業(ye)試點暫行(xing)規定》，規定明(ming)確(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)和發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)都可(ke)以(yi)進行(xing)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制改造，具備條件的(de)(de)經主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)同意后，可(ke)以(yi)到國（境）外(wai)發(fa)(fa)行(xing)股(gu)票，債券(quan)；但(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司（指(zhi)發(fa)(fa)、供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一體的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)）實行(xing)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制應以(yi)公有制為主體，保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集團公司、省（區、市）電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司在企(qi)業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)控股(gu)地位。1994年8月4日，山東華(hua)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)有限公司股(gu)票在美(mei)國紐(niu)約證(zheng)券(quan)交易所掛牌上市，成為中(zhong)(zhong)國首家(jia)直接去美(mei)國紐(niu)約上市的(de)(de)大型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)，隨(sui)后中(zhong)(zhong)國有一大批(pi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)在國內外(wai)上市。

中國電(dian)(dian)力工業經過(guo)30年碰壁，與20年摸著石頭過(guo)河(he)，最后終于走(zou)上(shang)(shang)了穩定發(fa)展的道路(lu)。時至2013年，電(dian)(dian)監會又并(bing)入(ru)了能源局。電(dian)(dian)網已(yi)拆分為國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)網與南方電(dian)(dian)網兩(liang)家(jia)。已(yi)經走(zou)上(shang)(shang)了改放給市(shi)場(chang)的權力放給市(shi)場(chang)，政企分離(li)的合理發(fa)展道路(lu)。 

2015年9月中國與(yu)伊(yi)朗簽(qian)署了大(da)宗電力(li)(li)和能源(yuan)合作協議，進一步推(tui)動雙邊(bian)合作，尤其是加強在電力(li)(li)和能源(yuan)領域的合作。 

2015年(nian)11月(yue)18日(ri)，中(zhong)國電機工程學(xue)會(hui)發布了“十(shi)三五(wu)”電力(li)科(ke)技(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)大技(ji)術方(fang)(fang)向研究報告，提出未來5年(nian)中(zhong)國電力(li)科(ke)技(ji)領域將重(zhong)(zhong)點開展9個重(zhong)(zhong)大技(ji)術方(fang)(fang)向、38項關鍵技(ji)術研究工作。

相關政策

2014年中國電力市場發展戰略(lve)

進入(ru)21世紀以來(lai)，電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)就面臨著巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊，尤其是(shi)在(zai)全球金融(rong)危(wei)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)(ye)所面對的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)遇和挑戰(zhan)也變得更多(duo)。為了(le)提高電(dian)(dian)力銷(xiao)量(liang)，保(bao)證(zheng)企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)競爭(zheng)中(zhong)立于不(bu)敗(bai)之地，并對企業(ye)(ye)進行具(ju)有(you)前瞻性的(de)(de)(de)(de)分析，國家采(cai)取有(you)效策略不(bu)斷擴寬電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)就顯得尤為重(zhong)要(yao)。據中(zhong)國產業(ye)(ye)洞察(cha)網了(le)解(jie)，國家電(dian)(dian)力部門已經逐(zhu)步(bu)認識到了(le)電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)實現擴大的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)意義，明確了(le)電(dian)(dian)力是(shi)國家基礎行業(ye)(ye)之一，并盡可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)取行之有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)對策予以完善。

一、轉變思想，樹立競爭意識

企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生存的基(ji)礎是(shi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，思想又是(shi)行動的先導，為(wei)了擴(kuo)展電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)一定(ding)要轉(zhuan)變以(yi)往的思想觀念(nian)(nian)，明確以(yi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)主體的競爭(zheng)策略(lve)，堅持市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的導向作(zuo)用。在此(ci)基(ji)礎上(shang)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)還要樹立競爭(zheng)意識，培(pei)養效益觀念(nian)(nian)，加強(qiang)(qiang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)管理，并結合黨中(zhong)央的政策規(gui)章，使企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)形(xing)(xing)成良好(hao)的信譽和形(xing)(xing)象，增強(qiang)(qiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的凝(ning)聚力(li)，讓市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)消費(fei)者信任企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，從而(er)最大(da)(da)限度的拓寬電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。例(li)如，在國家(jia)提出西部大(da)(da)開(kai)發戰略(lve)后，云南(nan)某電力(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)立足(zu)整體，抓住機遇(yu)，樹立了競爭(zheng)意識，并不斷完善自身的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)形(xing)(xing)象，在機遇(yu)面前沒(mei)有錯(cuo)過，準確掌握了市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)定(ding)位，擴(kuo)寬了電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，取得(de)了巨大(da)(da)的經(jing)濟效益。

二、健全(quan)完善電力市場規章制度(du)

想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)做好任(ren)何事情(qing)都要(yao)(yao)有健(jian)(jian)全(quan)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章制度作基礎，電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效擴展(zhan)也(ye)是如(ru)此。由于以往計劃經濟(ji)體(ti)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束(shu)縛，再加上人們思想(xiang)觀(guan)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限(xian)性，就使得(de)我(wo)國(guo)有關(guan)電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章制度不夠(gou)健(jian)(jian)全(quan)。在(zai)新(xin)時期背景下(xia)，為了有效拓(tuo)展(zhan)電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，黨和國(guo)家一定要(yao)(yao)健(jian)(jian)全(quan)完善相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章制度，以《電力(li)法(fa)》和相關(guan)法(fa)律(lv)為依據，結合當前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)情(qing)況予以進一步完善。具體(ti)來(lai)說，要(yao)(yao)細(xi)化(hua)電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)入規(gui)(gui)(gui)則，明(ming)確電價，規(gui)(gui)(gui)范企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為，并制定配套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監督(du)管(guan)理法(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)，明(ming)確違法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)懲罰措(cuo)施，從而規(gui)(gui)(gui)范企(qi)業(ye)行為，保證市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公開性和科(ke)學性，凈化(hua)電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，確保其進一步拓(tuo)展(zhan)。

三、建立以(yi)用戶(hu)為核心的電力市場并拓展(zhan)新市場

想(xiang)要(yao)增加社會用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)數量(liang)(liang)，并逐步(bu)(bu)拓展電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場，就(jiu)要(yao)堅持供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)客戶(hu)為(wei)核心，根(gen)據用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)具體需(xu)求(qiu)構建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場。首先(xian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力企業要(yao)保證(zheng)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)是市(shi)場得以(yi)拓寬(kuan)的(de)主要(yao)因素之一(yi)，質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)過(guo)硬，才能(neng)爭取到更多的(de)用(yong)戶(hu)；其次，在工作的(de)具體過(guo)程中，要(yao)堅持“預防(fang)為(wei)主，安(an)(an)全第(di)一(yi)”的(de)原(yuan)則，在保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)基(ji)礎上，也要(yao)確(que)保安(an)(an)全生產，定期對供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施(shi)進(jin)行檢查維修，避免出現安(an)(an)全隱患，逐步(bu)(bu)提高設(she)施(shi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)年限；最(zui)后，要(yao)完善企業自身的(de)服務(wu)(wu)水(shui)平，樹(shu)立為(wei)用(yong)戶(hu)服務(wu)(wu)的(de)觀念，創新服務(wu)(wu)意(yi)(yi)識，并定期對客戶(hu)進(jin)行走訪調查，了解(jie)他們對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)供(gong)應的(de)滿意(yi)(yi)度，從而找到企業的(de)不足，滿足客戶(hu)需(xu)要(yao)。

眾所周知，我國(guo)(guo)區(qu)域(yu)分配不協(xie)調(diao)，各(ge)地(di)區(qu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)需(xu)求數量存在(zai)(zai)很大(da)的(de)(de)差異，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)中(zhong)心集中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)東部和東南沿海地(di)區(qu)。想要拓展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)，就一定要打破這(zhe)(zhe)種不平(ping)衡的(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)構，開辟新興市(shi)場(chang)。對此，企(qi)業可以建(jian)立跨區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)不同區(qu)域(yu)間(jian)進行有效調(diao)節，并加(jia)(jia)大(da)宏觀調(diao)控力度(du)來平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)價。此外，企(qi)業也(ye)可以借鑒國(guo)(guo)外的(de)(de)先進經(jing)驗，開展(zhan)政策促銷(xiao)活動，實行以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)油(you)、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)柴(chai)、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)煤等形式(shi)，并加(jia)(jia)強對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)、熱(re)泵設(she)備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)鍋爐(lu)等產品(pin)的(de)(de)推廣，從而逐(zhu)步增加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)市(shi)場(chang)消費中(zhong)的(de)(de)占有率。例(li)如，一旦(dan)進入夏季，我國(guo)(guo)長江以南地(di)區(qu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)空(kong)調(diao)的(de)(de)數量就會(hui)大(da)幅提高，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)也(ye)會(hui)增加(jia)(jia)。國(guo)(guo)家針對這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)現象，對蓄(xu)冰制冷空(kong)調(diao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價方面實行了相(xiang)關的(de)(de)優惠政策，企(qi)業可以利用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)一特(te)點逐(zhu)步拓寬市(shi)場(chang)，提高經(jing)濟效益。

四、提高員(yuan)工素質能力

電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)有效拓展要(yao)(yao)依靠企(qi)業員(yuan)工的(de)(de)業務能(neng)力(li)和(he)綜合素質來(lai)完成(cheng)，隨著社會主(zhu)義市(shi)場(chang)經濟的(de)(de)全(quan)面開放，以及現代化技術的(de)(de)逐步興(xing)起(qi)，給電力(li)企(qi)業員(yuan)工素質能(neng)力(li)提出了更高(gao)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。想要(yao)(yao)有效拓寬(kuan)電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)，企(qi)業就一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)培養高(gao)素質、高(gao)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)員(yuan)工。

第(di)一(yi)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要(yao)提高(gao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)技術水(shui)平(ping)，堅(jian)持(chi)先進(jin)(jin)設備(bei)的(de)引進(jin)(jin)，并逐步(bu)完(wan)(wan)善他們的(de)技術能力(li)(li)。第(di)二，堅(jian)持(chi)實施“引進(jin)(jin)來與走出(chu)去”并存(cun)的(de)發(fa)展戰略，加強(qiang)員(yuan)(yuan)工之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)交流和合(he)作，派遣有能力(li)(li)的(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工對外學習交流。第(di)三，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要(yao)定期組(zu)織人員(yuan)(yuan)培(pei)訓，做好崗位選拔工作，在保證員(yuan)(yuan)工具(ju)有高(gao)能力(li)(li)的(de)基礎上(shang)，還要(yao)完(wan)(wan)善他們的(de)道德素質，樹立(li)他們為企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)服(fu)務(wu)的(de)理(li)念，從而進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)拓展電力(li)(li)市(shi)場。 [4]

電力發展“十三(san)五”規劃(hua)

11月7日，《電力發展(zhan)“十(shi)三(san)五”規劃》發布，對我們有以下指(zhi)導(dao)意義。

要科學(xue)認識我國的(de)電(dian)力發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)空間：根據《規(gui)劃》，到(dao)2020年，我國人均(jun)裝機(ji)突(tu)破(po)1.4千(qian)瓦(wa)，人均(jun)用電(dian)量5000千(qian)瓦(wa)時左右，接近中等發(fa)(fa)達國家水平。電(dian)力在能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)中的(de)比重(zhong)應(ying)(ying)該越(yue)來越(yue)大，也(ye)就是能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)要走向電(dian)氣化(hua)，特(te)別在終端能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)中，以電(dian)的(de)形式(shi)(shi)用能(neng)(neng)(neng)比重(zhong)要提高，而非電(dian)的(de)形式(shi)(shi)如直接燃煤(mei)等則不(bu)斷減少。《規(gui)劃》提出的(de)2020年人均(jun)用電(dian)量5000千(qian)瓦(wa)時左右與2020年GDP水平相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)，今后還有一定的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)空間。

未來煤電(dian)發(fa)(fa)展應(ying)趨(qu)嚴：在經濟(ji)新常態(tai)下，能(neng)源也進入新常態(tai)，表(biao)現是能(neng)源隨著經濟(ji)的(de)增長(chang)也在增長(chang)，但增長(chang)速度趨(qu)緩。我們要認識到(dao)，可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源、核電(dian)以(yi)及(ji)天然氣(qi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)等低(di)碳(tan)能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)能(neng)力(li)的(de)提(ti)高，應(ying)該能(neng)滿足(zu)新常態(tai)下電(dian)力(li)增長(chang)的(de)需(xu)求。退一步而言，假(jia)若低(di)碳(tan)能(neng)源能(neng)力(li)不足(zu)，仍需(xu)增加煤電(dian)的(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)量，提(ti)升煤電(dian)的(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)小時數(shu)也能(neng)做到(dao)。

把儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技術基礎研究做扎實：儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技術在能(neng)(neng)源科(ke)技上堪(kan)稱顛覆性的(de)(de)(de)且是(shi)占領(ling)戰略制高(gao)(gao)點的(de)(de)(de)技術。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技術如(ru)果在未來有(you)實質性的(de)(de)(de)進展，就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)有(you)效解決棄(qi)風、棄(qi)光(guang)甚至(zhi)棄(qi)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)問題。要(yao)使間歇式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源實現規模化發展，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)，而且高(gao)(gao)能(neng)(neng)量、高(gao)(gao)密度(du)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)非常利于新能(neng)(neng)源汽車的(de)(de)(de)發展。另外，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)對微網建設也至(zhi)關(guan)(guan)重要(yao)。至(zhi)此，我們應該充分認識到(dao)：儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)可以(yi)(yi)實現多方面用(yong)途的(de)(de)(de)技術。

清潔(jie)(jie)、低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)、綠色(se)是(shi)這(zhe)輪變革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)方(fang)(fang)向：“十(shi)二(er)五”期間我(wo)國提(ti)出(chu)了(le)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)命，經過(guo)兩年的(de)(de)(de)時間，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)命已(yi)經取得了(le)重大的(de)(de)(de)進展(zhan)。因此(ci)，“十(shi)三五”將在(zai)這(zhe)一基(ji)礎之上(shang)不(bu)斷推進能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)變革(ge)，基(ji)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求就是(shi)使能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)更(geng)加清潔(jie)(jie)、綠色(se)、低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)。而(er)且，這(zhe)一變革(ge)不(bu)僅是(shi)中(zhong)國發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)到現階段提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然要(yao)求，也是(shi)全球(qiu)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)變革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向。在(zai)我(wo)看來(lai)，電(dian)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)清潔(jie)(jie)、低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)、綠色(se)包含(han)兩層(ceng)含(han)義：一是(shi)對煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)清潔(jie)(jie)化利用和改造；二(er)是(shi)盡(jin)可能(neng)(neng)多地增(zeng)加可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量。總體(ti)而(er)言(yan)，對煤(mei)(mei)炭進行(xing)清潔(jie)(jie)化利用是(shi)較(jiao)低(di)層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決方(fang)(fang)案，更(geng)高層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決方(fang)(fang)案是(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)綠色(se)低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)替(ti)代煤(mei)(mei)炭。不(bu)過(guo)，從較(jiao)低(di)層(ceng)次轉向更(geng)高層(ceng)次需(xu)要(yao)一個過(guo)程，這(zhe)中(zhong)間需(xu)要(yao)適度增(zeng)加天然氣(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)來(lai)作為過(guo)渡(du)，再發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)到大規模的(de)(de)(de)可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，逐(zhu)步形成綠色(se)低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)體(ti)系。

碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)將成(cheng)為重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指標(biao)：碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)將成(cheng)為電(dian)力(li)行業(ye)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)很(hen)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指標(biao)。《規劃》中提(ti)出了煤電(dian)機組(zu)二氧(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)強度降至(zhi)865克/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)的(de)目標(biao)。此外，《“十三五(wu)”控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)溫室氣體(ti)排(pai)放(fang)工(gong)作方(fang)案》里也提(ti)到(dao)，到(dao)2020年，大型發電(dian)集團(tuan)單位供電(dian)二氧(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在550克二氧(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)以內。這意味著我(wo)國一(yi)(yi)大部分發電(dian)企業(ye)的(de)煤電(dian)比例不(bu)(bu)能(neng)超過50%，這個(ge)要(yao)(yao)求是很(hen)高的(de)。總體(ti)來(lai)看(kan)，五(wu)大發電(dian)集團(tuan)由于近年來(lai)已(yi)經(jing)在大力(li)布(bu)局(ju)可(ke)再生能(neng)源，要(yao)(yao)完成(cheng)這個(ge)任(ren)務(wu)基(ji)本(ben)沒有太大難度，但一(yi)(yi)些地方(fang)電(dian)力(li)公司可(ke)能(neng)就壓力(li)比較大。如果完不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)，到(dao)時(shi)候就要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過購買(mai)碳(tan)(tan)指標(biao)、參與(yu)碳(tan)(tan)交(jiao)易(yi)的(de)方(fang)式(shi)來(lai)完成(cheng)任(ren)務(wu)。

電能(neng)(neng)替代是(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代進步的(de)體現(xian)：《規(gui)劃》重(zhong)點提(ti)(ti)到，到2020年電能(neng)(neng)占終端能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費(fei)比(bi)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)(ti)升至27%。一(yi)方面(mian)，燃(ran)燒(shao)煤炭、石油是(shi)(shi)(shi)造成(cheng)大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)染的(de)主要(yao)(yao)因(yin)素，尤其散(san)煤燃(ran)燒(shao)危害更大(da)。每噸散(san)煤燃(ran)燒(shao)排放的(de)污(wu)染物(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)火電燃(ran)煤排放的(de)5~10倍，對(dui)大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)染的(de)貢獻率高達50%左(zuo)右。另一(yi)方面(mian)，天然(ran)氣(qi)雖(sui)然(ran)較煤炭而言更為清潔，但它在利用(yong)過程中也(ye)會釋放一(yi)部分氮氧(yang)化物(wu)，氮氧(yang)化物(wu)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)成(cheng)灰霾的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)原因(yin)之一(yi)。因(yin)此，提(ti)(ti)高電能(neng)(neng)在終端能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)利用(yong)，對(dui)防治大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)染確實大(da)有裨益。另外，電能(neng)(neng)替代不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個提(ti)(ti)高電力(li)在能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費(fei)終端比(bi)重(zhong)的(de)問題，更是(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代進步的(de)體現(xian)。從發達國家的(de)終端用(yong)能(neng)(neng)來看(kan)，電能(neng)(neng)的(de)占比(bi)也(ye)非(fei)常高。我國要(yao)(yao)進入現(xian)代化社會，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系統、用(yong)能(neng)(neng)方式也(ye)要(yao)(yao)和(he)發達國家接近(jin)。“十一(yi)五(wu)”、“十二(er)五(wu)”時(shi)(shi)(shi)期，我們的(de)主要(yao)(yao)精力(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)解決(jue)用(yong)電問題，電力(li)已經(jing)做到了寬裕(yu)，這(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)(shi)候提(ti)(ti)出(chu)大(da)規(gui)模的(de)電能(neng)(neng)替代也(ye)具備現(xian)實基礎。