芒果视频

產生方式

當今是互聯網的(de)時代，我們(men)仍然對電(dian)力(li)有(you)著持續增(zeng)長的(de)需求，因為(wei)我們(men)發明了電(dian)腦、家電(dian)等更多使用電(dian)力(li)的(de)產品(pin)。不(bu)可(ke)否認新(xin)技術的(de)不(bu)斷出現使得電(dian)力(li)成為(wei)人(ren)們(men)的(de)必(bi)需品(pin)。

電(dian)(dian)力的產生方式主要有：火(huo)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)（煤等可燃燒(shao)物）、太陽能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)、大(da)容量(liang)風力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)技術、核能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)、氫能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)、水(shui)利發(fa)電(dian)(dian)等。

21世紀能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)科學(xue)將為(wei)人類(lei)文明再創(chuang)輝煌，例如(ru)，燃料電池是(shi)將氫、天然氣、煤氣、甲醇、肼(jing)等燃料的化學(xue)能(neng)(neng)直接轉換成電能(neng)(neng)的一(yi)類(lei)化學(xue)電源(yuan)；生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)是(shi)以(yi)生(sheng)物質為(wei)載體的能(neng)(neng)量，生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)的高效和清潔利(li)用(yong)技術也得到極(ji)大發(fa)展。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃料容(rong)易獲取，熱機效率高，調峰(feng)較易實現，建設成(cheng)本低，容(rong)易與(yu)冶金、化(hua)工、水(shui)泥等高能耗工業形成(cheng)共生(sheng)產業鏈。

二、弊端：

煙氣污染：煤炭直接燃燒排(pai)放的SO2、NOx等酸性氣體不斷增(zeng)長，使我(wo)國(guo)很(hen)多地(di)區酸雨(yu)量增(zeng)加。全國(guo)每年(nian)產生140萬噸SO2。

粉塵污染：對電(dian)站附(fu)近環境造(zao)成(cheng)粉煤(mei)灰污染，對人們的生(sheng)活及植物的生(sheng)長造(zao)成(cheng)不良影(ying)響。全(quan)國每年產生(sheng)1500萬噸煙塵。

資(zi)源(yuan)消耗(hao)：發電的汽輪機通常選用(yong)水作為冷卻介質，一座100萬(wan)千瓦火力發電廠每(mei)(mei)日的耗(hao)水量約為 十萬(wan)噸。全國每(mei)(mei)年消耗(hao)5000萬(wan)噸標準。

核能發電

一、優勢(shi)：基本(ben)不受自(zi)然資(zi)源(yuan)產(chan)地限制，運(yun)行成本(ben)低(di)，無溫室氣體(ti)排(pai)放(fang)。

二(er)、要用(yong)反應堆(dui)產生(sheng)核(he)能(neng)，需要解決(jue)以下10個問題：

為(wei)核裂變鏈式反應提(ti)供必要的條件，使之得以進行(xing)。

鏈式反應必須(xu)能(neng)由(you)人(ren)通過一定裝(zhuang)置進行控制。失(shi)去控制的裂變能(neng)不僅不能(neng)用于發電(dian)，還會釀(niang)成災害。

裂變(bian)反應產生的能量要(yao)能從(cong)反應堆中安(an)全取出。

裂變反應(ying)中(zhong)產(chan)生的中(zhong)子和放射(she)性物(wu)質對人體(ti)危害(hai)很大，必(bi)須(xu)設法避免它們對核電站工(gong)作(zuo)人員(yuan)和附(fu)近居民的傷害(hai)。

核(he)能電廠(chang)會產生(sheng)高低階(jie)放射(she)性廢料(liao)，或者是(shi)使用過之(zhi)核(he)燃(ran)料(liao)，雖然所占體積不大，但因(yin)具有(you)放射(she)線(xian)，故必須慎重處理，且(qie)需面對相當大的政治困擾(rao)。

核能發電(dian)廠(chang)熱(re)效(xiao)率較低(di)，因(yin)而比(bi)一般化(hua)石燃料(liao)電(dian)廠(chang)排(pai)放更(geng)多廢熱(re)到(dao)環境里，故(gu)核能電(dian)廠(chang)的熱(re)污染較嚴重。

核能電廠(chang)投資成本太大(da)，電力公司的財務風險較高(gao)。

核能(neng)電廠較不適宜做尖峰(feng)(feng)、離(li)峰(feng)(feng)之隨載運轉。

興建(jian)核電廠較易引發政治歧見(jian)紛爭。

核電廠的反應(ying)器內有大量的放(fang)射性物質，如果在事故中釋放(fang)到外界環境(jing)，會(hui)對生態(tai)及民眾造成(cheng)傷害。

核電在正常情況下固然是干凈(jing)的(de)(de)，但萬一(yi)發生核泄漏，后果同樣是可(ke)怕的(de)(de)。前蘇(su)聯(lian)切爾諾貝(bei)利核電站(zhan)事故，已使(shi)900萬人受到了不同程度(du)的(de)(de)損害，而且這一(yi)影響并未終止。

水力發電

優勢：幾乎完全無污染，運營(ying)成本低，便于調峰，可(ke)再生，有航運、水利等邊際效益。

弊端：水力發(fa)電要淹(yan)沒(mei)大量土地(di)，有(you)可能導致生(sheng)態環(huan)境破壞，而(er)且大型水庫一(yi)(yi)旦塌崩，后果將不堪設想。另外，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)國家的水力資(zi)源也是有(you)限的，而(er)且還要受(shou)季節的影響。

風力發電

優勢：無環境污染(ran)，運行成本低，可再(zai)生。

弊端：噪聲(sheng)，視覺污染。占用大(da)片土(tu)地及林地，對植被破壞(huai)大(da)。不(bu)穩定，不(bu)可(ke)控。成本(ben)仍然很高。

太陽能光伏發電

優(you)勢：運行無污染，可再生，設備(bei)小型化(hua)，適合非集中供電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)和(he)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)、用電(dian)(dian)(dian)一起(qi)，構成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體功能(neng)。通(tong)過輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，把相距甚遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)（可達數千千米）發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)負荷中心聯系起(qi)來(lai)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)利用超越地域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。和(he)其他能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)（如(ru)輸(shu)煤、輸(shu)油等）相比，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損耗(hao)小、效益高、靈活方便、易于(yu)調控、環境污染少；輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)還(huan)可以(yi)將不同地點的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)連接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，實(shi)行峰谷調節。輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)利用優越性的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要體現(xian)，在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)化社會中，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)動脈。

輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)按結構(gou)形式(shi)可分為架空輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)和(he)地(di)下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)。前者由線路(lu)桿塔、導線、絕緣(yuan)子等(deng)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)，架設(she)在地(di)面(mian)上；后者主要用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，敷(fu)設(she)在地(di)下（或水(shui)下）。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)按所送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)性質(zhi)可分為直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)交流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世(shi)紀(ji)80年代(dai)首(shou)先成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)地(di)實現了直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后因受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提不高(gao)的限制（輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)大體(ti)與輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的平方成(cheng)(cheng)比例）19世(shi)紀(ji)末為交流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代(dai)。交流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)，迎來了20世(shi)紀(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化(hua)時代(dai)。20世(shi)紀(ji)60年代(dai)以來，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術的發(fa)展，直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新發(fa)展，與交流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相配(pei)合(he)，形成(cheng)(cheng)交直流(liu)混合(he)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)。

輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)高(gao)低是輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)發展水(shui)平的(de)主(zhu)要標志。到20世(shi)紀90年代，世(shi)界各國(guo)常用(yong)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓有220千伏(fu)及以上的(de)高(gao)壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)330～765千伏(fu)的(de)超(chao)高(gao)壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，1000千伏(fu)及以上的(de)特高(gao)壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)中，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠將(jiang)天然的(de)(de)(de)(de)一次(ci)(ci)能源轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，向遠方的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為了(le)減小(xiao)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損耗及線路(lu)阻抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降，需要(yao)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升高；為了(le)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)，又要(yao)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降低，并分配(pei)給(gei)各個用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，這就需要(yao)能升高和(he)降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，并能分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所。所以變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)中通過其變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、接(jie)受和(he)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)裝置(zhi)，它是(shi)聯(lian)系發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中間環節，同時(shi)通過變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所將(jiang)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等級的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯(lian)系起來，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，傳輸和(he)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)、二(er)次(ci)(ci)系統(tong)及必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)屬(shu)設(she)備組成。

變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)的中(zhong)心設備(bei)，變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)利用(yong)的是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應原理。配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置是(shi)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)中(zhong)所(suo)有的開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、載流導體輔助設備(bei)連接(jie)在(zai)一起(qi)的裝置。其作用(yong)是(shi)接(jie)受和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置主要(yao)由(you)母線(xian)、高壓斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)開關(guan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈、互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、避(bi)雷器(qi)(qi)(qi)、高壓熔斷器(qi)(qi)(qi)、二次設備(bei)及(ji)必(bi)要(yao)的其他輔助設備(bei)所(suo)組成。

二次設(she)備是指(zhi)一次系(xi)統狀態測量、控(kong)制、監察和保(bao)護的(de)設(she)備裝置。由這些設(she)備構(gou)成的(de)回(hui)路叫二次回(hui)路，總稱(cheng)二次系(xi)統。

二次系統的設備包含測量裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、控(kong)制(zhi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、繼電保護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、自動控(kong)制(zhi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、直流系統及必要(yao)的附(fu)屬(shu)設備。

電壓等級

電(dian)力系(xi)統電(dian)壓等級有(you)(you)220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著電(dian)機制(zhi)造工藝的提高，10 kV電(dian)動(dong)機已(yi)批量生產，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)3 kV、6 kV已(yi)較少使用，20 kV、66 kV也很少使用。供電(dian)系(xi)統以(yi)(yi)10 kV、35 kV為(wei)主(zhu)。輸配電(dian)系(xi)統以(yi)(yi)110 kV以(yi)(yi)上為(wei)主(zhu)。發(fa)電(dian)廠發(fa)電(dian)機有(you)(you)6 kV、10 kV與20kV三(san)種，以(yi)(yi)20 kV為(wei)主(zhu)，用戶(hu)均為(wei)220V、380V（0.4 kV）低(di)壓系(xi)統。

根據《城(cheng)市電(dian)力(li)網(wang)規定(ding)設計規則》規定(ding)：輸電(dian)網(wang)為1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高(gao)壓配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)為110kV、66kV，中壓配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)為20kV、10kV、6 kV，低壓配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)為0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發(fa)電廠(chang)發(fa)出(chu)6 kV或10 kV電，除發(fa)電廠(chang)自己用(yong)（廠(chang)用(yong)電）之外，也可以用(yong)10 kV電壓送給發(fa)電廠(chang)附近用(yong)戶，10 kV供電范圍為10Km、35 kV為20~50Km、66 kV為30~100Km、110 kV為50~150Km、220 kV為100~300Km、330 kV為200~600Km、500 kV為150~850Km。

變配電站

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級均通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)來轉換，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)為升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)（變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降低為降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)（變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)）。一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)為另一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)選用(yong)(yong)兩(liang)個線圈(quan)（繞組）的(de)雙圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)為兩(liang)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)選用(yong)(yong)三個線圈(quan)（繞組）的(de)三圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

變電站除升壓(ya)(ya)與(yu)降壓(ya)(ya)之分(fen)外，還以規(gui)模大小(xiao)分(fen)為樞紐(niu)站，區域站與(yu)終端站。樞紐(niu)站電壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)一(yi)般(ban)為三個(ge)（三圈變壓(ya)(ya)器），550kV /220kV /110kV。區域站一(yi)般(ban)也有(you)三個(ge)電壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)（三圈變壓(ya)(ya)器），220 kV /110kV /35kV或(huo)110kV /35kV /10kV。終端站一(yi)般(ban)直接接到用戶，大多數為兩個(ge)電壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)（兩圈變壓(ya)(ya)器）110kV /10 kV或(huo)35 kV /10 kV。用戶本身的變電站一(yi)般(ban)只有(you)兩個(ge)電壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)（雙圈變壓(ya)(ya)器）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其中以10kV /0.4kV為最多。

接線方案

1）一(yi)次接線種類(lei)

變(bian)電站一(yi)次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是指(zhi)輸電線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)進入(ru)變(bian)電站之后，所(suo)有電力設(she)備（變(bian)壓器及進出(chu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)開關(guan)等）的相互連接(jie)方式。其接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)方案有：線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)變(bian)壓器組(zu)，橋形接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，單(dan)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)，單(dan)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)分段(duan)，雙(shuang)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)，雙(shuang)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)分段(duan)，環網(wang)供(gong)電等。

2）線路變壓器組

變電(dian)站只有一(yi)路進線與一(yi)臺變壓器(qi)，而且再無發展的情(qing)況下采用線路變壓器(qi)組接線。

3）橋形接線

有兩(liang)(liang)路(lu)進線(xian)(xian)、兩(liang)(liang)臺變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)，而且再沒有發展的情況下，采用(yong)橋形接線(xian)(xian)。針對變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)，聯絡斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)進線(xian)(xian)斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)之內為內橋接線(xian)(xian)，聯絡斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)進線(xian)(xian)斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)之外為外橋接線(xian)(xian)。

4）單母線

變電站進(jin)出(chu)線(xian)較多時，采用(yong)單母(mu)線(xian)，有(you)兩路進(jin)線(xian)時，一(yi)般一(yi)路供(gong)電、一(yi)路備用(yong)（不同時供(gong)電），二(er)者(zhe)可設備用(yong)電源(yuan)互(hu)自投，多路出(chu)線(xian)均由一(yi)段母(mu)線(xian)引出(chu)。

5）單母線分段

有兩(liang)(liang)路以(yi)上進線(xian)(xian)，多(duo)路出線(xian)(xian)時(shi)，選用單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)段，兩(liang)(liang)路進線(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)接到兩(liang)(liang)段母(mu)線(xian)(xian)上，兩(liang)(liang)段母(mu)線(xian)(xian)用母(mu)聯開(kai)關連(lian)接起(qi)來。出線(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)接到兩(liang)(liang)段母(mu)線(xian)(xian)上。

單母(mu)(mu)線分(fen)段運行(xing)方式比較多。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般為一(yi)(yi)(yi)路主(zhu)供(gong)(gong)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)路備(bei)用(yong)(yong)（不合(he)閘），母(mu)(mu)聯(lian)合(he)上(shang)，當主(zhu)供(gong)(gong)斷電時，備(bei)用(yong)(yong)合(he)上(shang)，主(zhu)供(gong)(gong)、備(bei)用(yong)(yong)與母(mu)(mu)聯(lian)互鎖(suo)。備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電源(yuan)容量較小時，備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電源(yuan)合(he)上(shang)后，要斷開(kai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些出線。這是比較常用(yong)(yong)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種運行(xing)方式。

對于(yu)特別重(zhong)要的負荷(he)，兩路進線均為主供，母(mu)聯(lian)開關(guan)斷(duan)開，當一路進線斷(duan)電時，母(mu)聯(lian)合(he)上，來電后斷(duan)開母(mu)聯(lian)再合(he)上進線開關(guan)。

單母線(xian)分段(duan)也(ye)有利于變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)內部檢修，檢修時可(ke)以停(ting)掉一段(duan)母線(xian)，如果是單母線(xian)不分段(duan)，檢修時就(jiu)要全站(zhan)停(ting)電(dian)，利用旁路(lu)(lu)母線(xian)可(ke)以不停(ting)電(dian)，旁路(lu)(lu)母線(xian)只用于電(dian)力系統變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)。

6）雙母線

雙母線(xian)(xian)主要(yao)用于發電廠及(ji)大(da)型變(bian)電站，每路線(xian)(xian)路都由一(yi)個斷(duan)路器經過兩(liang)個隔(ge)(ge)離開關分別接到兩(liang)條母線(xian)(xian)上，這樣在(zai)(zai)母線(xian)(xian)檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)，就可(ke)以利用隔(ge)(ge)離開關將線(xian)(xian)路倒在(zai)(zai)一(yi)條件母線(xian)(xian)上。雙母線(xian)(xian)也有分段與不分段兩(liang)種，雙母線(xian)(xian)分段再加旁路斷(duan)路器，接線(xian)(xian)方式(shi)復雜(za)，但檢(jian)修(xiu)就非常方便了，停電范(fan)圍可(ke)減少。

二次回路

1）二(er)次回路種(zhong)類

變(bian)配(pei)電站二次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)(kuo)：測(ce)量(liang)(liang)、保(bao)護(hu)、控制(zhi)與(yu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)回(hui)路(lu)部分(fen)。測(ce)量(liang)(liang)回(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)(kuo)：計量(liang)(liang)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)與(yu)保(bao)護(hu)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)。控制(zhi)回(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)(kuo)：就地(di)手(shou)動合(he)分(fen)閘、防跳(tiao)聯鎖、試驗、互投聯鎖、保(bao)護(hu)跳(tiao)閘以及合(he)分(fen)閘執(zhi)行(xing)部分(fen)。信(xin)號(hao)(hao)回(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)(kuo)開關運行(xing)狀態信(xin)號(hao)(hao)、事故跳(tiao)閘信(xin)號(hao)(hao)與(yu)事故預告信(xin)號(hao)(hao)。

2）測量回路

測量(liang)(liang)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)分為電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)與(yu)電(dian)壓(ya)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)各種(zhong)設備串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)聯于電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互感(gan)器二次(ci)側（5A），電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互感(gan)器是將原邊負荷電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)統一(yi)(yi)變為5A測量(liang)(liang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。計量(liang)(liang)與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)分別用(yong)各自的互感(gan)器（計量(liang)(liang)用(yong)互感(gan)器精度要求高），計量(liang)(liang)測量(liang)(liang)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)接于電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)以及(ji)電(dian)度表(biao)，功率表(biao)與(yu)功率因(yin)數表(biao)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)測量(liang)(liang)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)接于保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)繼(ji)電(dian)器的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。微機保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)將計量(liang)(liang)及(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)集中于一(yi)(yi)體，分別有計量(liang)(liang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。

電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)測量回路，220/380V低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)(tong)直接接220V或380V，3KV以上高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)(tong)全部經過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)互感器將(jiang)各種(zhong)等(deng)級(ji)的(de)高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變為統(tong)(tong)一的(de)100V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)以及電(dian)(dian)度表(biao)、功率表(biao)與(yu)功率因(yin)數(shu)表(biao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)線圈經其端(duan)子(zi)并接在100V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)母線上。微機保護單元計量電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)保護電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)統(tong)(tong)一為一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)端(duan)子(zi)。

3）控制回路

（1）合分閘回路

合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)通過合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，常(chang)規保護為提(ti)示操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員(yuan)及事故(gu)跳閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)報警需(xu)要，轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)選用(yong)(yong)預合(he)(he)-合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)-合(he)(he)后(hou)及預分(fen)-分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)-分(fen)后(hou)的多檔轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)。以使利用(yong)(yong)不(bu)對(dui)應接(jie)線(xian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)提(ti)示與(yu)事故(gu)跳閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)報警，國(guo)家已有標準圖(tu)設(she)計(ji)。采用(yong)(yong)微機保護以后(hou)，要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)遠(yuan)分(fen)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)后(hou)，還要到就(jiu)地進(jin)行(xing)(xing)轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)對(dui)位(wei)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，這就(jiu)失(shi)去了(le)遠(yuan)分(fen)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的意義，所以應取消(xiao)不(bu)對(dui)應接(jie)線(xian)，選用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)間自復位(wei)的只有合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的三(san)檔轉換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)。

（2）防跳回路

當(dang)合(he)閘(zha)回路(lu)(lu)出(chu)現(xian)故(gu)(gu)障時進行(xing)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)，或(huo)短路(lu)(lu)事故(gu)(gu)未(wei)排(pai)除，又(you)進行(xing)合(he)閘(zha)（誤(wu)操(cao)作(zuo)），這(zhe)時就(jiu)會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)反復合(he)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)，不僅(jin)容易(yi)引起(qi)(qi)或(huo)擴(kuo)大事故(gu)(gu)，還會(hui)引起(qi)(qi)設備損壞或(huo)人(ren)身事故(gu)(gu)，所以(yi)高壓(ya)開(kai)(kai)關控制回路(lu)(lu)應設計防(fang)跳(tiao)。防(fang)跳(tiao)一(yi)般選用電(dian)(dian)流啟動(dong)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保持(chi)的雙線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。電(dian)(dian)流線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)串(chuan)接于分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)回路(lu)(lu)作(zuo)為啟動(dong)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)。電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)接于合(he)閘(zha)回路(lu)(lu)，作(zuo)為保持(chi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)，當(dang)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)時，電(dian)(dian)流線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)經分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)回路(lu)(lu)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)。如(ru)果合(he)閘(zha)回路(lu)(lu)有故(gu)(gu)障，或(huo)處于手動(dong)合(he)閘(zha)位置(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)起(qi)(qi)啟動(dong)并通過(guo)其(qi)常開(kai)(kai)接點(dian)(dian)自保持(chi)，其(qi)常閉接點(dian)(dian)馬(ma)上斷開(kai)(kai)合(he)閘(zha)回路(lu)(lu)，保證(zheng)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)過(guo)程中不能馬(ma)上再合(he)閘(zha)。防(fang)跳(tiao)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的電(dian)(dian)流回路(lu)(lu)還可(ke)以(yi)通過(guo)其(qi)常開(kai)(kai)接點(dian)(dian)將電(dian)(dian)流線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)自保持(chi)，這(zhe)樣(yang)可(ke)以(yi)減輕保護(hu)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的出(chu)口(kou)接點(dian)(dian)斷開(kai)(kai)負荷，也減少了保護(hu)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的保持(chi)時間要(yao)求。

有(you)些微機(ji)保(bao)護裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)自己已具有(you)防(fang)跳功能(neng)，這樣就可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)再設計防(fang)跳回路。斷(duan)路器(qi)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)機(ji)構(gou)選用彈(dan)(dan)簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)時，如果選用儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行(xing)一次合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)與分閘(zha)(zha)的(de)彈(dan)(dan)簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)機(ji)構(gou)（也(ye)有(you)用于(yu)重合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行(xing)二(er)次合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)與分閘(zha)(zha)的(de)彈(dan)(dan)簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)機(ji)構(gou)），因為儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)一般都(dou)要(yao)求10秒左(zuo)右，當(dang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)開(kai)關(guan)經(jing)常處于(yu)斷(duan)開(kai)位置(zhi)(zhi)時，儲(chu)(chu)一次能(neng)，合(he)(he)完(wan)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，將儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)開(kai)關(guan)再處于(yu)斷(duan)開(kai)位置(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)跳一次閘(zha)(zha)；跳閘(zha)(zha)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，要(yao)手動儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)才能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)，此時，也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)再設計防(fang)跳回路。

（3）試驗與互投聯鎖與控制

對于(yu)手(shou)車開關柜，手(shou)車推(tui)出后要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行斷路器合分閘試驗，應(ying)設計(ji)合分閘試驗按(an)鈕(niu)。進(jin)線與母(mu)聯(lian)斷路，一般應(ying)根據要(yao)(yao)求進(jin)行互投(tou)聯(lian)鎖或控制。

（4）保護跳閘

保(bao)護跳(tiao)(tiao)閘出口經過連接片接于跳(tiao)(tiao)閘回路，連接片用于保(bao)護調試，或運(yun)行過程中解除某些保(bao)護功能。

（5）合分閘(zha)回路

合(he)分(fen)閘回(hui)路(lu)為經合(he)分(fen)閘母線(xian)為操作機構提供電源，以及其(qi)控制回(hui)路(lu)，一般(ban)都應單(dan)獨畫出。

4）信號回路

（1）開(kai)(kai)關(guan)運行狀態信(xin)號由(you)合閘與分(fen)閘指示(shi)兩個裝于開(kai)(kai)關(guan)柜上(shang)的信(xin)號燈(deng)組成(cheng)：經過操作轉換開(kai)(kai)關(guan)不對(dui)應(ying)接(jie)線(xian)后接(jie)到正(zheng)電(dian)源上(shang)。采用微機保護后，轉換開(kai)(kai)關(guan)取消了(le)不對(dui)應(ying)接(jie)線(xian)，所(suo)以信(xin)號燈(deng)正(zheng)極可以直接(jie)接(jie)到正(zheng)電(dian)源上(shang)。

（2）事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)有事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳(tiao)閘與事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)預(yu)(yu)告(gao)兩種信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)，事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳(tiao)閘報警也要通過(guo)轉(zhuan)化開關不對應后，接(jie)到(dao)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳(tiao)閘信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)母線(xian)上，再引到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)(tong)。事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)預(yu)(yu)告(gao)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)通過(guo)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼(ji)電器(qi)接(jie)點(dian)引到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)(tong)。采用(yong)微(wei)機保護后，將斷路器(qi)操作(zuo)機構輔助接(jie)點(dian)與信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼(ji)電器(qi)的接(jie)點(dian)分(fen)別接(jie)到(dao)微(wei)機保護單元的開關量(liang)輸(shu)入端子，需要有中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)(tong)時，如(ru)果(guo)微(wei)機保護單元可以提供事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳(tiao)閘與事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)預(yu)(yu)告(gao)輸(shu)出接(jie)點(dian)，可將其(qi)引到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)(tong)。否則(ze)，應利用(yong)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼(ji)電器(qi)的另一對接(jie)點(dian)引到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)(tong)。

（3）中央信(xin)號(hao)系統(tong)為(wei)安裝于值班室內的集中報警(jing)系統(tong)，由事(shi)故(gu)跳閘與事(shi)故(gu)預告兩套(tao)聲光(guang)報警(jing)組成，光(guang)報警(jing)用光(guang)字牌，不(bu)用信(xin)號(hao)燈，光(guang)字牌分集中與分散兩種。采用變電站綜(zong)合(he)自動化系統(tong)后(hou)，可以不(bu)再設計中央信(xin)號(hao)系統(tong)，或將其簡化，只設計集中報警(jing)作(zuo)為(wei)計算機報警(jing)的后(hou)備報警(jing)。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年(nian)，巴(ba)黎北火車站(zhan)建(jian)成世界上第一座火電(dian)廠(chang)，為附近照明供(gong)電(dian)。1879年(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)舊金(jin)山(shan)實驗(yan)電(dian)廠(chang)開始發電(dian)，是(shi)世界上最早出售(shou)電(dian)力(li)的電(dian)廠(chang)。80年(nian)代(dai)，在英國(guo)和美(mei)國(guo)建(jian)成世界上第一批水電(dian)站(zhan)。1913年(nian)，全(quan)世界的年(nian)發電(dian)量達 500億(yi)千瓦時，電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業已作(zuo)為一個獨立的工(gong)業部門，進入(ru)人類的生(sheng)產活動領域。

20世(shi)紀30、40年(nian)(nian)代，美國(guo)成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業的(de)(de)(de)先進國(guo)家，擁有20萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)(de)機組(zu)31臺(tai)，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為30萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)(de)中型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)9座。同一時期，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)達5～10萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。1934年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)開工興建的(de)(de)(de)大古(gu)力(li)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，計劃(hua)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi) 888萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，1941年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，到(dao)1980年(nian)(nian)裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達649萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa) ，至80年(nian)(nian)代中期一直是(shi)世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)最大的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。1950年(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)界(jie)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)至9589億(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時 ，是(shi)1913年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)19倍。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)代，平均年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長率分別為9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)長7.9倍，平均年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長率7.6%，約相(xiang)當于每10年(nian)(nian)翻一番。1986年(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)界(jie)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)63.7%，核電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)15.6%；美國(guo)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)11.4%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)72.1%， 核電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)16.0%；前蘇聯水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)76.4%，核電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)10.1%；日(ri)本(ben)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)12.9%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)61.8%，核電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)25.1%；中國(guo)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)21.0%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)比重最大的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)法國(guo)，1989年(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)總發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)74.6%。

電(dian)(dian)網、水、火(huo)電(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)增速差異(yi)顯著。國家統計局于公布(bu)了2010年(nian)1-8月(yue)(yue)工業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)數據，電(dian)(dian)力(li)生(sheng)產與(yu)供應(ying)(ying)業(ye)整(zheng)體(ti)實現(xian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)936.1億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增長(chang)(chang)119%；細分行(xing)業(ye)來看(kan)，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)為(wei)220.0億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增長(chang)(chang)-17.8%；水電(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)248.4億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增長(chang)(chang)45.9%；電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)(ying)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)380.0億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增長(chang)(chang)655%。從(cong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)數據看(kan)，2010年(nian)6-8月(yue)(yue)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)生(sheng)產與(yu)供應(ying)(ying)業(ye)整(zheng)體(ti)實現(xian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)462億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)增長(chang)(chang)37%；細分行(xing)業(ye)看(kan)，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)50.5億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)下(xia)降56%；水電(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)206.4億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)增長(chang)(chang)307%；電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)(ying)6-8月(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)168.1億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)增長(chang)(chang)28%。電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)(ying)業(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)增速的大幅度提高(gao)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)于09年(nian)四(si)季度銷售電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的調(diao)整(zheng)以及銷售電(dian)(dian)量逐季增加所導(dao)致。從(cong)下(xia)游(you)主(zhu)要(yao)耗電(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)來看(kan)，除鋼(gang)鐵外，化工、建材、有(you)色行(xing)業(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)均顯著超過07-08年(nian)的同期水平(ping)，特別是建材。從(cong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)數據看(kan)，除建材行(xing)業(ye)外，其他(ta)高(gao)耗電(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)環(huan)(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)有(you)所下(xia)滑。

2010三(san)季(ji)度水(shui)電利潤大(da)幅(fu)度增(zeng)長(chang)。由于(yu)2010年三(san)季(ji)度來水(shui)好于(yu)往年，水(shui)電發電量也(ye)明顯增(zeng)加，2010年6-8月水(shui)電利潤總額206億，同比增(zeng)長(chang)96%。隨著(zhu)國家(jia)對(dui)水(shui)電開(kai)發正面(mian)態度的明朗，我們預(yu)計國家(jia)對(dui)水(shui)電開(kai)發的支持政(zheng)策(ce)將逐(zhu)步出臺，水(shui)電企業投資價(jia)值也(ye)將逐(zhu)步明晰。

20世(shi)(shi)紀70年代(dai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業進(jin)入(ru)以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)機組(zu)(zu)、大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、超高壓以(yi)(yi)至特高壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，形成以(yi)(yi)聯(lian)(lian)合系統為特點的(de)(de)(de)新時(shi)期。1973年，瑞士BBC公司制造的(de)(de)(de)130萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)雙軸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)在美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)肯勃蘭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)投入(ru)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行。蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)于1981年制造并(bing)投運(yun)(yun)(yun)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)容(rong)量最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)120萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)單軸汽輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)。到(dao)1977年，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)已有(you)120座(zuo)裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)。1985年，蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)有(you)百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)59座(zuo)。1983年，日(ri)本(ben)有(you)百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)32座(zuo)，其中鹿兒島電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)總容(rong)量440萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa) ，是(shi)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)燃油電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)設計容(rong)量最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)巴西和巴拉(la)圭合建的(de)(de)(de)伊泰普水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，設計容(rong)量1260萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，采用70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)機組(zu)(zu)，與運(yun)(yun)(yun)行中的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)(da)古力水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)水(shui)輪機組(zu)(zu)70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)容(rong)量相等(deng)。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)日(ri)本(ben)福島核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，容(rong)量是(shi)909.6萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。

總(zong)裝機(ji)容(rong)量幾百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)(de)大型水電(dian)(dian)站、大型火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)核(he)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)建(jian)成(cheng)，促進了超(chao)高(gao)、特(te)(te)高(gao)壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)、直(zhi)流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)和(he)聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。1935年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)首次將輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級從110～220千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)提(ti)高(gao)到287千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)，出現了超(chao)高(gao)壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典建(jian)成(cheng)二分裂導(dao)線(xian)的(de)(de)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)超(chao)高(gao)壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1959年(nian)(nian)，蘇(su)聯(lian)建(jian)成(cheng)500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)，長850千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)的(de)(de)三(san)分裂導(dao)線(xian)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1965～1969年(nian)(nian)，加拿大、蘇(su)聯(lian)和(he)美國(guo)(guo)先后建(jian)成(cheng)735 、750和(he)765千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1985年(nian)(nian)，蘇(su)聯(lian)首次建(jian)成(cheng)1150 千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)距離890千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)，美國(guo)(guo)正研究(jiu)1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)和(he)1500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)，意(yi)大利(li)研究(jiu)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)，日(ri)本建(jian)設250千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)長1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。高(gao)壓直(zhi)流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞(rui)典、美國(guo)(guo)、蘇(su)聯(lian)分別(bie)采用(yong)±100、±450 、±750千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)壓，后者輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)距離2414千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)600萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。到1985年(nian)(nian)，全世界已(yi)有18個國(guo)(guo)家(jia)、32個直(zhi)流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)投(tou)運，總(zong)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送容(rong)量2000萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。

中國電力發展階段

一(yi)、第(di)一(yi)階段計劃(hua)經濟時期（1949-1978年）

自1949年到1978年，中國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)歷(li)史分別有燃料工業(ye)部(bu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部(bu)、水利(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)三個(ge)(ge)階段。在燃料部(bu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部(bu)階段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)管理執行集(ji)中管理的(de)方法(fa)；時至水利(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)與(yu)水利(li)又經歷(li)了分散與(yu)集(ji)中各兩次不(bu)同管理，卻始終擺(bai)脫不(bu)了一(yi)個(ge)(ge)魔咒-----一(yi)分就(jiu)亂，一(yi)收就(jiu)危。

1、燃料工(gong)業部時(shi)期（1949-1955年(nian)）。建(jian)國(guo)后，在中央(yang)領導下，電力實行(xing)集(ji)中管(guan)制與(yu)統(tong)一(yi)調(diao)控。成立了電力工(gong)業部。但是(shi)當時(shi)的電力工(gong)業部只能直接管(guan)理少數電廠(chang)，大(da)部分電廠(chang)都實行(xing)軍(jun)官。有地方各(ge)大(da)軍(jun)區管(guan)理。

1950年左(zuo)右，各(ge)地(di)軍管電(dian)廠逐步將權力(li)回歸到電(dian)力(li)工業部。電(dian)力(li)工業部成(cheng)立六大區域電(dian)力(li)管理部門，對電(dian)力(li)集中壟斷垂直管理，政企合一。

2、電(dian)力(li)工業部時期（1955年(nian)-1958年(nian)）。1955年(nian)7月，全(quan)國人大一(yi)致通過撤(che)銷老燃料工業部，成(cheng)(cheng)立煤炭(tan)、電(dian)力(li)、石油工業部。電(dian)力(li)工業部成(cheng)(cheng)立以后，各地(di)方成(cheng)(cheng)立輔(fu)助機構(gou)。加強管理體制。并將水利部門的一(yi)些權力(li)集(ji)中過來。從而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)中央跟地(di)方雙重領導的格局。

3、水利(li)電力(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)時期（1958-1966年(nian)）。1958年(nian)黨中央(yang)召開會議，定了調調。要大力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)水利(li)工(gong)程。在(zai)長期發(fa)展(zhan)來看，認為(wei)水利(li)比電力(li)(li)還要重要。于是順乎時勢，將水利(li)部(bu)(bu)與電力(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)合并為(wei)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)。

4、"文化大革命"時期（1966年-1978年）。1966年"文化大革命"開(kai)始后，水利電(dian)力(li)部再次(ci)(ci)實行軍管，電(dian)力(li)管理權力(li)再一次(ci)(ci)落(luo)入(ru)地方手中。1970年，軍官(guan)結(jie)束(shu)(shu)。水利電(dian)力(li)部有革命委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)會領導。1975年革委(wei)(wei)會結(jie)束(shu)(shu)領導，權力(li)再一次(ci)(ci)恢復到水利電(dian)力(li)部。

文革對電力造(zao)(zao)成的(de)破壞(huai)應驗了一放就(jiu)亂的(de)魔咒。對中國電力工業近乎造(zao)(zao)成了不可逆轉(zhuan)的(de)傷害。

1975年(nian)水利電力(li)部恢(hui)復后，周總理提出加快發展電力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)倡導。為祖國電力(li)事(shi)業(ye)撥亂反正，從此電力(li)工(gong)業(ye)再次集中的(de)中央。

二(er)、第二(er)階段，摸著石頭過河(he)（1979-1997年(nian)）

從1978年(nian)黨的(de)十一(yi)屆三中(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)會以后，中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)(ye)體制進入了改革(ge)探索(suo)時(shi)期(qi)。在此期(qi)間中(zhong)(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)力管(guan)理部(bu)門又經過四(si)次變更，即(ji)第(di)二(er)次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)，第(di)二(er)次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立水(shui)利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部(bu)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立能源部(bu)，最后第(di)三次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理體制改革(ge)方面(mian)。曾研究(jiu)過全(quan)面(mian)包干(gan)經濟責任制，簡政放權、自負盈(ying)虧、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)方案，最后成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立了華(hua)能集團(tuan)公(gong)司(si)(si)及各(ge)大區的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集團(tuan)公(gong)司(si)(si)，這一(yi)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力改革(ge)朝著國務院提出的(de)"政企(qi)分開，省為實體，聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一(yi)調度(du)，集資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)"的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力體制改革(ge)原則進行(xing)。

1、第(di)二次成(cheng)立(li)(li)電力工(gong)業部（1979-1982年）1979年2月，國(guo)務院(yuan)決定撤(che)消水利電力部，成(cheng)立(li)(li)電力工(gong)業部和水利部，這是我(wo)國(guo)第(di)二次成(cheng)立(li)(li)電力工(gong)業部。

2、第二次成(cheng)立水利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)（1982-1988年）1982年3月，五屆四次全(quan)國人民代表大會再次將水利(li)、電(dian)力兩(liang)部(bu)合并(bing)成(cheng)立水利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)。這次合并(bing)之后，接受以往的(de)經驗教訓，繼續沿著(zhu)電(dian)力工(gong)業集中統(tong)一的(de)方向發展。

在(zai)(zai)水(shui)利(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)期間，黨中央、國務院十(shi)分重視電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)改(gai)革和發(fa)展，1986年(nian)5月國務院召開(kai)會議研(yan)究(jiu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革問題(ti)，6月電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革小(xiao)組提出了(le)《加快電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)發(fa)展的(de)改(gai)革方(fang)案（草(cao)案）》的(de)報告(gao)，提出了(le)五項改(gai)革措(cuo)施(shi)和五項政策。1987年(nian)9月14日(ri)，李鵬副(fu)總理提出了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革的(de)原則是："政企分開(kai)，省(sheng)為實體(ti)(ti)，聯合電(dian)(dian)網，統一調度(du)，集資(zi)辦電(dian)(dian)”和因地制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)的(de)方(fang)針。在(zai)(zai)此之前，水(shui)利(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)曾提出全面包干的(de)經濟責任制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，簡政放權以及自負盈虧、以電(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)的(de)建議。1988年(nian)7月1日(ri)起進行華東(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)網體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革試點，分別成立華東(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)聯合公(gong)司和上(shang)海市、江蘇(su)省(sheng)、浙江省(sheng)、安徽(hui)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司，同(tong)時保留華東(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)業(ye)管理局和省(sheng)（市）電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)局名稱，實行雙軌制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運行，以創造條件實現政企分開(kai)。

電力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)體制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革和電力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，需要(yao)有相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)電力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)體制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革相(xiang)配套，在(zai)這(zhe)段時間里，電力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)設投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)體制(zhi)(zhi)最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)是由(you)撥款(kuan)改(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)貸款(kuan)；由(you)于電價嚴重(zhong)偏低(di)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)解決電力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)足，主要(yao)采取了(le)(le)建(jian)立電力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)設基(ji)金、賣(mai)用電權(quan)和集資(zi)(zi)辦電等辦法(fa)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)節約(yue)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)，在(zai)電力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)設中(zhong)普(pu)通開展了(le)(le)降低(di)造價，縮短(duan)建(jian)設周期；基(ji)本建(jian)設項目(mu)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)包(bao)干責(ze)任制(zhi)(zhi)和招投(tou)(tou)標制(zhi)(zhi)度。為(wei)(wei)(wei)彌補投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)足，電力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)還(huan)率先利用外資(zi)(zi)，成立華能國際電力(li)(li)(li)開發(fa)公(gong)司(si)；發(fa)行電力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)設債(zhai)券和適當提高(gao)電力(li)(li)(li)折舊。這(zhe)些措施打破了(le)(le)獨家辦電的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面，出現了(le)(le)多渠道、多元化(hua)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)辦電的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面，加快了(le)(le)電力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。

3、能源部時期（1988-1993年）

1988年(nian)5月，七(qi)屆一(yi)次全國人民(min)代表大會(hui)決定(ding)，撤消水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)，把電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業管(guan)理(li)工(gong)作并入(ru)新成立(li)的(de)能源部(bu)，能源部(bu)承擔電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行政(zheng)和企業管(guan)理(li)職能。1988年(nian)5月22日，能源部(bu)正式成立(li)，同年(nian)12月成立(li)中國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業聯合會(hui)，在(zai)網省電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)局、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業局的(de)基礎上成立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集團公(gong)司(si)和省電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司(si)。由此，實(shi)現(xian)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業的(de)行政(zheng)管(guan)理(li)、企業管(guan)理(li)和行業自律性管(guan)理(li)職能的(de)初(chu)步分開，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革中邁(mai)出了堅(jian)實(shi)的(de)一(yi)步。

最早組(zu)建(jian)的集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)是中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)是全民(min)所有(you)制的實(shi)(shi)業、金融、貿易、科技(ji)和(he)服務相結(jie)合的多功能(neng)(neng)、綜(zong)合性(xing)的企業集(ji)團。是由華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)國(guo)(guo)際電(dian)力開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)精煤公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)原材料公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、中國(guo)(guo)（華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)）工程技(ji)術開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)科技(ji)發(fa)展公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)金融公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)綜(zong)合利用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)實(shi)(shi)業開(kai)發(fa)服務公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)等九(jiu)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)以及原水(shui)電(dian)部歸口(kou)管(guan)理的華(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)技(ji)術開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)綜(zong)合利用(yong)開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)工程建(jian)設公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)南(nan)方（集(ji)團）等四(si)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的基礎上聯合組(zu)建(jian)的。這(zhe)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)由能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部與(yu)國(guo)(guo)家計委共同管(guan)理，以能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部為主，是我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力工業1988年組(zu)建(jian)的第一個集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。

大區(qu)和(he)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)化改(gai)組分兩步(bu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。第一(yi)步(bu)是(shi)從1988年(nian)(nian)開始(shi)到1990年(nian)(nian)止，將(jiang)大區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)管(guan)理局改(gai)組為聯(lian)(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，將(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)局改(gai)組為省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)。國務院電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)管(guan)理體制改(gai)革方(fang)案(an)(an)明確(que)規定(ding)：省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)和(he)聯(lian)(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)都是(shi)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)立(li)(li)(li)核(he)算(suan)、自負(fu)盈虧的實體，具有法(fa)人地(di)位(wei)(wei)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內各發供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的資(zi)產(chan)關(guan)系不變。聯(lian)(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)由能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部歸口管(guan)理，在(zai)國家(jia)計劃(hua)中實行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)單(dan)列。非(fei)跨省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局，要逐(zhu)步(bu)改(gai)建為省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，獨(du)(du)(du)(du)立(li)(li)(li)經(jing)營，由能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部和(he)省(sheng)(sheng)人民政府雙重領導，并接受(shou)委托行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使所在(zai)地(di)區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)管(guan)理職能(neng)(neng)。改(gai)革方(fang)案(an)(an)要求各公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)要落實，健(jian)全(quan)各種(zhong)形(xing)式的承(cheng)包(bao)經(jing)營責任制，逐(zhu)步(bu)實行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)股份制，采用售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和(he)物質消耗工(gong)資(zi)含量包(bao)干辦(ban)法(fa)。獨(du)(du)(du)(du)立(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠均(jun)可(ke)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)立(li)(li)(li)核(he)算(suan)，與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)訂立(li)(li)(li)經(jing)濟合同，接受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)統一(yi)調度，非(fei)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)立(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠按現行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規定(ding)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。這項(xiang)改(gai)革到1990年(nian)(nian)6月基本完成。

第(di)二步是1991年底到(dao)1993年初，組(zu)建大(da)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業集團(tuan)。1991年12月(yue)14日國(guo)務院(yuan)批(pi)(pi)準的第(di)一批(pi)(pi)試點的55個大(da)型企(qi)(qi)業集團(tuan)中(zhong)，能(neng)源部有7個，其(qi)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)占6個，即(ji)華能(neng)集團(tuan)、華北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)、東(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)、華東(dong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)、華中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)和(he)西北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)，全部都是跨地區的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業集團(tuan)公(gong)司(si)。1992年10月(yue)10日，能(neng)源部向國(guo)家(jia)計(ji)委(wei)(wei)、國(guo)家(jia)體(ti)改委(wei)(wei)、國(guo)務院(yuan)經貿(mao)辦上報關于同(tong)意組(zu)建中(zhong)國(guo)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)、華東(dong)、華北(bei)(bei)、華中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)的函，隨后又報送(song)了同(tong)意組(zu)建西北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)的函，經批(pi)(pi)準后，于1993年1月(yue)11日華北(bei)(bei)、東(dong)北(bei)(bei)、華東(dong)、華中(zhong)、西北(bei)(bei)五大(da)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)宣告成(cheng)立。

4、第三次(ci)成(cheng)立電(dian)力(li)工業部（1993-1997年）

1993年3月，八屆第(di)(di)一次(ci)全國人(ren)民代表大(da)(da)會通過決議(yi)，撤(che)消能(neng)源(yuan)部，第(di)(di)三次(ci)成立電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業部。國務(wu)院批準的(de)(de)組(zu)建電(dian)(dian)力(li)部的(de)(de)指導思(si)想是："政企職責分(fen)開，大(da)(da)力(li)簡(jian)政放權，由部門(men)管(guan)理(li)(li)轉向行業管(guan)理(li)(li)，加強規劃、協調(diao)、監督、服務(wu)職能(neng)；精(jing)簡(jian)內設機(ji)構和(he)編制，合(he)理(li)(li)配(pei)置職能(neng)，提高宏觀(guan)管(guan)理(li)(li)水平；實事(shi)求是，平穩過渡，合(he)理(li)(li)分(fen)流富裕人(ren)員。"要(yao)求在(zai)堅持"政企分(fen)開，省為實體(ti)，聯合(he)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)，統一調(diao)度，集(ji)(ji)資辦電(dian)(dian)"和(he)"因地因網(wang)制宜(yi)"的(de)(de)方針指引下(xia)，下(xia)放和(he)轉移對企業人(ren)、財(cai)、物(wu)及經營管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)職能(neng)，加強宏觀(guan)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)職能(neng)，由于(yu)國務(wu)院批準的(de)(de)文(wen)件(jian)明確要(yao)求支持辦好五(wu)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)，各電(dian)(dian)管(guan)局和(he)省電(dian)(dian)力(li)局仍維(wei)持現行體(ti)制，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業部時期，電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業體(ti)制改(gai)革沒有顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)變化。

電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業部成立(li)后(hou)，繼續保留中國(guo)電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業聯合(he)(he)會，作為(wei)全國(guo)電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業、事業電(dian)位的(de)聯合(he)(he)組織，其性(xing)質不變，由電(dian)力(li)部歸口管(guan)理(li)。華能集(ji)團實行以電(dian)力(li)部為(wei)主與國(guo)家計委雙重領導的(de)體制。另外，在葛(ge)洲(zhou)壩工(gong)程(cheng)局的(de)基礎上，成立(li)了葛(ge)洲(zhou)壩集(ji)團公司。

為確保三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設的(de)順利進行(xing)，1993年(nian)1月3日國務院決(jue)定成立國務院三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設委員會，同時成立中國長江三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)發總公(gong)司，全(quan)面負責三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設和經營。1994年(nian)12月14日，三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正式(shi)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)建設。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)成立后，根據國(guo)家體(ti)(ti)改(gai)委(wei)等部(bu)門有關股(gu)(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)試點辦法的(de)規定，于1993年(nian)(nian)9月印發(fa)了《電(dian)(dian)力(li)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)股(gu)(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)試點暫行規定》，規定明確(que)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)都可(ke)以進行股(gu)(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)造，具備(bei)條(tiao)件的(de)經(jing)主管部(bu)門同意后，可(ke)以到國(guo)（境）外(wai)發(fa)行股(gu)(gu)(gu)票，債券(quan)(quan)；但電(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司（指發(fa)、供電(dian)(dian)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)）實行股(gu)(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)應以公有制(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主體(ti)(ti)，保證電(dian)(dian)力(li)集團公司、省（區、市）電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司在企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)的(de)控股(gu)(gu)(gu)地位。1994年(nian)(nian)8月4日，山(shan)東(dong)華能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)股(gu)(gu)(gu)份有限公司股(gu)(gu)(gu)票在美(mei)(mei)國(guo)紐(niu)約證券(quan)(quan)交易所(suo)掛牌上(shang)市，成為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)首家直接(jie)去美(mei)(mei)國(guo)紐(niu)約上(shang)市的(de)大型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，隨后中(zhong)國(guo)有一(yi)大批發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在國(guo)內外(wai)上(shang)市。

中國電(dian)力工業經過30年碰壁，與20年摸(mo)著石頭過河(he)，最后(hou)終于走(zou)上(shang)了穩定(ding)發(fa)展的道路。時(shi)至2013年，電(dian)監(jian)會又并入了能源局。電(dian)網(wang)(wang)已(yi)拆分為(wei)國家電(dian)網(wang)(wang)與南方(fang)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)兩(liang)家。已(yi)經走(zou)上(shang)了改放給市場的權(quan)力放給市場，政企分離的合理發(fa)展道路。 

2015年(nian)9月(yue)中國與伊朗簽署了(le)大宗電(dian)力(li)和能(neng)源合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)協議，進一步推動雙邊(bian)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)，尤(you)其是加強在(zai)電(dian)力(li)和能(neng)源領域的(de)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)。 

2015年11月18日，中國(guo)(guo)電機工程學會發(fa)布了“十三五”電力(li)(li)科(ke)技(ji)重(zhong)大技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)向(xiang)研究報(bao)告，提出未來5年中國(guo)(guo)電力(li)(li)科(ke)技(ji)領域(yu)將重(zhong)點開展9個(ge)重(zhong)大技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)向(xiang)、38項關(guan)鍵技(ji)術(shu)研究工作(zuo)。

相關政策

2014年中國電力市場(chang)發展戰略

進(jin)入(ru)21世紀(ji)以來，電力(li)(li)市場就(jiu)面(mian)臨著巨(ju)大的(de)沖擊，尤其是在(zai)全(quan)球金(jin)融危機的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)下(xia)，電力(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)所面(mian)對的(de)機遇和挑(tiao)戰也變(bian)得更(geng)多。為了(le)(le)提(ti)高電力(li)(li)銷量，保證企(qi)業(ye)在(zai)競爭中(zhong)立于不敗(bai)之(zhi)地，并(bing)對企(qi)業(ye)進(jin)行(xing)具(ju)有(you)前瞻性(xing)的(de)分析(xi)，國家(jia)(jia)采取有(you)效策略不斷擴寬電力(li)(li)市場就(jiu)顯(xian)得尤為重(zhong)要(yao)。據中(zhong)國產業(ye)洞(dong)察網了(le)(le)解，國家(jia)(jia)電力(li)(li)部門(men)已經逐步認識到了(le)(le)電力(li)(li)市場實(shi)現擴大的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)意(yi)義，明確了(le)(le)電力(li)(li)是國家(jia)(jia)基(ji)礎(chu)行(xing)業(ye)之(zhi)一，并(bing)盡(jin)可能的(de)采取行(xing)之(zhi)有(you)效的(de)對策予以完善。

一、轉變(bian)思(si)想，樹(shu)立競爭(zheng)意識

企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生存(cun)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)(chu)是(shi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)，思想又是(shi)行動(dong)的(de)(de)先(xian)導(dao)，為了(le)擴展電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)一定要轉變以往的(de)(de)思想觀念(nian)，明確以市(shi)(shi)場(chang)為主體的(de)(de)競爭策(ce)略，堅持市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)導(dao)向作用。在(zai)(zai)此基礎(chu)(chu)上，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)還(huan)要樹立競爭意(yi)識(shi)，培養效(xiao)益觀念(nian)，加強市(shi)(shi)場(chang)管(guan)理，并結合(he)黨中央的(de)(de)政策(ce)規章，使(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)形(xing)成良(liang)好的(de)(de)信(xin)譽和(he)形(xing)象(xiang)，增強企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)凝聚力(li)，讓市(shi)(shi)場(chang)消費者信(xin)任企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，從而(er)最大限度的(de)(de)拓寬電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)。例(li)如(ru)，在(zai)(zai)國家提出西部(bu)大開發戰(zhan)略后(hou)，云南某電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就立足整(zheng)體，抓住機遇，樹立了(le)競爭意(yi)識(shi)，并不斷完善自身的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)形(xing)象(xiang)，在(zai)(zai)機遇面前沒有錯過，準(zhun)確掌握了(le)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)定位，擴寬了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)，取得了(le)巨大的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益。

二、健(jian)全完善電力市(shi)場規章制度

想要(yao)做好任何(he)事情(qing)都要(yao)有健(jian)全(quan)完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)度作基礎(chu)，電(dian)力市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)有效擴展(zhan)(zhan)也(ye)是(shi)如此。由于以往計劃經濟體(ti)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)束縛，再(zai)加上人們思(si)想觀念的(de)(de)(de)局限(xian)性(xing)，就(jiu)使得我國(guo)有關電(dian)力市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)度不夠健(jian)全(quan)。在新時期背景下(xia)，為了有效拓展(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)力市場(chang)，黨和國(guo)家一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)健(jian)全(quan)完善(shan)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)度，以《電(dian)力法》和相(xiang)(xiang)關法律為依(yi)據，結(jie)合當前的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)情(qing)況予以進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步完善(shan)。具(ju)體(ti)來(lai)說(shuo)，要(yao)細化電(dian)力市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)入(ru)規(gui)則，明(ming)確(que)電(dian)價，規(gui)范(fan)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)行為，并制(zhi)定配套的(de)(de)(de)監督管理法規(gui)，明(ming)確(que)違法的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)懲(cheng)罰措施，從而規(gui)范(fan)企(qi)(qi)業行為，保證市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)公開性(xing)和科學性(xing)，凈化電(dian)力市場(chang)，確(que)保其進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步拓展(zhan)(zhan)。

三、建立以用戶為核(he)心的電力市場并拓展新市場

想要(yao)增加社會(hui)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)，并逐(zhu)步拓展電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)，就要(yao)堅持供電(dian)(dian)(dian)以客(ke)戶(hu)為(wei)核(he)心，根(gen)據用戶(hu)的(de)(de)具體(ti)需(xu)求構建電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)。首先，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)要(yao)保(bao)證供電(dian)(dian)(dian)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是市場(chang)得以拓寬的(de)(de)主要(yao)因素之(zhi)一，質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)過硬，才(cai)能(neng)爭取到更多的(de)(de)用戶(hu)；其次(ci)，在工作的(de)(de)具體(ti)過程(cheng)中，要(yao)堅持“預防為(wei)主，安全第一”的(de)(de)原則，在保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，也要(yao)確(que)保(bao)安全生產，定期對(dui)(dui)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)設施進(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)查(cha)維修，避免(mian)出現安全隱患，逐(zhu)步提(ti)高設施的(de)(de)使用年限；最后，要(yao)完善企業(ye)自身的(de)(de)服務水(shui)平，樹立為(wei)用戶(hu)服務的(de)(de)觀(guan)念(nian)，創新服務意(yi)識(shi)，并定期對(dui)(dui)客(ke)戶(hu)進(jin)行(xing)走訪調查(cha)，了解他(ta)們對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)供應的(de)(de)滿意(yi)度，從而(er)找(zhao)到企業(ye)的(de)(de)不足(zu)，滿足(zu)客(ke)戶(hu)需(xu)要(yao)。

眾所周知，我國區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域分(fen)配不協(xie)調(diao)(diao)，各地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)對電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)需求數(shu)(shu)量(liang)存在(zai)很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)差異，電(dian)(dian)能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)中心集中在(zai)東(dong)部(bu)和東(dong)南(nan)沿(yan)海地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。想(xiang)要(yao)拓展電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)，就一(yi)定要(yao)打破(po)這(zhe)(zhe)種不平衡的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)結構，開(kai)辟新興(xing)市(shi)場(chang)。對此(ci)，企(qi)業可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)建立(li)跨區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)網，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)不同區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域間進(jin)行有效調(diao)(diao)節，并加(jia)大(da)(da)宏觀(guan)調(diao)(diao)控力度來平衡電(dian)(dian)價(jia)。此(ci)外，企(qi)業也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)借(jie)鑒國外的(de)先進(jin)經驗，開(kai)展政策(ce)(ce)促銷活(huo)動，實(shi)行以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)代(dai)油、以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)代(dai)柴、以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)代(dai)煤等形式，并加(jia)強(qiang)對電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車、熱泵(beng)設備、電(dian)(dian)熱鍋(guo)爐等產(chan)品的(de)推(tui)廣，從(cong)而逐(zhu)(zhu)步(bu)增(zeng)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)市(shi)場(chang)消費中的(de)占有率(lv)。例如，一(yi)旦進(jin)入夏季，我國長江以(yi)(yi)(yi)南(nan)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)使(shi)用(yong)空(kong)調(diao)(diao)的(de)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)就會(hui)大(da)(da)幅提(ti)(ti)高，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)情況也會(hui)增(zeng)加(jia)。國家針對這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)現象，對蓄(xu)冰制冷空(kong)調(diao)(diao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)方面實(shi)行了(le)相關(guan)的(de)優惠政策(ce)(ce)，企(qi)業可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)利用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)特點逐(zhu)(zhu)步(bu)拓寬市(shi)場(chang)，提(ti)(ti)高經濟效益。

四、提高員工(gong)素質(zhi)能力(li)

電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)有(you)效拓展要依靠企(qi)業(ye)(ye)員工(gong)(gong)的(de)業(ye)(ye)務能力(li)(li)(li)(li)和綜(zong)合素(su)質(zhi)來完成，隨著社(she)會主義市(shi)場(chang)經濟的(de)全面開放，以及現代化技術的(de)逐步興起，給電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)員工(gong)(gong)素(su)質(zhi)能力(li)(li)(li)(li)提出(chu)了更高(gao)的(de)要求。想要有(you)效拓寬電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就一定要培養高(gao)素(su)質(zhi)、高(gao)能力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)員工(gong)(gong)。

第一，企業要提高企業人(ren)員的(de)(de)技術(shu)水平，堅持(chi)先進設(she)備的(de)(de)引(yin)進，并(bing)逐步完善他們(men)的(de)(de)技術(shu)能(neng)力。第二，堅持(chi)實施“引(yin)進來與走出去”并(bing)存的(de)(de)發展戰略，加強員工之間的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流和(he)合作(zuo)，派遣(qian)有能(neng)力的(de)(de)員工對(dui)外學(xue)習交(jiao)(jiao)流。第三，企業要定期(qi)組織人(ren)員培(pei)訓(xun)，做好崗(gang)位選拔工作(zuo)，在保證員工具有高能(neng)力的(de)(de)基礎上，還要完善他們(men)的(de)(de)道德素質，樹立他們(men)為企業服務的(de)(de)理念，從(cong)而(er)進一步拓(tuo)展電力市(shi)場。 [4]

電力發展“十三五”規(gui)劃

11月(yue)7日(ri)，《電力發展“十三五”規(gui)劃(hua)》發布，對我們有以下(xia)指(zhi)導意義。

要科(ke)學認識我國的(de)電力發展空間：根(gen)據《規劃》，到2020年(nian)，我國人(ren)均裝機突破(po)1.4千(qian)瓦(wa)，人(ren)均用(yong)電量5000千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)左右(you)(you)，接(jie)近中等(deng)發達國家水平。電力在能(neng)源(yuan)中的(de)比(bi)重應該越(yue)來越(yue)大，也就(jiu)是(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)要走向電氣(qi)化，特別在終(zhong)端(duan)能(neng)源(yuan)中，以(yi)電的(de)形(xing)式用(yong)能(neng)比(bi)重要提(ti)高，而(er)非電的(de)形(xing)式如直接(jie)燃煤(mei)等(deng)則不斷減少。《規劃》提(ti)出(chu)的(de)2020年(nian)人(ren)均用(yong)電量5000千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)左右(you)(you)與2020年(nian)GDP水平相適應，今后還有一定的(de)發展空間。

未來煤電(dian)發(fa)(fa)展應(ying)(ying)趨嚴：在(zai)經濟(ji)新(xin)常態下，能源(yuan)也進(jin)入新(xin)常態，表現是能源(yuan)隨著(zhu)經濟(ji)的增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)也在(zai)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)，但增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)速度趨緩。我們要認(ren)識(shi)到(dao)，可再生能源(yuan)、核電(dian)以及天然(ran)氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)等低碳能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)能力的提(ti)高(gao)，應(ying)(ying)該能滿足新(xin)常態下電(dian)力增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)的需求。退(tui)一步而言，假(jia)若(ruo)低碳能源(yuan)能力不足，仍需增(zeng)加煤電(dian)的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)量，提(ti)升煤電(dian)的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)小(xiao)時數也能做到(dao)。

把(ba)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)技術(shu)(shu)基礎研究做(zuo)扎實(shi)：儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)技術(shu)(shu)在能(neng)源科技上(shang)堪稱顛覆性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)且(qie)(qie)是(shi)占領戰略(lve)制高點的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)。儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)技術(shu)(shu)如果在未(wei)來有(you)實(shi)質性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進展(zhan)，就(jiu)可(ke)以有(you)效(xiao)解決棄(qi)風(feng)、棄(qi)光甚(shen)至棄(qi)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。要使間歇式的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)源實(shi)現規模化發展(zhan)，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)是(shi)關(guan)鍵，而(er)且(qie)(qie)高能(neng)量、高密度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)非常利(li)于新能(neng)源汽車的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。另外，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)對(dui)微網建設(she)也至關(guan)重要。至此，我們應該充分認(ren)識到：儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)是(shi)可(ke)以實(shi)現多方(fang)面用途的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)。

清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)、低碳(tan)、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色是(shi)這輪變革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)主要方向(xiang)：“十二五”期(qi)間我(wo)國提出了能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)命，經過兩年的(de)(de)(de)時間，能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)命已(yi)經取得了重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)展。因此，“十三五”將在這一基礎之上(shang)不斷推進(jin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領域的(de)(de)(de)變革(ge)，基本的(de)(de)(de)要求就是(shi)使能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)更加清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色、低碳(tan)。而且，這一變革(ge)不僅是(shi)中(zhong)國發(fa)展到現階段提出的(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)要求，也是(shi)全球能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)變革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)。在我(wo)看來，電(dian)(dian)力的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)、低碳(tan)、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色包含兩層含義：一是(shi)對煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)化(hua)(hua)利用和改造；二是(shi)盡可(ke)能(neng)多地(di)增(zeng)加可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量。總體(ti)而言，對煤(mei)炭進(jin)行清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)化(hua)(hua)利用是(shi)較低層次的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決(jue)(jue)方案，更高層次的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決(jue)(jue)方案是(shi)發(fa)展綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)替代煤(mei)炭。不過，從較低層次轉向(xiang)更高層次需要一個過程，這中(zhong)間需要適度增(zeng)加天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)來作為過渡，再(zai)發(fa)展到大(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，逐(zhu)步形成綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色低碳(tan)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)系。

碳(tan)(tan)排放(fang)將(jiang)成為重要控(kong)制(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)：碳(tan)(tan)排放(fang)將(jiang)成為電(dian)(dian)力(li)行業一(yi)個很(hen)重要的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)。《規劃(hua)》中提出了煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)二氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)排放(fang)強度(du)降至(zhi)865克/千(qian)(qian)瓦時的(de)目(mu)標(biao)。此(ci)外，《“十三五(wu)”控(kong)制(zhi)溫(wen)室氣(qi)體排放(fang)工作方案》里(li)也提到，到2020年，大(da)型發電(dian)(dian)集團單(dan)位供電(dian)(dian)二氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)排放(fang)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)550克二氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)/千(qian)(qian)瓦時以內(nei)。這(zhe)意味著(zhu)我國一(yi)大(da)部分發電(dian)(dian)企業的(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)比例不(bu)能超(chao)過50%，這(zhe)個要求(qiu)是很(hen)高的(de)。總體來(lai)(lai)看，五(wu)大(da)發電(dian)(dian)集團由于近年來(lai)(lai)已經在(zai)大(da)力(li)布局可再生(sheng)能源，要完成這(zhe)個任(ren)務基本沒有太大(da)難度(du)，但一(yi)些地方電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)可能就壓(ya)力(li)比較大(da)。如(ru)果完不(bu)成，到時候(hou)就要通過購(gou)買碳(tan)(tan)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)、參與碳(tan)(tan)交易的(de)方式來(lai)(lai)完成任(ren)務。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)是(shi)時代(dai)(dai)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)：《規劃(hua)》重(zhong)點提(ti)到(dao)，到(dao)2020年(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)占(zhan)終端(duan)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)費比重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)升至(zhi)27%。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，燃燒(shao)煤(mei)炭(tan)、石油(you)是(shi)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)因(yin)素，尤(you)其散煤(mei)燃燒(shao)危害(hai)更大(da)。每噸散煤(mei)燃燒(shao)排放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)是(shi)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)燃煤(mei)排放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)5~10倍，對大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻率高(gao)(gao)達50%左(zuo)右。另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，天(tian)然氣雖然較(jiao)煤(mei)炭(tan)而言更為清潔，但它在(zai)利(li)用(yong)(yong)過(guo)程中也會釋放(fang)一(yi)部分氮(dan)(dan)氧化物(wu)，氮(dan)(dan)氧化物(wu)也是(shi)形成(cheng)(cheng)灰霾(mai)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)原因(yin)之一(yi)。因(yin)此，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)終端(duan)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)利(li)用(yong)(yong)，對防(fang)治大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)確實(shi)大(da)有裨益。另外(wai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力在(zai)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)費終端(duan)比重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，更是(shi)時代(dai)(dai)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)。從發(fa)(fa)達國家的(de)(de)(de)終端(duan)用(yong)(yong)能(neng)來看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)比也非常(chang)高(gao)(gao)。我(wo)(wo)國要(yao)(yao)進(jin)入現(xian)代(dai)(dai)化社(she)會，能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系統、用(yong)(yong)能(neng)方(fang)式也要(yao)(yao)和發(fa)(fa)達國家接近。“十一(yi)五(wu)”、“十二(er)五(wu)”時期，我(wo)(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)精力是(shi)解(jie)決(jue)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力已經(jing)做到(dao)了(le)寬(kuan)裕，這個(ge)時候提(ti)出大(da)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)也具(ju)備現(xian)實(shi)基礎。