慕(mu)容(rong)儁(319年~360年2月23日(ri)),字(zi)宣英(ying),鮮卑名賀賴(lai)跋,昌黎(li)棘城(cheng)(今遼寧省義縣)人,鮮卑族。十(shi)六國時期前(qian)燕開國皇帝,前(qian)燕文明帝慕(mu)容(rong)皝第二子。
咸康七年(nian)(nian)(341年(nian)(nian)),授安(an)北將軍、東夷校(xiao)尉、左賢王、燕王世子。永(yong)(yong)和(he)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(348年(nian)(nian)),承(cheng)襲燕王。永(yong)(yong)和(he)六年(nian)(nian)(350年(nian)(nian)),帶兵(bing)進(jin)取中原,攻取并(bing)遷(qian)(qian)都(dou)薊城。永(yong)(yong)和(he)八年(nian)(nian)(352年(nian)(nian)),滅亡冉魏(wei),占(zhan)領后趙統治(zhi)的(de)中原地(di)區(qu),同(tong)年(nian)(nian)即皇帝位,年(nian)(nian)號元璽,設(she)置(zhi)百官,遷(qian)(qian)都(dou)鄴城,國勢進(jin)入鼎(ding)盛時期,與東晉、前秦三足鼎(ding)立。由于他在擴張領土的(de)戰爭中屢次獲(huo)勝(sheng),進(jin)而圖(tu)謀消滅東晉、前秦。統治(zhi)末(mo)期,窮兵(bing)黷武,百姓凋敝,盜賊興起。
光壽(shou)四年(360年),病逝(shi),終年四十二歲,追贈(zeng)景(jing)昭皇帝(di),廟號(hao)烈祖,葬于龍陵。
慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun),一(yi)作慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊,祖父是鮮(xian)卑慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)部的首領(ling)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)廆。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)廆生(sheng)前常說:“我積累福德仁義,子孫(sun)應(ying)當(dang)擁有(you)中原。”東晉太(tai)興(xing)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(319年(nian)(nian)(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)出生(sheng)昌(chang)黎(li)郡大棘城,鮮(xian)卑名賀賴跋(ba)?,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)廆說:“小兒骨(gu)相(xiang)不同于常人(ren)(ren),家族(zu)事業后繼有(you)人(ren)(ren)了。”等到(dao)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)長大后,身長八(ba)尺(chi)二寸,身材魁(kui)偉,博覽群書,有(you)文(wen)才武(wu)略(lve)(lve)。曾領(ling)兵攻略(lve)(lve)段(duan)部鮮(xian)卑并(bing)大勝(sheng)而還(huan)。咸康七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(341年(nian)(nian)(nian)),東晉冊封慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)的父親(qin)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝為(wei)燕王,以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)為(wei)假節(jie)、安(an)北將軍、東夷校尉、左賢王、燕王世子。
永(yong)和四年(nian)(348年(nian))九(jiu)月,父(fu)王慕(mu)(mu)容皝去(qu)世,世子慕(mu)(mu)容儁繼承燕王位(wei)。永(yong)和五年(nian)(349年(nian))正(zheng)月,依照春秋(qiu)列國(guo)的慣(guan)例,改稱元年(nian),在境內(nei)實施大赦(she)。四月,后趙皇帝石虎去(qu)世,諸子爭位(wei),國(guo)內(nei)大亂。慕(mu)(mu)容儁圖謀奪取中原土地(di),以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容恪為輔(fu)國(guo)將軍,慕(mu)(mu)容評為輔(fu)弼(bi)將軍,陽(yang)騖為輔(fu)義將軍,慕(mu)(mu)容垂為前(qian)鋒都督、建鋒將軍,挑選(xuan)了二(er)十余(yu)萬精兵以(yi)待時機。
同(tong)年,東晉皇帝晉穆帝派(pai)謁者仆射陳(chen)沈冊封慕容(rong)(rong)儁為(wei)使持節、侍中、大都督(du)、都督(du)河北諸軍(jun)事(shi)、幽(you)冀并(bing)平(ping)四(si)州(zhou)牧、大將軍(jun)、大單于(yu)、燕王,并(bing)依慕容(rong)(rong)廆和慕容(rong)(rong)皝的先例承(cheng)制封拜(bai)官員,在東晉授命下正(zheng)式繼承(cheng)了對(dui)遼東的管治。
永和六年(350年),慕容(rong)儁(jun)率領三路大軍南征后趙,從盧龍出發,到(dao)達(da)了(le)無終。后趙幽州刺史(shi)王午(wu)棄城(cheng)而(er)逃,留下其(qi)部(bu)將王他守衛薊城(cheng)。慕容(rong)儁(jun)攻陷(xian)薊城(cheng),殺死王他,并遷都薊城(cheng)。把廣寧、上谷的人(ren)遷徙到(dao)徐無,把代郡人(ren)遷徙到(dao)凡城(cheng)后返回。
后趙大將軍(jun)冉閔殺石(shi)祗,在(zai)鄴城稱(cheng)帝(di),國(guo)(guo)號大魏(wei),史稱(cheng)冉魏(wei)。派(pai)遣使(shi)者常煒到(dao)慕容(rong)儁(jun)那(nei)里訪問。慕容(rong)儁(jun)把(ba)他請到(dao)宮門外(wai)雙闕下,讓記室封裕質問他說:“冉閔是石(shi)氏的養(yang)子,才能(neng)平庸,辜(gu)負(fu)恩德篡位(wei)行逆,有什(shen)么祥瑞應兆(zhao)而越禮妄稱(cheng)帝(di)號?”常煒答道:“上(shang)(shang)天(tian)要振興的帝(di)王,其深奧(ao)之理各不相同,三王時為狼烏,漢、魏(wei)時為麟(lin)龍(long)。我們(men)(men)的君(jun)主順(shun)應天(tian)命(ming)主宰(zai)(zai)一國(guo)(guo),能(neng)沒(mei)有祥瑞嗎!再(zai)說使(shi)用兵力(li)實行殺伐,是賢明(ming)君(jun)主重要的典章(zhang)制度,商湯放(fang)逐夏桀(jie)、周武(wu)王討伐商紂(zhou)王,但孔子贊美(mei)他們(men)(men)。魏(wei)武(wu)帝(di)曹操是宦官的養(yang)孫,沒(mei)有人確(que)知(zhi)他的出身,兵眾(zhong)不滿一旅(lv),但最終(zhong)能(neng)成就大業(ye)。野蠻的胡人殘暴(bao)作(zuo)亂,屠殺宰(zai)(zai)割百姓,我們(men)(men)的君(jun)主拔劍消滅了(le)他們(men)(men),百姓得到(dao)解救,可以稱(cheng)得上(shang)(shang)功高蒼天(tian),勛同高祖。恭敬地順(shun)承天(tian)命(ming),有什(shen)么不可以呢?”
封裕說(shuo)(shuo):“石祗去年派張(zhang)舉請(qing)求救(jiu)(jiu)援,說(shuo)(shuo)傳國(guo)(guo)(guo)璽(xi)留(liu)在襄(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo),他的(de)話(hua)真實(shi)嗎?又聽說(shuo)(shuo)冉閔為(wei)自己鑄造(zao)金(jin)(jin)像(xiang),金(jin)(jin)像(xiang)壞裂而沒有鑄成,怎(zen)么能聲稱有天(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)呢?”常(chang)煒(wei)說(shuo)(shuo):“討(tao)伐胡人的(de)時(shi)候,鄴地的(de)人幾乎無所遺留(liu),璽(xi)印由什么途(tu)徑而到襄(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo),這(zhe)(zhe)只(zhi)不(bu)過(guo)是(shi)求救(jiu)(jiu)的(de)托辭罷了。上天(tian)(tian)賦(fu)予的(de)神(shen)璽(xi),其實(shi)在我們的(de)君主那里。再說(shuo)(shuo)邪惡之徒,想假借奇異來(lai)迷(mi)惑大眾,有人改成各式各樣的(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法,來(lai)神(shen)化此事。我們的(de)君主現在已經握(wo)有受命(ming)(ming)于天(tian)(tian)的(de)符瑞,滪祭(ji)上帝把這(zhe)(zhe)件(jian)事告訴了天(tian)(tian)神(shen),掌握(wo)四海,大業集于一身,你(ni)們還考(kao)慮什么而聽信那些話(hua)呢!鑄金(jin)(jin)像(xiang)的(de)事,我沒有聽說(shuo)(shuo)過(guo)。”
慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)既(ji)已堅信張(zhang)舉的(de)(de)(de)話,又(you)對(dui)冉閔鑄像不(bu)成功一事(shi)(shi)很(hen)得(de)意,想(xiang)一定要弄清原委,于是(shi)在常(chang)煒(wei)(wei)身(shen)旁堆積柴(chai)薪(xin)點起火,命令封裕等人(ren)(ren)暗示他。常(chang)煒(wei)(wei)神(shen)色自若,直言(yan)道:“從成年時起,我(wo)連普通的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)都不(bu)曾欺騙過,何況對(dui)于千乘之(zhi)主呢!利用巧詐荒誕的(de)(de)(de)謊言(yan)來挽救垂死之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),是(shi)使臣我(wo)所不(bu)會做的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)。直言(yan)而遭殺(sha)戮,死得(de)其所。添上柴(chai)薪(xin)加大(da)火勢,是(shi)君王(wang)對(dui)我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)恩惠(hui)。”左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)勸(quan)慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)殺(sha)了(le)(le)他,慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)說(shuo):“古代雙方交戰,使者處于其間,這也是(shi)為人(ren)(ren)臣者通常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)。”于是(shi)釋放了(le)(le)常(chang)煒(wei)(wei)。
永和七年(351年),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁派遣慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪去占領(ling)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)的(de)土地,派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)(ping)到(dao)魯口(kou)攻打(da)王(wang)午。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪到(dao)唐城(cheng)(cheng),冉(ran)閔的(de)部將白同、中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)太守(shou)侯龕堅(jian)守(shou)而不能攻克。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪留下部將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)彪攻打(da)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan),自己進兵(bing)常山(shan)(shan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)(ping)屯兵(bing)南安,王(wang)午派部將鄭生(sheng)抵抗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)(ping)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)(ping)迎(ying)擊并殺了鄭生(sheng),侯龕越過城(cheng)(cheng)墻出來(lai)投降(jiang)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)(ping)進軍(jun)(jun)攻克中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan),殺了白同。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁軍(jun)(jun)令(ling)嚴(yan)明,各(ge)位將領(ling)不違犯軍(jun)(jun)令(ling)。冉(ran)閔的(de)章武(wu)太守(shou)賈堅(jian)率(lv)領(ling)郡兵(bing)在高城(cheng)(cheng)截擊慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)(ping),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)(ping)在陣上擒獲了賈堅(jian),斬殺三(san)千余人。同年丁(ding)零族翟(zhai)鼠和冉(ran)閔部將劉準等(deng)人率(lv)領(ling)他(ta)們的(de)部隊(dui)向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁投降(jiang),封(feng)翟(zhai)鼠為歸(gui)義王(wang),任劉準為左司(si)馬。
永和八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(352年(nian)(nian)),鮮卑人段勤初附(fu)于慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁,后(hou)來(lai)又(you)一次反(fan)叛。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁派(pai)(pai)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪和相國封(feng)弈到(dao)安西討(tao)伐冉(ran)閔(min),派(pai)(pai)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂到(dao)繹幕討(tao)伐段勤,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁抵達(da)中山(shan),為二軍(jun)聲援(yuan)。冉(ran)閔(min)很恐懼(ju),逃往常山(shan),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪在泒水追上了他(ta)(ta)。冉(ran)閔(min)素來(lai)享有威名,眾(zhong)人都害怕他(ta)(ta)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪對(dui)諸將說(shuo):“冉(ran)閔(min)軍(jun)隊長久在外,士卒疲憊不堪,實在難以用來(lai)作戰(zhan);加(jia)之(zhi)他(ta)(ta)有勇無(wu)謀,只有匹夫(fu)之(zhi)勇。他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)雖然(ran)擁有精兵,但不值一擊。我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)現(xian)在把部隊分成三部,形成犄角之(zhi)勢(shi)來(lai)等待(dai)戰(zhan)機。冉(ran)閔(min)有輕捷(jie)精銳之(zhi)兵,又(you)了解我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)軍(jun)隊的勢(shi)力不能(neng)與(yu)他(ta)(ta)抗衡匹敵,一定(ding)會竭(jie)盡全力沖擊我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的中軍(jun)。我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)現(xian)在穿好鐘(zhong)甲加(jia)固(gu)軍(jun)陣等待(dai)他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)到(dao)來(lai),諸君(jun)只需(xu)整肅(su)激勵士兵,從旁等待(dai)他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)與(yu)我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的中軍(jun)交戰(zhan),夾(jia)擊他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men),無(wu)往而不勝(sheng)。”
作戰開始后,打敗(bai)了(le)(le)冉(ran)閔(min)(min)軍隊,斬首七千(qian)余人(ren),擒(qin)獲了(le)(le)冉(ran)閔(min)(min),將(jiang)他(ta)遣(qian)送,在龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)斬殺(sha)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪在呼沲(duo)屯(tun)兵。冉(ran)閔(min)(min)部(bu)將(jiang)蘇(su)亥派手下將(jiang)領(ling)金(jin)光(guang)率領(ling)數(shu)千(qian)騎(qi)(qi)兵襲擊慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪迎戰,斬了(le)(le)金(jin)光(guang),蘇(su)亥大為恐懼(ju)(ju),逃往并州(zhou)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪進(jin)兵占據常山,段勤畏懼(ju)(ju)而請求(qiu)投(tou)降,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪繼(ji)而進(jin)兵攻打鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。冉(ran)閔(min)(min)部(bu)將(jiang)蔣干關閉城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門堅(jian)守。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)又派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)等(deng)率領(ling)一萬(wan)騎(qi)(qi)兵共同攻打鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。此時燕(yan)子在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)正陽(yang)殿(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)西椒房上筑巢,生下三只雛(chu)燕(yan),脖子上有(you)(you)豎毛;凡城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)獻上怪鳥(niao)(niao),身上有(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)色構成的(de)(de)(de)圖案。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)對群(qun)官說(shuo):“這是(shi)(shi)什么征(zheng)(zheng)兆?”官員們(men)都說(shuo):“燕(yan),是(shi)(shi)燕(yan)烏。頭上有(you)(you)毛冠,指(zhi)大燕(yan)如龍(long)騰般(ban)興(xing)(xing)起,毛冠豎指(zhi)通天(tian)是(shi)(shi)仕(shi)宦之(zhi)(zhi)冠的(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)(zheng)象。在正陽(yang)殿(dian)(dian)西椒房筑巢,是(shi)(shi)至尊的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)王(wang)親臨前殿(dian)(dian)使萬(wan)國來(lai)(lai)朝的(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)(zheng)象。三只雛(chu)燕(yan)。是(shi)(shi)應合了(le)(le)天(tian)地星(xing)三統的(de)(de)(de)應驗(yan)。神鳥(niao)(niao)由(you)五(wu)(wu)種顏色構成,指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)圣(sheng)明的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)朝將(jiang)繼(ji)承上天(tian)賜(si)予的(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)行圖讖符命來(lai)(lai)統轄天(tian)下。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)看后非(fei)常高興(xing)(xing)。不(bu)(bu)久蔣干率領(ling)五(wu)(wu)千(qian)精兵出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)挑(tiao)戰,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)等(deng)迎擊并戰敗(bai)了(le)(le)他(ta)們(men),斬殺(sha)四(si)千(qian)余人(ren),蔣干獨自騎(qi)(qi)馬返回鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。于是(shi)(shi)群(qun)臣勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)稱帝(di),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)回答說(shuo):“我(wo)原本屬于大漠射獵之(zhi)(zhi)鄉,遵從披散頭發(fa)、衣襟朝左的(de)(de)(de)風俗,歷數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)圖錄符命難道有(you)(you)我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)份嗎(ma)!你(ni)們(men)如果褒美推舉我(wo),貪求(qiu)非(fei)分的(de)(de)(de)愿望(wang),這實在不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)所應聽到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)事情。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪、封弈(yi)在魯口討伐王(wang)午,王(wang)午投(tou)降。不(bu)(bu)久慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)攻克(ke)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),把(ba)冉(ran)閔(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)妻(qi)子兒女、屬下官吏及其文物送到(dao)中山。
在此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)前,蔣干把傳(chuan)(chuan)國璽送到(dao)建鄴,慕容(rong)儁(jun)想神化他的(de)事業(ye),說(shuo)明(ming)天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)運(yun)行(xing)所顯示(shi)的(de)運(yun)數(shu)已應(ying)(ying)驗(yan)于自(zi)己,就詐稱是冉閔之(zhi)(zhi)妻得(de)到(dao)傳(chuan)(chuan)國璽并(bing)獻上(shang),賜予“奉璽君(jun)”之(zhi)(zhi)號(hao),于同(tong)(tong)年(352年)即皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)位(wei),大赦境內囚(qiu)犯,建年號(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)元璽,設置(zhi)(zhi)百官(guan)。任封(feng)弈為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太尉,慕容(rong)恪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),陽騖(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書令,皇(huang)(huang)(huang)甫真為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書左仆射,張希為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書右仆射,宋活為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)書監,韓恒為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)書令,其余官(guan)員(yuan)封(feng)官(guan)授職各有等(deng)級(ji)。追尊祖父慕容(rong)廆為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)高祖武宣皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di),父親慕容(rong)皝為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太祖文(wen)明(ming)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)。當時東晉朝廷派(pai)(pai)遣使(shi)者來(lai)見慕容(rong)儁(jun),慕容(rong)儁(jun)對使(shi)者說(shuo):“你(ni)回去(qu)告訴你(ni)們的(de)天(tian)(tian)子(zi),我承擔(dan)了(le)(le)百姓的(de)困苦,被中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原的(de)人(ren)(ren)們推舉(ju),已經稱帝(di)了(le)(le)。”當初,石虎派(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)去(qu)華山(shan)求簽,得(de)到(dao)一塊玉版,上(shang)面(mian)的(de)字是:“申酉之(zhi)(zhi)年,不(bu)絕如線。壬子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)年,真人(ren)(ren)顯現。”到(dao)了(le)(le)此(ci)時,燕人(ren)(ren)都認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是慕容(rong)儁(jun)的(de)應(ying)(ying)兆。改置(zhi)(zhi)司(si)州為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)州,設置(zhi)(zhi)司(si)隸(li)校尉。群臣說(shuo):“大燕接受天(tian)(tian)命,上(shang)承北(bei)方之(zhi)(zhi)帝(di)黑精之(zhi)(zhi)君(jun),命運(yun)傳(chuan)(chuan)承相連(lian),取代晉執掌天(tian)(tian)下(xia),應(ying)(ying)該(gai)實行(xing)夏的(de)歷(li)法,用(yong)周的(de)官(guan)冕,旗幟崇(chong)尚(shang)黑色(se),祭(ji)祀用(yong)牲應(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)玄黑色(se)。”慕容(rong)儁(jun)同(tong)(tong)意了(le)(le)這些建議。隨從他的(de)文(wen)官(guan)武將(jiang)、各藩屬(shu)國的(de)使(shi)臣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)參加登基日儀式(shi)的(de)人(ren)(ren),都升官(guan)位(wei)三級(ji)。泒(gu)河參戰的(de)軍(jun)隊,守衛鄴城的(de)軍(jun)隊,下(xia)至戰士(shi),各有不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)賞(shang)賜。陣亡將(jiang)士(shi),將(jiang)士(shi)加贈(zeng)二等(deng),士(shi)卒(zu)則免(mian)除子(zi)孫的(de)賦稅。殿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)舊(jiu)時的(de)臣吏都根(gen)據(ju)才能提拔敘用(yong)。立妻子(zi)可足渾氏為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后,世子(zi)慕容(rong)曄為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太子(zi)。
永和九(jiu)年(353年),東(dong)晉(jin)寧朔將(jiang)軍榮胡以彭城、魯(lu)郡(jun)向慕容儁投降(jiang)。常山(shan)人李犢(du)聚集起數千人,在普壁(bi)壘(lei)謀反,慕容儁派慕容恪率領士眾討(tao)伐(fa)他們并使(shi)他們投降(jiang)。
當初,冉閔(min)失敗后(hou),王午自(zi)封(feng)為安國王。王午死后(hou),呂護又沿襲(xi)了他的封(feng)號,在(zai)魯(lu)口駐守自(zi)保。慕容恪(ke)進軍(jun)討(tao)伐并趕跑了他,派前軍(jun)悅綰在(zai)野王(在(zai)今河南省沁陽市(shi))追上呂護,他的部眾全部投降。
元(yuan)璽三年(nian)(354年(nian)),后(hou)秦姚襄帶著(zhu)梁國向慕(mu)容(rong)儁投降。任慕(mu)容(rong)評為都督秦、雍、益、梁、江、揚(yang)、荊、徐、兗、豫十(shi)州河(he)南諸(zhu)(zhu)軍事,暫時鎮守(shou)洛水;慕(mu)容(rong)彊任前(qian)鋒都督、都督荊、徐二州緣淮(huai)諸(zhu)(zhu)軍事,進據黃(huang)河(he)以南。
慕容儁(jun)自和龍抵達薊城,幽(you)冀二州的(de)百姓以為他將東(dong)遷,互相驚慌擾亂(luan),在他們(men)的(de)所在地集(ji)結。部下請(qing)求(qiu)討(tao)伐他們(men),慕容儁(jun)說:“他們(men)認為朕去東(dong)部巡枧,所以產生(sheng)(sheng)疑惑。現在朕既已至(zhi)此(ci),不久他們(men)會自行(xing)安定。然而,應(ying)作好(hao)發生(sheng)(sheng)意外的(de)準備(bei)。”于是,命令(ling)內外戒嚴。
元(yuan)璽四年(355年),前秦(qin)苻生部下河內太(tai)(tai)守(shou)(shou)王會、黎陽(yang)太(tai)(tai)守(shou)(shou)韓高(gao)(gao)(gao)以所(suo)轄郡歸(gui)(gui)附慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容儁(jun)。東晉蘭陵太(tai)(tai)守(shou)(shou)孫黑、濟北太(tai)(tai)守(shou)(shou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)柱(zhu)、建興(xing)太(tai)(tai)守(shou)(shou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)甕各(ge)以所(suo)轄郡歸(gui)(gui)附慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容儁(jun)。當初,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容儁(jun)的車騎大將(jiang)軍(jun)、范陽(yang)公劉寧屯兵蕕城,向(xiang)前秦(qin)投降。到了此(ci)時(shi),率領(ling)兩(liang)千戶人(ren)到薊(ji)城歸(gui)(gui)附謝罪,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容儁(jun)以為后(hou)將(jiang)軍(jun)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗(li)國王高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗派遣使(shi)者來謝恩,貢獻地方(fang)特產(chan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容儁(jun)任高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗為都督營州諸軍(jun)事(shi)、征東大將(jiang)軍(jun)、營州刺史,封樂浪公、高(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗(li)王,同以前一樣。
當初,鮮(xian)卑(bei)段(duan)(duan)(duan)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)段(duan)(duan)(duan)蘭的(de)(de)(de)兒子(zi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)趁冉閔之(zhi)亂,集(ji)聚眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)到東(dong)部(bu)屯兵廣(guang)(guang)固(gu)(gu)(gu),自稱齊王(wang),對(dui)東(dong)晉(jin)稱藩,送文(wen)書(shu)呈上(shang)宮(gong)廷內外的(de)(de)(de)禮(li)儀,指責慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁非(fei)(fei)正統。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁派基容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)塵討伐他(ta)(ta)(ta)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)渡過(guo)了(le)(le)(le)黃河。段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)的(de)(de)(de)弟(di)弟(di)段(duan)(duan)(duan)羆驍勇(yong)而有(you)智謀,他(ta)(ta)(ta)對(dui)段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)說:“慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)善于用兵,加上(shang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)多氣盛,恐怕不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)抵抗(kang)。如(ru)(ru)若(ruo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)在(zai)城下(xia)(xia)聚兵圍困,盡管(guan)我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)再請(qing)求(qiu)投(tou)降,恐怕他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)終究不(bu)(bu)會同意。王(wang)只需(xu)固(gu)(gu)(gu)守,我(wo)請(qing)求(qiu)率(lv)領精(jing)銳(rui)的(de)(de)(de)隊伍去抵御他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)此(ci)戰(zhan)(zhan)告捷(jie),王(wang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)馳馬(ma)追擊而來(lai),使(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)連一匹馬(ma)都(dou)回不(bu)(bu)去。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)這(zhe)一戰(zhan)(zhan)打(da)敗了(le)(le)(le),馬(ma)上(shang)出城請(qing)求(qiu)投(tou)降,也不(bu)(bu)失千(qian)戶侯的(de)(de)(de)身份。”段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)不(bu)(bu)聽(ting)從(cong)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)羆執(zhi)意要(yao)求(qiu)出兵,段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)一怒(nu)之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)斬(zhan)殺了(le)(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)(ta),率(lv)領三(san)萬士(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)(zhong)來(lai)抵御慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)與段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)在(zai)濟水南遭(zao)遇,與之(zhi)相戰(zhan)(zhan),把(ba)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)打(da)得慘敗,斬(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)之(zhi)弟(di)段(duan)(duan)(duan)欽,俘(fu)虜了(le)(le)(le)全部(bu)士(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)(zhong)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)進兵包圍廣(guang)(guang)固(gu)(gu)(gu),諸位將(jiang)(jiang)領勸他(ta)(ta)(ta)應該迅(xun)速(su)攻(gong)(gong)城,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)說:“作戰(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)勢有(you)時應以(yi)等待來(lai)制(zhi)服敵人(ren),有(you)時應迅(xun)速(su)戰(zhan)(zhan)勝(sheng)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)對(dui)方和我(wo)方勢均(jun)力(li)敵,而且他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)有(you)強(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)后援(yuan),考慮到腹背受(shou)敵的(de)(de)(de)困難形勢,我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)必須急(ji)速(su)進攻(gong)(gong),迅(xun)速(su)得到大的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)果(guo)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)我(wo)強(qiang)敵弱,又沒有(you)外來(lai)敵人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)增援(yuan),我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)量足以(yi)制(zhi)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)話,應當防守控制(zhi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),等待他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)自己困乏。兵法上(shang)有(you)十(shi)圍五攻(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)說法,說的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)個意思。段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)靠小(xiao)恩惠(hui)集(ji)結起黨(dang)羽,眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)并沒有(you)離散(san)之(zhi)心(xin),濟南一戰(zhan)(zhan),并非(fei)(fei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)兵力(li)不(bu)(bu)精(jing)銳(rui),只是(shi)用兵之(zhi)術有(you)誤,而導致失敗。現(xian)在(zai)固(gu)(gu)(gu)守天(tian)險,上(shang)下(xia)(xia)同心(xin),攻(gong)(gong)守都(dou)會力(li)量倍增,這(zhe)是(shi)軍事常(chang)用之(zhi)法。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)急(ji)速(su)進攻(gong)(gong),不(bu)(bu)過(guo)幾十(shi)天(tian),必定可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)攻(gong)(gong)克(ke),但恐怕會對(dui)我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)兵造(zao)成死傷。自從(cong)發生戰(zhan)(zhan)事以(yi)來(lai),士(shi)(shi)卒不(bu)(bu)得安寧,想到這(zhe)些,我(wo)常(chang)常(chang)無(wu)法安睡,為什(shen)么如(ru)(ru)此(ci)輕(qing)視人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)生命(ming)呢!我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)應當用持久之(zhi)法來(lai)取得勝(sheng)利(li)。”諸將(jiang)(jiang)都(dou)說:“這(zhe)是(shi)我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)所不(bu)(bu)曾考慮到的(de)(de)(de)。”于是(shi)筑(zhu)造(zao)房屋屯田耕種(zhong),嚴密地加固(gu)(gu)(gu)包圍的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)壘。段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)所任命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)徐(xu)州刺史(shi)王(wang)騰、索頭單于薛云向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)投(tou)降。段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)被圍困,派使(shi)者到建鄴去請(qing)求(qiu)救援(yuan)。晉(jin)穆帝(di)派遣(qian)北中郎將(jiang)(jiang)荀羨趕(gan)赴(fu)那里(li),荀羨害怕敵虜勢力(li)強(qiang)大徘徊(huai)不(bu)(bu)敢前進。攻(gong)(gong)克(ke)陽都(dou),斬(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)王(wang)騰后返(fan)回。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于是(shi)攻(gong)(gong)克(ke)了(le)(le)(le)廣(guang)(guang)固(gu)(gu)(gu),授段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)為伏順將(jiang)(jiang)軍,把(ba)鮮(xian)卑(bei)胡羯(jie)三(san)千(qian)余戶遷到薊,留下(xia)(xia)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)塵鎮守廣(guang)(guang)固(gu)(gu)(gu),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)整隊班師。
元璽五年(nian)(356年(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁的(de)太(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)曄去世,謚號獻懷(huai)太(tai)子(zi)。元璽六年(nian)(357年(nian))二月,又立次子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐為(wei)皇太(tai)子(zi),在境內實行大(da)赦,改元光壽。
四月,慕容儁派(pai)遣撫軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕容垂、中軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕容虔(qian)與護軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)平熙等人,率(lv)領八萬步卒騎兵到塞北地區(qu)討伐丁零敕勒部,大敗敵方(fang),斬(zhan)殺俘獲共十余萬人,繳獲十三萬匹馬,牛羊不計其(qi)數。
及后,匈奴單于賀賴頭率領三萬五千名同部落士(shi)卒向慕容(rong)儁投降,慕容(rong)儁以(yi)為寧西將軍(jun)、云(yun)中郡(jun)公,安置在代郡(jun)平(ping)舒城。
光壽(shou)二年(358年)十(shi)月,東(dong)晉太山太守諸葛攸討伐東(dong)郡。慕容儁(jun)派慕容恪(ke)抵御迎戰(zhan),大敗晉軍。東(dong)晉北中郎將(jiang)謝萬原先據守梁州和宋(song)州,因害怕而跑(pao)回。慕容恪(ke)進犯(fan)黃河以南地區,汝、潁、譙、沛全都攻克,設置了地方長(chang)官而返回。
常煒進言
廷尉監(jian)常(chang)煒進言說(shuo):“大燕雖(sui)然(ran)改換(huan)朝(chao)(chao)代創建制度(du),至(zhi)于朝(chao)(chao)廷考核選拔人(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa),也(ye)大多因循魏晉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa),惟有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)為祖(zu)(zu)父(fu)和父(fu)親(qin)殮尸下(xia)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),才(cai)(cai)(cai)不(bu)允許在清(qing)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝(chao)(chao)廷躋身為官,這(zhe)(zhe)是王道教化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要原則,是不(bu)可(ke)(ke)刪改的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)。然(ran)而(er)禮(li)(li)儀(yi)貴(gui)在適應時勢,每一(yi)朝(chao)(chao)代都有(you)(you)(you)增有(you)(you)(you)減,因此(ci)漢(han)(han)高祖(zu)(zu)率兵入咸陽時約(yue)法(fa)(fa)三章,而(er)秦(qin)人(ren)安定(ding)(ding)。自(zi)近來中原遭(zao)到(dao)戰(zhan)亂,連(lian)年(nian)打仗,有(you)(you)(you)時遭(zao)遇(yu)城池淪陷,全(quan)軍覆(fu)滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災禍,軍隊士(shi)卒被(bei)坑(keng)埋水淹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi),常(chang)常(chang)發生(sheng)。家中僅(jin)剩下(xia)孤(gu)苦伶仃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒孫,十家中有(you)(you)(you)九家如(ru)(ru)此(ci)。加之(zhi)三方對峙如(ru)(ru)山(shan)頭聳立,父(fu)子處(chu)在不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邦域,存亡(wang)吉兇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音訊,杳然(ran)如(ru)(ru)隔天(tian)外。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從簡操辦,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依照季札于異鄉蠃博之(zhi)間(jian)葬(zang)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa),孝(xiao)子粉(fen)身碎骨(gu)也(ye)無(wu)(wu)補益,賢孫肝(gan)腸寸斷也(ye)挽救不(bu)及,雖(sui)然(ran)可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)招魂(hun)以形式(shi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安葬(zang)來表達無(wu)(wu)盡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哀思,但(dan)禮(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)上沒有(you)(you)(you)招魂(hun)安葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條文,法(fa)(fa)令上不(bu)登載這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)類規定(ding)(ding)。如(ru)(ru)遇(yu)到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況,負有(you)(you)(you)琳瑯般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才(cai)(cai)(cai)華(hua)而(er)無(wu)(wu)處(chu)施(shi)展(zhan),懷(huai)著杰出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才(cai)(cai)(cai)智卻不(bu)能(neng)(neng)列于官位(wei),這(zhe)(zhe)實在值(zhi)得(de)痛惜(xi)。恐怕不(bu)合乎明察薦舉出身微陋之(zhi)人(ren),務求充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)當代賢才(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)人(ren)之(zhi)道。吳起、二陳之(zhi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai),終將沒有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)會施(shi)展(zhan)才(cai)(cai)(cai)干。漢(han)(han)高祖(zu)(zu)為什么(me)能(neng)(neng)解脫(tuo)平城之(zhi)圍?郅支的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首級怎樣懸(xuan)掛到(dao)了漢(han)(han)關?我恭謹地認為《戊辰(chen)詔(zhao)書》,蕩滌了瑕疵污穢(hui),天(tian)下(xia)更新,以昭(zhao)明共(gong)創新業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吉慶之(zhi)情(qing)。五(wu)六年(nian)間(jian),轉而(er)互相抵觸(chu),對于以天(tian)為法(fa)(fa),我暗中認為不(bu)甚安妥。”慕容(rong)儁(jun)說(shuo):“常(chang)煒是德高望重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大儒,精通刑法(fa)(fa),觀(guan)察他所陳述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法(fa)(fa),非常(chang)值(zhi)得(de)采納。現在天(tian)下(xia)尚未安寧,喪亂還未平息,又正值(zhi)搜尋提拔非凡(fan)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou),不(bu)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)才(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)和品行兼備,暫且除去這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)條規定(ding)(ding),到(dao)天(tian)下(xia)統一(yi)后再(zai)重新商議。”
當初,冉(ran)閔僭稱王(wang)號時(shi),石虎部(bu)(bu)(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)李(li)歷、張平(ping)(ping)、高(gao)(gao)昌等(deng)都(dou)(dou)帶領(ling)所轄的(de)(de)隊(dui)伍向(xiang)(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁自(zi)稱藩屬,派遣各自(zi)的(de)(de)兒子入慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁處(chu)侍奉,甚至向(xiang)(xiang)建鄴投誠(cheng),與苻(fu)堅結交(jiao)為奧援,都(dou)(dou)接受了(le)爵位(wei),控制局(ju)勢固(gu)守。雖(sui)然向(xiang)(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁進貢的(de)(de)使者來往(wang)不(bu)絕,但并(bing)未極盡忠誠(cheng)之禮。呂護(hu)逃(tao)到野(ye)王(wang),派弟(di)弟(di)手捧奏表(biao)向(xiang)(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁謝罪,拜為寧(ning)南將(jiang)(jiang)軍、河內太(tai)守。另外,上黨(dang)馮鴦自(zi)領(ling)太(tai)守,依附于(yu)張平(ping)(ping),張平(ping)(ping)多次為他(ta)說話(hua),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁因(yin)為張平(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)緣(yuan)故,赦免了(le)馮鴦的(de)(de)罪過,以(yi)為京兆太(tai)守。呂護(hu)和馮鴦暗中與東晉的(de)(de)軍隊(dui)有聯系。張平(ping)(ping)跨踞新興、雁門、西(xi)河、太(tai)原(yuan)、上黨(dang)、上郡之地,有三百余(yu)處(chu)防守工事,十余(yu)萬(wan)戶胡(hu)人和晉人,又(you)授官(guan)設置征東、鎮(zhen)西(xi)等(deng)將(jiang)(jiang)軍的(de)(de)稱號,形成(cheng)鼎立(li)對峙的(de)(de)局(ju)面。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁派司(si)(si)徒慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評討(tao)(tao)伐(fa)張平(ping)(ping),領(ling)軍將(jiang)(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)討(tao)(tao)伐(fa)馮鴦,司(si)(si)空陽騖(wu)討(tao)(tao)伐(fa)高(gao)(gao)昌,撫軍將(jiang)(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)臧攻打李(li)歷。并(bing)州投降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)防御堡壘有一百余(yu)處(chu),任(ren)命尚書右(you)仆射悅(yue)綰為安西(xi)將(jiang)(jiang)軍、兼護(hu)匈(xiong)奴中郎將(jiang)(jiang)、并(bing)州刺史來安撫他(ta)們。張平(ping)(ping)所任(ren)命的(de)(de)征西(xi)將(jiang)(jiang)軍諸(zhu)葛(ge)驤、鎮(zhen)北將(jiang)(jiang)軍蘇(su)象(xiang)、寧(ning)東將(jiang)(jiang)軍喬庶、鎮(zhen)南將(jiang)(jiang)軍石賢等(deng)人以(yi)防御堡壘中的(de)(de)一百三十八處(chu)投降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁非(fei)常高(gao)(gao)興,讓他(ta)們都(dou)(dou)恢復了(le)官(guan)職和爵位(wei)。不(bu)久,張平(ping)(ping)帶領(ling)三千士(shi)眾逃(tao)到平(ping)(ping)陽,馮鴦逃(tao)到野(ye)王(wang),李(li)歷逃(tao)到滎陽,高(gao)(gao)昌逃(tao)到邵陵,部(bu)(bu)(bu)眾全部(bu)(bu)(bu)投降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁。
光壽三年(nian)(nian)(359年(nian)(nian)),慕容儁圖謀再度侵犯(fan)東(dong)晉,并(bing)企圖消滅(mie)前秦(qin),就(jiu)下令各(ge)(ge)州(zhou)郡清點檢查現有的(de)(de)兵丁,檢查核實戶(hu)口(kou),一律各(ge)(ge)家各(ge)(ge)戶(hu)僅(jin)留一成年(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren),其(qi)他(ta)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)征發(fa)入伍,想使步卒達到一百(bai)五(wu)十萬,希望第(di)二年(nian)(nian)會合(he)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)兵力,準備進(jin)軍洛陽,能指(zhi)揮調度三方力量。武邑(yi)人(ren)(ren)劉(liu)貴(gui)上書極(ji)力勸諫(jian),陳說百(bai)姓(xing)生活困(kun)乏(fa),征兵不(bu)合(he)乎(hu)法律,恐怕百(bai)姓(xing)不(bu)堪承(cheng)受,發(fa)生土崩瓦(wa)解的(de)(de)大禍(huo),并(bing)且陳述當(dang)時不(bu)適合(he)時勢的(de)(de)政治(zhi)事(shi)務十三件。慕容俊讀完諫(jian)書同意劉(liu)豈的(de)(de)意見(jian),交付公卿(qing)廣泛商議。劉(liu)貴(gui)所言之事(shi)多數采用,于是改為五(wu)丁抽(chou)三制,放寬一周的(de)(de)戰備時間,命令他(ta)們在第(di)二年(nian)(nian)冬末全(quan)(quan)部(bu)趕(gan)赴鄴都集結。
不(bu)久,慕容儁病重,對弟弟慕容恪說(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)(wo)體虛弱,恐(kong)怕不(bu)行了。人(ren)生的(de)長短(duan),是(shi)命中注(zhu)定的(de),還(huan)有什么遣憾呢!只是(shi)兩方敵寇還(huan)未(wei)消滅,慕容暐(wei)年齡幼小,恐(kong)怕無力承受過(guo)多的(de)苦難。我(wo)(wo)(wo)想遠追宋宣公(gong)的(de)后塵,把國家交給你。”慕容恪說(shuo):“太子(zi)雖然年幼,但天(tian)性聰慧(hui),必定能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)遏制兇殘的(de)敵人(ren),使天(tian)下安定刑法措(cuo)置不(bu)用,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)亂(luan)了正統(tong)。”慕容儁生氣地說(shuo):“兄弟之間哪里用得著說(shuo)客(ke)氣話(hua)!”慕容恪說(shuo):“陛(bi)下如(ru)果(guo)(guo)認為我(wo)(wo)(wo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)承擔天(tian)下重任,我(wo)(wo)(wo)怎能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)輔(fu)佐少主呢!”慕容儁說(shuo):“如(ru)果(guo)(guo)你如(ru)周公(gong)那樣(yang)輔(fu)政,我(wo)(wo)(wo)還(huan)憂慮什么呢!李績清廉方正忠(zhong)誠坦(tan)蕩,能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)勝任大(da)事,你要善待他。”
光壽四年(nian)(360年(nian))正月(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)日(ri),慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)在(zai)鄴(ye)城對軍(jun)隊進(jin)行(xing)大檢(jian)閱,想讓大司(si)馬慕(mu)容(rong)恪、司(si)空陽(yang)鶩(mu)統(tong)領(ling)軍(jun)隊進(jin)犯東晉。恰好這時(shi)病(bing)情加重(zhong),立(li)即召來慕(mu)容(rong)恪、司(si)空陽(yang)鶩(mu)、司(si)徒慕(mu)容(rong)評、領(ling)軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)輿根等人(ren),接受遺詔輔佐(zuo)朝政。正月(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)一日(ri),慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)去世(shi),時(shi)年(nian)四十(shi)(shi)二(er)歲(sui),共在(zai)位十(shi)(shi)一年(nian),謚(shi)號景(jing)昭皇帝,廟(miao)號烈祖,葬于龍陵。
父親
父(fu)親:慕容(rong)皝,前燕初(chu)代國君(jun),史(shi)稱燕文明帝。
妻妾
可足渾皇后(hou),幽帝踐祚(zuo)尊(zun)為皇太(tai)后(hou),后(hou)被(bei)廢庶人。
段昭儀,成武帝踐祚謚為景德皇后(hou)。
兒子
慕(mu)容曄,獻(xian)懷太子(zi)。
慕容臧,樂安(an)王。
慕容暐,前(qian)燕(yan)末(mo)代(dai)皇帝(di),稱燕(yan)幽帝(di)。
慕(mu)容(rong)亮,鎮東將軍(jun)、渤(bo)海(hai)王。
慕容溫,冀(ji)州刺(ci)史、樂浪悼王。
慕容(rong)涉,漁陽王。
慕容泓,西燕第一(yi)位國(guo)君,稱燕烈文(wen)帝。
慕容沖(chong),西(xi)燕(yan)第二位君主,稱燕(yan)威帝。
女兒
慕容氏(shi),封清河公主(zhu)。為秦宣昭帝苻堅(jian)嬪(pin)妃(fei)。
慕容(rong)廆(hui):“此兒骨(gu)相不(bu)恒,吾家(jia)得之矣。”
房(fang)玄齡(ling)等(deng)《晉書》:①“宣英文武(wu)兼優,加(jia)之(zhi)以(yi)機斷,因石氏之(zhi)釁,首圖(tu)(tu)中原,燕士協其(qi)籌,冀馬為其(qi)用,一戰而(er)(er)平巨寇,再舉而(er)(er)拔堅城,氣詟傍鄰,威加(jia)邊(bian)服。便(bian)謂(wei)深功(gong)被物,天數在躬,遽(ju)竊鴻名,偷安寶(bao)錄。猶將席卷京洛,肆其(qi)蟻聚之(zhi)徒;宰(zai)割黎元,縱(zong)其(qi)鯨吞(tun)之(zhi)勢。使江左疲于奔命,職此之(zhi)由。非夫天厭素靈(ling)而(er)(er)啟異(yi)類,不然者,其(qi)鋒何(he)以(yi)若(ruo)斯!”;②“俊雅(ya)好文籍,自初(chu)即位至末(mo)年(nian),講(jiang)論不倦,覽政之(zhi)暇,唯與侍臣錯綜(zong)義理,凡所(suo)著述四十余篇。性嚴重,慎(shen)威儀,未(wei)曾(ceng)以(yi)慢服臨朝,雖閑居宴處亦無懈怠之(zhi)色云。”;③“身長八尺二寸,姿貌魁偉,博觀圖(tu)(tu)書,有文武(wu)干略。”
慕(mu)容(rong)俊依靠慕(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)、悅綰(wan)、慕(mu)容(rong)評等(deng)一干(gan)宗室、名(ming)將,趁著(zhu)石趙崩壞后中原的(de)紛亂,派兵南下,滅冉魏、段齊,在軍事征服中屢屢獲勝,極大地(di)擴(kuo)展了前燕(yan)慕(mu)容(rong)氏的(de)版圖。但窮兵黷(du)武的(de)舉動(dong),使燕(yan)國(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)負擔增重。
當初,慕(mu)容(rong)廆(hui)有(you)一匹(pi)(pi)駿(jun)馬(ma)(ma)名叫赭(zhe)白,外觀奇特足力超群。石虎討伐棘城(cheng)時(shi),慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)準(zhun)備出(chu)城(cheng)避難,想騎這(zhe)匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma)(ma),馬(ma)(ma)放聲悲嗚又(you)踢又(you)咬,沒(mei)有(you)人能夠接(jie)近(jin)它。慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)說:“這(zhe)匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma)(ma)在(zai)(zai)前(qian)朝就(jiu)被枧為奇馬(ma)(ma),我常依靠它度過難關,現在(zai)(zai)不愿意讓我乘騎,大概是先(xian)父(fu)的意思吧!”于是打消(xiao)了出(chu)城(cheng)的念頭。石虎不久撤兵,慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)更加(jia)認為此馬(ma)(ma)不凡(fan)。到了此時(shi),馬(ma)(ma)已四(si)十(shi)九歲,但奔(ben)馳疾速不減當年,慕(mu)容(rong)儁將其比(bi)作從(cong)前(qian)鮑氏曾(ceng)三代同(tong)乘的一匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma)(ma),下令(ling)鑄這(zhe)匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma)(ma)的銅像(xiang)(xiang),親自為之寫了銘文贊辭,刻在(zai)(zai)銅像(xiang)(xiang)旁邊,把銅像(xiang)(xiang)立(li)在(zai)(zai)薊(ji)城(cheng)東掖門(men)。當年,銅像(xiang)(xiang)鑄成而這(zhe)匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma)(ma)死去。
光壽三年(nian)(359年(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁在(zai)蒲(pu)池宴請群臣(chen),談(tan)到周(zhou)朝太子晉時(shi),他(ta)潸(shan)然淚下,說(shuo):“有(you)才(cai)華的(de)兒子難得。自從(cong)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)曄死(si)后,我鬢發已經(jing)半白。你們說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)曄怎(zen)樣?”司徒左長(chang)史李(li)績回(hui)答說(shuo):“獻懷太子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)曄在(zai)東宮的(de)時(shi)候,我為中(zhong)庶(shu)子,太子的(de)志向業(ye)績,我怎(zen)敢說(shuo)不(bu)(bu)清楚呢!太子的(de)大德(de)表現在(zai)八(ba)個方面:其(qi)(qi)(qi)一,至孝;其(qi)(qi)(qi)二,聰明敏銳;其(qi)(qi)(qi)三,沉著堅(jian)毅;其(qi)(qi)(qi)四,痛(tong)恨阿諛,喜歡(huan)剛直;其(qi)(qi)(qi)五,好學(xue);其(qi)(qi)(qi)六,多才(cai)多藝;其(qi)(qi)(qi)七,謙恭(gong);其(qi)(qi)(qi)八(ba),喜歡(huan)施惠于人。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁說(shuo):“你的(de)贊(zan)譽雖說(shuo)有(you)點過分,但(dan)(dan)如果此兒健在(zai),我便死(si)而(er)無(wu)憂(you)了。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)怎(zen)么樣?”當時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)正陪從(cong)在(zai)旁邊,李(li)績說(shuo):“皇太子天資聰慧,雖然已有(you)具備八(ba)德(de)的(de)聲譽,但(dan)(dan)尚有(you)兩方面的(de)缺憾未能彌補,喜歡(huan)游(you)玩、打獵(lie)和絲竹器(qi)樂(le),這就是導致他(ta)有(you)所不(bu)(bu)如的(de)原因(yin)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁看(kan)著慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)說(shuo):“李(li)績的(de)話,是苦口(kou)良藥,你應該引以為誡。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)卻忿(fen)忿(fen)不(bu)(bu)平。
光壽三年(359年),慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)夢(meng)見后趙武帝石虎咬他的(de)(de)(de)臂(bei)膀,便掘開石虎的(de)(de)(de)墳墓(mu),尋找(zhao)他的(de)(de)(de)尸(shi)體(ti),但沒有找(zhao)到(dao),于是懸賞百(bai)金(jin)搜求。鄴城的(de)(de)(de)女子(zi)李菟知道下落,告(gao)訴了慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun),在(zai)東明(ming)觀下找(zhao)到(dao)尸(shi)體(ti)。尸(shi)體(ti)僵而不腐。慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)踩著(zhu)尸(shi)體(ti)罵道:“死胡人,竟敢(gan)嚇唬活天子(zi)!”接(jie)著(zhu)歷數石虎的(de)(de)(de)殘暴罪行,又用鞭子(zi)抽打尸(shi)體(ti),最后投進(jin)漳水之中,但尸(shi)體(ti)卻倚(yi)靠在(zai)橋柱(zhu)邊而不漂走(zou)。等到(dao)前秦滅掉了前燕,王猛為此殺掉李菟,將石虎的(de)(de)(de)遺骸收拾起來安(an)葬了。