慕容儁(319年~360年2月23日),字宣英,鮮(xian)卑(bei)名賀賴跋(ba),昌黎棘城(今遼寧省義縣)人,鮮(xian)卑(bei)族。十六國(guo)時期前燕開(kai)國(guo)皇帝,前燕文明帝慕容皝第二(er)子(zi)。
咸康七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(341年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),授(shou)安北(bei)將軍、東(dong)(dong)夷校尉、左(zuo)賢王(wang)、燕王(wang)世子。永和(he)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(348年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),承襲燕王(wang)。永和(he)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(350年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),帶兵進(jin)取中原,攻取并遷都(dou)(dou)薊城。永和(he)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(352年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),滅亡(wang)冉(ran)魏(wei),占(zhan)領(ling)后趙統(tong)治的中原地區,同年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)即皇帝位,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)號元璽,設置(zhi)百(bai)官,遷都(dou)(dou)鄴城,國勢進(jin)入(ru)鼎(ding)盛時期,與(yu)東(dong)(dong)晉、前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)三(san)足鼎(ding)立。由于他在擴張領(ling)土的戰爭(zheng)中屢次獲勝,進(jin)而圖謀消滅東(dong)(dong)晉、前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)。統(tong)治末期,窮兵黷武,百(bai)姓凋敝(bi),盜賊興(xing)起。
光壽(shou)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(360年(nian)(nian)),病逝,終年(nian)(nian)四(si)(si)十二(er)歲,追(zhui)贈景(jing)昭皇帝,廟號烈祖,葬于龍陵。
慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁,一作慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun),祖父(fu)是(shi)鮮卑慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)部的(de)首(shou)領慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)廆。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)廆生前常(chang)說(shuo):“我積累福德(de)仁義,子孫應當擁有(you)中原。”東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)太興二年(319年),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁出生昌黎郡大棘城,鮮卑名賀賴跋(ba)?,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)廆說(shuo):“小兒骨相不同于常(chang)人(ren)(ren),家族事業后繼(ji)有(you)人(ren)(ren)了(le)。”等到慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁長大后,身(shen)(shen)長八尺二寸,身(shen)(shen)材魁(kui)偉,博覽(lan)群書(shu),有(you)文才武略(lve)。曾領兵攻略(lve)段部鮮卑并大勝而還。咸康七(qi)年(341年),東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)冊封慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁的(de)父(fu)親慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝為燕(yan)王,以(yi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁為假(jia)節、安(an)北將軍(jun)、東(dong)夷(yi)校尉、左賢王、燕(yan)王世子。
永(yong)和(he)四年(348年)九月(yue),父王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)去世(shi),世(shi)子慕(mu)容(rong)儁繼承燕王(wang)位(wei)。永(yong)和(he)五年(349年)正月(yue),依(yi)照春(chun)秋(qiu)列國(guo)的慣例,改稱元年,在(zai)境內實施大赦。四月(yue),后趙(zhao)皇帝石(shi)虎去世(shi),諸(zhu)子爭位(wei),國(guo)內大亂。慕(mu)容(rong)儁圖謀(mou)奪(duo)取中原土地(di),以慕(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)為(wei)輔(fu)(fu)國(guo)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun),慕(mu)容(rong)評(ping)為(wei)輔(fu)(fu)弼將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun),陽騖為(wei)輔(fu)(fu)義將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun),慕(mu)容(rong)垂為(wei)前鋒都(dou)督、建鋒將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun),挑選了二十余萬精(jing)兵以待時機。
同年,東(dong)晉(jin)皇帝晉(jin)穆帝派謁者(zhe)仆射陳沈冊封(feng)慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)為使持節(jie)、侍中、大都(dou)督(du)、都(dou)督(du)河北諸軍事、幽冀(ji)并(bing)平四州(zhou)牧、大將軍、大單于、燕(yan)王,并(bing)依慕容(rong)(rong)廆和慕容(rong)(rong)皝的先例承制封(feng)拜官員,在東(dong)晉(jin)授命下正(zheng)式繼(ji)承了對遼東(dong)的管(guan)治。
永和六(liu)年(nian)(350年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)率領(ling)三路(lu)大(da)軍(jun)南征后(hou)趙(zhao),從盧龍出發(fa),到(dao)達了無終(zhong)。后(hou)趙(zhao)幽州刺(ci)史(shi)王(wang)午棄城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)而逃,留下其部將王(wang)他守衛薊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)攻陷薊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),殺死王(wang)他,并遷都薊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。把(ba)廣寧(ning)、上谷的人遷徙(xi)(xi)到(dao)徐無,把(ba)代郡人遷徙(xi)(xi)到(dao)凡城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)返回。
后(hou)趙(zhao)大將軍冉閔殺石(shi)祗,在鄴城稱帝,國(guo)號大魏,史稱冉魏。派遣(qian)使(shi)者常煒到(dao)(dao)慕容儁那里訪問。慕容儁把他(ta)(ta)請到(dao)(dao)宮門外雙闕下(xia),讓記室封裕(yu)質問他(ta)(ta)說(shuo):“冉閔是石(shi)氏的(de)養(yang)子,才能平庸,辜(gu)負恩德篡位行逆,有(you)什么祥瑞應兆而越禮妄(wang)稱帝號?”常煒答道:“上(shang)天(tian)要振(zhen)興的(de)帝王(wang),其深奧之理各不(bu)相同,三王(wang)時為狼烏,漢、魏時為麟(lin)龍。我們(men)的(de)君(jun)主(zhu)順應天(tian)命主(zhu)宰一(yi)國(guo),能沒有(you)祥瑞嗎!再說(shuo)使(shi)用兵力實行殺伐,是賢明君(jun)主(zhu)重要的(de)典章制(zhi)度,商(shang)湯放逐(zhu)夏桀、周武王(wang)討伐商(shang)紂王(wang),但孔子贊(zan)美(mei)他(ta)(ta)們(men)。魏武帝曹操是宦官(guan)的(de)養(yang)孫,沒有(you)人確知他(ta)(ta)的(de)出身,兵眾不(bu)滿(man)一(yi)旅,但最終能成就(jiu)大業(ye)。野蠻的(de)胡人殘暴作(zuo)亂,屠殺宰割百(bai)姓,我們(men)的(de)君(jun)主(zhu)拔劍(jian)消滅了他(ta)(ta)們(men),百(bai)姓得(de)到(dao)(dao)解救,可(ke)以稱得(de)上(shang)功(gong)高(gao)蒼(cang)天(tian),勛(xun)同高(gao)祖。恭(gong)敬地(di)順承天(tian)命,有(you)什么不(bu)可(ke)以呢?”
封裕說(shuo)(shuo):“石祗去年派張舉請(qing)求救(jiu)援(yuan),說(shuo)(shuo)傳(chuan)國(guo)(guo)璽(xi)留在(zai)(zai)襄國(guo)(guo),他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)話真實嗎?又聽(ting)說(shuo)(shuo)冉閔(min)為自己(ji)鑄造金(jin)像(xiang),金(jin)像(xiang)壞(huai)裂而(er)沒有(you)鑄成,怎么(me)(me)(me)能聲(sheng)稱有(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)命呢(ni)?”常煒說(shuo)(shuo):“討(tao)伐(fa)胡(hu)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)時候,鄴地(di)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)幾乎無所遺(yi)留,璽(xi)印由(you)什么(me)(me)(me)途徑而(er)到襄國(guo)(guo),這只不過是求救(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)托(tuo)辭罷(ba)了。上天(tian)(tian)(tian)賦(fu)予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)神璽(xi),其實在(zai)(zai)我(wo)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主那(nei)(nei)里。再說(shuo)(shuo)邪(xie)惡(e)之徒,想假借奇異來迷惑(huo)大眾(zhong),有(you)人(ren)改成各式各樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法,來神化(hua)此(ci)事(shi)。我(wo)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主現在(zai)(zai)已(yi)經握有(you)受命于(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)符瑞(rui),滪祭上帝(di)把這件(jian)事(shi)告訴了天(tian)(tian)(tian)神,掌握四海,大業集于(yu)(yu)一身,你們(men)(men)還考慮什么(me)(me)(me)而(er)聽(ting)信那(nei)(nei)些話呢(ni)!鑄金(jin)像(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi),我(wo)沒有(you)聽(ting)說(shuo)(shuo)過。”
慕容(rong)(rong)儁既已堅信(xin)張(zhang)舉的(de)(de)話,又對冉閔(min)鑄像不成功一事(shi)很得意(yi),想一定要弄清原委,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)在常煒身旁堆(dui)積柴(chai)薪點起(qi)(qi)火,命令(ling)封裕(yu)等(deng)人(ren)(ren)暗(an)示他(ta)。常煒神色(se)自若(ruo),直言道:“從成年(nian)時(shi)起(qi)(qi),我連(lian)普通的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)都不曾(ceng)欺騙過,何況對于(yu)千乘之(zhi)主(zhu)呢!利(li)用巧詐荒(huang)誕的(de)(de)謊言來挽救垂死之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)使臣(chen)(chen)我所不會做的(de)(de)事(shi)。直言而遭殺(sha)戮(lu),死得其所。添上柴(chai)薪加大火勢,是(shi)(shi)君(jun)王(wang)對我的(de)(de)恩惠。”左右的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)勸慕容(rong)(rong)儁殺(sha)了(le)他(ta),慕容(rong)(rong)儁說:“古代(dai)雙方交戰,使者(zhe)處于(yu)其間,這也是(shi)(shi)為人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)(chen)者(zhe)通常的(de)(de)事(shi)。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)釋放了(le)常煒。
永和七年(351年),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)派遣(qian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪去占領(ling)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)的(de)土地,派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)到魯(lu)口攻(gong)(gong)打王午。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪到唐城(cheng),冉(ran)閔的(de)部(bu)(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)白同(tong)、中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)太守侯龕堅(jian)(jian)守而(er)不(bu)能攻(gong)(gong)克(ke)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪留下部(bu)(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)彪攻(gong)(gong)打中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan),自(zi)己(ji)進(jin)兵常山(shan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)屯兵南安(an),王午派部(bu)(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)鄭生(sheng)抵(di)抗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)迎擊并殺了鄭生(sheng),侯龕越過(guo)城(cheng)墻(qiang)出來(lai)投降。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)進(jin)軍攻(gong)(gong)克(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan),殺了白同(tong)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)軍令嚴明,各位將(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)不(bu)違(wei)犯軍令。冉(ran)閔的(de)章武(wu)太守賈(jia)堅(jian)(jian)率領(ling)郡兵在(zai)(zai)高城(cheng)截擊慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)在(zai)(zai)陣上擒獲了賈(jia)堅(jian)(jian),斬殺三(san)千余(yu)人。同(tong)年丁零族翟(zhai)鼠(shu)和冉(ran)閔部(bu)(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)劉準(zhun)(zhun)等人率領(ling)他們(men)的(de)部(bu)(bu)隊向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)投降,封翟(zhai)鼠(shu)為(wei)(wei)歸義王,任劉準(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)(wei)左司(si)馬。
永和八年(nian)(352年(nian)),鮮卑人段(duan)勤初(chu)附于慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁,后來(lai)(lai)又一次反叛。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁派(pai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)和相(xiang)國封弈到安西討伐冉(ran)(ran)閔(min)(min)(min),派(pai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂到繹幕(mu)討伐段(duan)勤,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁抵達中山,為二(er)軍聲援。冉(ran)(ran)閔(min)(min)(min)很恐懼,逃往常(chang)山,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)在(zai)泒(gu)水(shui)追上了他。冉(ran)(ran)閔(min)(min)(min)素來(lai)(lai)享有威名,眾人都(dou)害怕他。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)對諸將說:“冉(ran)(ran)閔(min)(min)(min)軍隊(dui)長久在(zai)外,士卒疲憊(bei)不(bu)堪,實在(zai)難以用來(lai)(lai)作戰;加之(zhi)他有勇(yong)無謀,只有匹夫(fu)之(zhi)勇(yong)。他們(men)(men)(men)雖然擁(yong)有精(jing)兵,但不(bu)值一擊(ji)。我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)現(xian)在(zai)把部(bu)隊(dui)分(fen)成三部(bu),形成犄角(jiao)之(zhi)勢(shi)來(lai)(lai)等待(dai)戰機。冉(ran)(ran)閔(min)(min)(min)有輕捷精(jing)銳之(zhi)兵,又了解(jie)我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)軍隊(dui)的勢(shi)力不(bu)能與他抗衡匹敵(di),一定會竭盡(jin)全力沖擊(ji)我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的中軍。我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)現(xian)在(zai)穿好鐘甲(jia)加固軍陣等待(dai)他們(men)(men)(men)到來(lai)(lai),諸君只需整肅激勵士兵,從旁等待(dai)他們(men)(men)(men)與我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的中軍交戰,夾(jia)擊(ji)他們(men)(men)(men),無往而(er)不(bu)勝(sheng)。”
作戰(zhan)(zhan)開始后,打敗(bai)了(le)冉(ran)閔軍(jun)隊,斬首七(qi)千(qian)余(yu)人,擒(qin)獲了(le)冉(ran)閔,將他(ta)遣送,在(zai)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)斬殺。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)呼沲屯(tun)兵(bing)。冉(ran)閔部將蘇亥派(pai)手下(xia)將領(ling)金光(guang)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)數(shu)千(qian)騎(qi)兵(bing)襲擊(ji)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)迎戰(zhan)(zhan),斬了(le)金光(guang),蘇亥大為恐(kong)懼,逃往并(bing)州(zhou)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)進(jin)兵(bing)占據常山(shan),段(duan)勤畏懼而(er)請求投降,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)繼而(er)進(jin)兵(bing)攻打鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)。冉(ran)閔部將蔣(jiang)干(gan)關閉城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)堅(jian)守。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)又派(pai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)評等(deng)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)一萬騎(qi)兵(bing)共同攻打鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)。此時燕子(zi)在(zai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)正(zheng)(zheng)陽殿的(de)(de)西(xi)椒房(fang)上(shang)(shang)筑巢,生下(xia)三(san)只雛燕,脖子(zi)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)毛;凡城(cheng)(cheng)獻上(shang)(shang)怪鳥(niao),身上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)五色構成的(de)(de)圖案。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)對(dui)群官(guan)說(shuo):“這是什么征兆?”官(guan)員們(men)都說(shuo):“燕,是燕烏。頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)毛冠,指(zhi)大燕如龍(long)騰(teng)般興(xing)起,毛冠豎(shu)(shu)指(zhi)通天(tian)是仕宦(huan)之(zhi)冠的(de)(de)征象。在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)陽殿西(xi)椒房(fang)筑巢,是至(zhi)尊的(de)(de)君王親臨前殿使(shi)萬國來朝的(de)(de)征象。三(san)只雛燕。是應(ying)(ying)合了(le)天(tian)地星三(san)統的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)驗(yan)。神鳥(niao)由五種顏色構成,指(zhi)的(de)(de)是圣明的(de)(de)王朝將繼承上(shang)(shang)天(tian)賜予的(de)(de)五行圖讖符(fu)命(ming)來統轄天(tian)下(xia)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)看后非(fei)常高興(xing)。不(bu)久蔣(jiang)干(gan)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)五千(qian)精兵(bing)出城(cheng)(cheng)挑戰(zhan)(zhan),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)評等(deng)迎擊(ji)并(bing)戰(zhan)(zhan)敗(bai)了(le)他(ta)們(men),斬殺四(si)千(qian)余(yu)人,蔣(jiang)干(gan)獨(du)自騎(qi)馬返(fan)回(hui)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)。于(yu)是群臣勸慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)稱帝,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)回(hui)答說(shuo):“我(wo)原本屬于(yu)大漠射獵(lie)之(zhi)鄉,遵從披(pi)散頭(tou)發、衣襟(jin)朝左的(de)(de)風俗,歷數(shu)的(de)(de)圖錄符(fu)命(ming)難道(dao)有(you)(you)我(wo)的(de)(de)份嗎!你們(men)如果(guo)褒美推舉我(wo),貪求非(fei)分的(de)(de)愿望(wang),這實在(zai)不(bu)是我(wo)所應(ying)(ying)聽到的(de)(de)事情。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、封弈在(zai)魯(lu)口討伐(fa)王午(wu),王午(wu)投降。不(bu)久慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)評攻克鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng),把(ba)冉(ran)閔的(de)(de)妻子(zi)兒女、屬下(xia)官(guan)吏(li)及其(qi)文物送到中山(shan)。
在此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前,蔣干把傳(chuan)國(guo)璽(xi)送到建鄴(ye),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁想神(shen)化他的(de)(de)(de)事業,說明(ming)天(tian)象運行所顯示的(de)(de)(de)運數已應(ying)驗于自己,就詐稱是冉閔(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻得到傳(chuan)國(guo)璽(xi)并獻上(shang)(shang),賜(si)予(yu)“奉璽(xi)君”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)號(hao),于同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(352年(nian)(nian)(nian))即皇(huang)帝(di)(di)位(wei),大赦境內(nei)囚犯,建年(nian)(nian)(nian)號(hao)為(wei)(wei)元璽(xi),設置(zhi)百官。任封(feng)弈為(wei)(wei)太尉(wei)(wei),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)為(wei)(wei)侍中(zhong),陽騖為(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)令,皇(huang)甫真為(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)左仆射,張希(xi)為(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)右仆射,宋活為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)書(shu)監(jian),韓恒為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)書(shu)令,其余(yu)官員封(feng)官授(shou)職各(ge)有(you)(you)等級。追尊祖父(fu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)廆為(wei)(wei)高祖武宣皇(huang)帝(di)(di),父(fu)親慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝為(wei)(wei)太祖文(wen)明(ming)皇(huang)帝(di)(di)。當時(shi)東晉朝廷派(pai)遣使者來見慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁對使者說:“你(ni)回去告訴你(ni)們的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)子,我承(cheng)擔了(le)(le)百姓的(de)(de)(de)困苦,被中(zhong)原的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)們推舉(ju),已經稱帝(di)(di)了(le)(le)。”當初(chu),石虎派(pai)人(ren)去華山(shan)求簽,得到一塊(kuai)玉版(ban),上(shang)(shang)面的(de)(de)(de)字是:“申酉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),不(bu)絕如線。壬(ren)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),真人(ren)顯現(xian)。”到了(le)(le)此(ci)時(shi),燕人(ren)都認為(wei)(wei)是慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)兆。改置(zhi)司州(zhou)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)州(zhou),設置(zhi)司隸校(xiao)尉(wei)(wei)。群臣說:“大燕接受天(tian)命,上(shang)(shang)承(cheng)北方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帝(di)(di)黑(hei)精之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君,命運傳(chuan)承(cheng)相連,取代晉執掌天(tian)下(xia),應(ying)該實行夏的(de)(de)(de)歷法,用周(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)官冕,旗幟(zhi)崇尚(shang)黑(hei)色(se),祭祀用牲應(ying)為(wei)(wei)玄黑(hei)色(se)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁同(tong)(tong)意了(le)(le)這些建議(yi)。隨從(cong)他的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)官武將(jiang)、各(ge)藩(fan)屬國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)使臣中(zhong)參加登基(ji)日儀式的(de)(de)(de)人(ren),都升(sheng)官位(wei)三級。泒河參戰的(de)(de)(de)軍隊(dui),守衛鄴(ye)城的(de)(de)(de)軍隊(dui),下(xia)至戰士,各(ge)有(you)(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)賞賜(si)。陣亡(wang)將(jiang)士,將(jiang)士加贈二等,士卒(zu)則免除子孫的(de)(de)(de)賦稅。殿中(zhong)舊(jiu)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)臣吏都根據才(cai)能提(ti)拔敘用。立妻子可(ke)足(zu)渾氏為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)后,世(shi)子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)曄為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)太子。
永和(he)九年(nian)(353年(nian)),東晉寧朔將軍榮(rong)胡以彭城、魯郡向慕容(rong)儁投降(jiang)(jiang)。常山人李犢聚集起數(shu)千人,在普壁(bi)壘謀反,慕容(rong)儁派(pai)慕容(rong)恪率領士(shi)眾討伐(fa)他(ta)們(men)(men)并使他(ta)們(men)(men)投降(jiang)(jiang)。
當(dang)初,冉(ran)閔(min)失敗(bai)后,王(wang)(wang)午(wu)自封(feng)為(wei)安國王(wang)(wang)。王(wang)(wang)午(wu)死后,呂(lv)護(hu)又沿(yan)襲了他(ta)的封(feng)號,在(zai)魯(lu)口(kou)駐守自保。慕容(rong)恪進(jin)軍討(tao)伐并趕跑了他(ta),派前軍悅綰在(zai)野王(wang)(wang)(在(zai)今河(he)南省沁陽市)追(zhui)上(shang)呂(lv)護(hu),他(ta)的部(bu)眾全(quan)部(bu)投降。
元璽三年(nian)(nian)(354年(nian)(nian)),后(hou)秦姚襄帶著梁(liang)國向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁投降。任慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評為都督(du)秦、雍、益、梁(liang)、江、揚、荊(jing)、徐、兗、豫十州(zhou)河南(nan)諸軍事(shi),暫時鎮(zhen)守(shou)洛水;慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)彊任前鋒都督(du)、都督(du)荊(jing)、徐二州(zhou)緣淮諸軍事(shi),進據黃河以南(nan)。
慕容(rong)儁自(zi)和(he)龍抵達薊(ji)城,幽冀二(er)州的百姓(xing)以(yi)為他將東遷(qian),互相(xiang)驚慌擾亂,在他們的所在地集結。部下請(qing)求討伐他們,慕容(rong)儁說:“他們認(ren)為朕去東部巡(xun)枧,所以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)疑惑(huo)。現在朕既已至此,不久他們會自(zi)行安定。然(ran)而,應作好發生(sheng)(sheng)意(yi)外的準備。”于是,命令內外戒嚴。
元璽四年(355年),前(qian)秦(qin)苻生部(bu)下河內太(tai)(tai)守(shou)王會(hui)、黎(li)陽太(tai)(tai)守(shou)韓(han)高以(yi)所(suo)轄郡歸附慕容儁。東晉(jin)蘭陵太(tai)(tai)守(shou)孫黑(hei)、濟北太(tai)(tai)守(shou)高柱、建興太(tai)(tai)守(shou)高甕各以(yi)所(suo)轄郡歸附慕容儁。當初,慕容儁的車騎大(da)將(jiang)軍、范陽公(gong)劉寧(ning)屯兵蕕城,向前(qian)秦(qin)投降。到了此時,率(lv)領(ling)兩千戶人到薊城歸附謝(xie)罪(zui),慕容儁以(yi)為后將(jiang)軍。高句麗國王高釗派遣使者來謝(xie)恩,貢獻地方特(te)產。慕容儁任高釗為都督營州諸(zhu)軍事、征東大(da)將(jiang)軍、營州刺史,封樂浪(lang)公(gong)、高句麗王,同以(yi)前(qian)一樣。
當(dang)初,鮮卑(bei)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)部的(de)(de)(de)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)蘭的(de)(de)(de)兒子段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕趁冉閔(min)之亂,集(ji)聚(ju)眾(zhong)人(ren)到(dao)(dao)東部屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)廣固(gu),自稱(cheng)齊王(wang),對東晉稱(cheng)藩,送文書呈上(shang)(shang)宮廷內(nei)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)禮儀,指責慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)非正(zheng)統。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)派基容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)塵討(tao)伐(fa)他(ta)(ta)(ta)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)渡過(guo)(guo)了黃河。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕的(de)(de)(de)弟弟段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)羆驍(xiao)勇而有智謀,他(ta)(ta)(ta)對段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕說(shuo):“慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)善(shan)于(yu)用兵(bing)(bing)(bing),加上(shang)(shang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)士(shi)眾(zhong)人(ren)多氣盛,恐(kong)怕不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可抵(di)抗。如(ru)(ru)(ru)若他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)在(zai)城下(xia)聚(ju)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)圍(wei)困,盡管我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)再請求(qiu)(qiu)投降,恐(kong)怕他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)終究不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)同(tong)(tong)意(yi)。王(wang)只需固(gu)守,我(wo)(wo)請求(qiu)(qiu)率(lv)領精(jing)銳(rui)(rui)的(de)(de)(de)隊伍去抵(di)御他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果此戰(zhan)(zhan)告(gao)捷(jie),王(wang)可以馳(chi)馬追擊而來(lai)(lai),使(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)連一(yi)匹(pi)馬都回不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)去。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果這一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)打敗了,馬上(shang)(shang)出城請求(qiu)(qiu)投降,也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)失(shi)千戶侯的(de)(de)(de)身份。”段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聽從。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)羆執意(yi)要求(qiu)(qiu)出兵(bing)(bing)(bing),段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕一(yi)怒之下(xia)斬殺了他(ta)(ta)(ta),率(lv)領三萬士(shi)眾(zhong)來(lai)(lai)抵(di)御慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)與段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕在(zai)濟水南(nan)遭遇,與之相戰(zhan)(zhan),把(ba)(ba)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)打得慘敗,斬了段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕之弟段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)欽(qin),俘(fu)虜了全部士(shi)眾(zhong)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)進(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)包圍(wei)廣固(gu),諸位將(jiang)領勸(quan)他(ta)(ta)(ta)應該迅速攻(gong)(gong)城,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)說(shuo):“作戰(zhan)(zhan)之勢有時(shi)(shi)應以等(deng)待(dai)來(lai)(lai)制(zhi)服(fu)敵(di)(di)人(ren),有時(shi)(shi)應迅速戰(zhan)(zhan)勝他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果對方和(he)我(wo)(wo)方勢均力敵(di)(di),而且(qie)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)有強(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)后援,考慮到(dao)(dao)腹(fu)背(bei)受敵(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)困難形勢,我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)必須急速進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong),迅速得到(dao)(dao)大的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)果。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果我(wo)(wo)強(qiang)敵(di)(di)弱,又沒有外(wai)來(lai)(lai)敵(di)(di)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)增援,我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)力量(liang)足以制(zhi)勝的(de)(de)(de)話,應當(dang)防(fang)守控制(zhi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),等(deng)待(dai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)自己(ji)困乏。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)上(shang)(shang)有十(shi)圍(wei)五攻(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa),說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)這個意(yi)思。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕靠小恩惠集(ji)結起黨(dang)羽,眾(zhong)人(ren)并(bing)沒有離散(san)之心(xin),濟南(nan)一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan),并(bing)非他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)精(jing)銳(rui)(rui),只是(shi)用兵(bing)(bing)(bing)之術有誤,而導致失(shi)敗。現在(zai)固(gu)守天險,上(shang)(shang)下(xia)同(tong)(tong)心(xin),攻(gong)(gong)守都會(hui)力量(liang)倍(bei)增,這是(shi)軍事常(chang)用之法(fa)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)急速進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)(guo)幾十(shi)天,必定可以攻(gong)(gong)克,但恐(kong)怕會(hui)對我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)造成(cheng)死傷(shang)。自從發生戰(zhan)(zhan)事以來(lai)(lai),士(shi)卒不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得安寧(ning),想(xiang)到(dao)(dao)這些,我(wo)(wo)常(chang)常(chang)無法(fa)安睡,為什么如(ru)(ru)(ru)此輕(qing)視(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)生命(ming)呢!我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)應當(dang)用持久之法(fa)來(lai)(lai)取得勝利(li)。”諸將(jiang)都說(shuo):“這是(shi)我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)曾考慮到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)。”于(yu)是(shi)筑造房屋(wu)屯田耕種,嚴密地加固(gu)包圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)壁壘。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕所任(ren)命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)徐州(zhou)刺史王(wang)騰、索頭單(dan)于(yu)薛(xue)云向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)投降。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕被圍(wei)困,派使(shi)(shi)者到(dao)(dao)建(jian)鄴(ye)去請求(qiu)(qiu)救援。晉穆帝派遣北(bei)中(zhong)郎將(jiang)荀羨(xian)趕(gan)赴那里,荀羨(xian)害怕敵(di)(di)虜勢力強(qiang)大徘(pai)徊(huai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)前進(jin)(jin)。攻(gong)(gong)克陽都,斬了王(wang)騰后返回。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)于(yu)是(shi)攻(gong)(gong)克了廣固(gu),授段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕為伏順將(jiang)軍,把(ba)(ba)鮮卑(bei)胡羯(jie)三千余戶遷(qian)到(dao)(dao)薊,留下(xia)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)塵鎮守廣固(gu),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)整隊班(ban)師。
元(yuan)璽五年(356年),慕(mu)容儁的太(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)容曄去世,謚號獻懷太(tai)子(zi)。元(yuan)璽六(liu)年(357年)二月,又立次子(zi)慕(mu)容暐為皇太(tai)子(zi),在境內實行大(da)赦,改元(yuan)光壽。
四月,慕(mu)容儁派遣撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容垂(chui)、中軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容虔(qian)與護軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)平熙等人,率領八萬(wan)步卒騎兵到塞(sai)北(bei)地區討伐丁零敕勒部,大敗(bai)敵方,斬殺(sha)俘獲共十余萬(wan)人,繳獲十三萬(wan)匹馬(ma),牛羊(yang)不計其數。
及后,匈奴單(dan)于(yu)賀賴(lai)頭率領(ling)三萬(wan)五千(qian)名(ming)同部落士卒向(xiang)慕(mu)容儁投降,慕(mu)容儁以(yi)為寧西(xi)將軍、云(yun)中(zhong)郡公,安置在代郡平(ping)舒(shu)城。
光壽二(er)年(nian)(358年(nian))十月,東(dong)(dong)晉太山太守(shou)諸葛(ge)攸討伐東(dong)(dong)郡。慕(mu)容儁(jun)派慕(mu)容恪(ke)抵御迎戰(zhan),大敗晉軍。東(dong)(dong)晉北(bei)中郎將謝萬原先據守(shou)梁(liang)州(zhou)和宋州(zhou),因(yin)害(hai)怕(pa)而跑回。慕(mu)容恪(ke)進犯黃(huang)河以南地(di)區(qu),汝(ru)、潁(ying)、譙、沛全都攻克,設置(zhi)了地(di)方(fang)長官而返回。
常煒進言
廷尉監常煒進言說:“大燕雖然(ran)改換(huan)朝代創建制(zhi)度,至于(yu)朝廷考核(he)選拔人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa),也(ye)大多因循魏晉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)(fa),惟有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)祖(zu)父(fu)和父(fu)親(qin)殮(lian)尸(shi)下(xia)葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren),才(cai)(cai)不(bu)允(yun)許在(zai)清(qing)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝廷躋身為(wei)(wei)官,這(zhe)(zhe)是王道(dao)教化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)要原(yuan)則,是不(bu)可刪改的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度。然(ran)而禮儀(yi)貴(gui)在(zai)適應時(shi)勢,每一朝代都有(you)(you)(you)增有(you)(you)(you)減,因此漢(han)高(gao)祖(zu)率兵入咸陽時(shi)約法(fa)(fa)三章,而秦(qin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)安(an)定。自近來中原(yuan)遭到(dao)(dao)(dao)戰亂(luan),連年打仗,有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)遭遇(yu)城池淪陷,全(quan)軍(jun)覆(fu)滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災禍,軍(jun)隊士卒被坑埋水淹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事,常常發(fa)生(sheng)。家(jia)(jia)中僅剩下(xia)孤(gu)苦伶仃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒孫,十家(jia)(jia)中有(you)(you)(you)九家(jia)(jia)如(ru)此。加之(zhi)三方對(dui)峙(zhi)如(ru)山頭聳立(li),父(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)處(chu)在(zai)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邦(bang)域,存亡吉兇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音訊,杳然(ran)如(ru)隔(ge)天(tian)外。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從(cong)簡操辦,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依照(zhao)季札于(yu)異鄉蠃博之(zhi)間(jian)葬子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)(fa),孝子(zi)(zi)(zi)粉身碎骨也(ye)無(wu)補(bu)益,賢(xian)孫肝(gan)腸寸斷也(ye)挽(wan)救(jiu)不(bu)及(ji),雖然(ran)可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)招(zhao)魂以(yi)(yi)形式上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)葬來表(biao)達無(wu)盡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哀(ai)思,但禮法(fa)(fa)上(shang)沒有(you)(you)(you)招(zhao)魂安(an)葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)文,法(fa)(fa)令上(shang)不(bu)登載這(zhe)(zhe)一類規定。如(ru)遇(yu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況,負有(you)(you)(you)琳瑯般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才(cai)(cai)華而無(wu)處(chu)施(shi)展(zhan),懷著杰出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才(cai)(cai)智卻(que)不(bu)能(neng)列(lie)于(yu)官位,這(zhe)(zhe)實(shi)在(zai)值(zhi)得(de)痛惜。恐(kong)怕不(bu)合乎明察薦(jian)舉(ju)出身微陋之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),務求充分利用(yong)當代賢(xian)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)道(dao)。吳起(qi)、二陳之(zhi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai),終將沒有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)會施(shi)展(zhan)才(cai)(cai)干。漢(han)高(gao)祖(zu)為(wei)(wei)什么(me)能(neng)解脫平(ping)城之(zhi)圍?郅支的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)級怎樣懸掛到(dao)(dao)(dao)了漢(han)關?我恭謹地認為(wei)(wei)《戊辰詔書(shu)》,蕩(dang)滌(di)了瑕(xia)疵污穢,天(tian)下(xia)更新,以(yi)(yi)昭明共創新業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吉慶之(zhi)情(qing)。五六年間(jian),轉(zhuan)而互相抵(di)觸,對(dui)于(yu)以(yi)(yi)天(tian)為(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa),我暗中認為(wei)(wei)不(bu)甚安(an)妥。”慕容儁說:“常煒是德高(gao)望重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大儒(ru),精(jing)通刑(xing)法(fa)(fa),觀察他所陳述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法(fa)(fa),非常值(zhi)得(de)采納。現(xian)在(zai)天(tian)下(xia)尚未安(an)寧,喪亂(luan)還(huan)未平(ping)息,又正值(zhi)搜尋提(ti)拔非凡(fan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,不(bu)可能(neng)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)和品(pin)行兼備(bei),暫且除去(qu)這(zhe)(zhe)一條(tiao)規定,到(dao)(dao)(dao)天(tian)下(xia)統(tong)一后再重新商議。”
當初,冉閔僭稱王號時,石虎部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)李歷(li)(li)、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)、高(gao)昌(chang)等都帶領(ling)所(suo)轄(xia)的(de)(de)隊伍向(xiang)慕(mu)容(rong)儁自稱藩屬,派遣(qian)各自的(de)(de)兒子入(ru)慕(mu)容(rong)儁處(chu)(chu)(chu)侍奉(feng),甚(shen)至向(xiang)建鄴投(tou)(tou)(tou)誠,與(yu)苻堅(jian)結交(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)奧援,都接受(shou)了爵(jue)位,控制(zhi)局勢(shi)固(gu)守。雖(sui)然向(xiang)慕(mu)容(rong)儁進貢的(de)(de)使者來往不絕,但并(bing)未極盡忠(zhong)誠之(zhi)禮。呂護逃(tao)(tao)到野王,派弟弟手(shou)捧奏表向(xiang)慕(mu)容(rong)儁謝罪,拜為(wei)(wei)(wei)寧南將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、河(he)內太(tai)守。另外,上(shang)黨馮(feng)(feng)(feng)鴦自領(ling)太(tai)守,依附于張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)多次為(wei)(wei)(wei)他說話,慕(mu)容(rong)儁因為(wei)(wei)(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)的(de)(de)緣故,赦免(mian)了馮(feng)(feng)(feng)鴦的(de)(de)罪過(guo),以為(wei)(wei)(wei)京兆(zhao)太(tai)守。呂護和馮(feng)(feng)(feng)鴦暗中(zhong)與(yu)東(dong)(dong)晉的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊有聯系。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)跨踞新興(xing)、雁門(men)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)河(he)、太(tai)原、上(shang)黨、上(shang)郡(jun)之(zhi)地,有三(san)百余處(chu)(chu)(chu)防(fang)(fang)守工事(shi),十余萬戶胡人(ren)和晉人(ren),又授官(guan)設置(zhi)征東(dong)(dong)、鎮(zhen)西(xi)(xi)(xi)等將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)稱號,形成(cheng)鼎立對峙的(de)(de)局面(mian)。慕(mu)容(rong)儁派司徒慕(mu)容(rong)評(ping)討伐(fa)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping),領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)輿根討伐(fa)馮(feng)(feng)(feng)鴦,司空陽(yang)騖討伐(fa)高(gao)昌(chang),撫軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)臧攻打(da)李歷(li)(li)。并(bing)州投(tou)(tou)(tou)降的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)御堡壘有一(yi)(yi)百余處(chu)(chu)(chu),任命(ming)尚(shang)書右(you)仆射(she)悅綰為(wei)(wei)(wei)安西(xi)(xi)(xi)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、兼(jian)護匈奴(nu)中(zhong)郎將(jiang)(jiang)、并(bing)州刺史來安撫他們。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)所(suo)任命(ming)的(de)(de)征西(xi)(xi)(xi)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)諸(zhu)葛驤(xiang)、鎮(zhen)北(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)蘇(su)象、寧東(dong)(dong)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)喬庶、鎮(zhen)南將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)石賢等人(ren)以防(fang)(fang)御堡壘中(zhong)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)百三(san)十八處(chu)(chu)(chu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)降了慕(mu)容(rong)儁,慕(mu)容(rong)儁非(fei)常高(gao)興(xing),讓他們都恢復(fu)了官(guan)職和爵(jue)位。不久,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)帶領(ling)三(san)千士眾(zhong)逃(tao)(tao)到平(ping)陽(yang),馮(feng)(feng)(feng)鴦逃(tao)(tao)到野王,李歷(li)(li)逃(tao)(tao)到滎陽(yang),高(gao)昌(chang)逃(tao)(tao)到邵陵,部(bu)眾(zhong)全部(bu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)降了慕(mu)容(rong)儁。
光壽三年(nian)(359年(nian)),慕容儁圖(tu)謀再度(du)侵(qin)犯東晉,并企圖(tu)消滅前(qian)秦,就下令各(ge)州(zhou)郡清(qing)點檢(jian)查(cha)現(xian)有的(de)兵(bing)丁,檢(jian)查(cha)核(he)實戶口(kou),一(yi)(yi)律(lv)各(ge)家各(ge)戶僅留一(yi)(yi)成年(nian)人,其(qi)他全部征(zheng)發入伍,想使步(bu)卒(zu)達到一(yi)(yi)百五十(shi)萬,希望第(di)二年(nian)會合全部兵(bing)力,準備(bei)進軍洛陽(yang),能指揮調度(du)三方(fang)力量。武(wu)邑人劉(liu)貴上書(shu)(shu)極力勸諫(jian),陳說百姓生活困乏,征(zheng)兵(bing)不合乎法律(lv),恐(kong)怕百姓不堪(kan)承(cheng)受,發生土崩瓦解的(de)大(da)禍,并且陳述當(dang)時不適合時勢的(de)政治事務十(shi)三件。慕容俊讀完諫(jian)書(shu)(shu)同意(yi)劉(liu)豈的(de)意(yi)見,交(jiao)付公卿(qing)廣泛(fan)商議(yi)。劉(liu)貴所言之事多數采用,于是(shi)改為五丁抽三制,放寬一(yi)(yi)周的(de)戰備(bei)時間,命令他們在第(di)二年(nian)冬末全部趕赴(fu)鄴都集結。
不(bu)久,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁病重,對弟弟慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪說(shuo):“我(wo)體虛弱,恐(kong)怕不(bu)行了(le)(le)。人生的(de)(de)長(chang)短(duan),是(shi)命中注定的(de)(de),還有(you)什(shen)么遣憾呢(ni)!只(zhi)是(shi)兩(liang)方敵寇還未消滅,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐年齡(ling)幼小,恐(kong)怕無力(li)承(cheng)受過多的(de)(de)苦難(nan)。我(wo)想遠追宋宣公的(de)(de)后(hou)塵,把國(guo)家交(jiao)給你(ni)(ni)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪說(shuo):“太子雖然年幼,但天(tian)性聰慧,必定能(neng)(neng)遏制兇殘的(de)(de)敵人,使天(tian)下(xia)安定刑法(fa)措(cuo)置不(bu)用,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)亂了(le)(le)正(zheng)統(tong)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁生氣(qi)地說(shuo):“兄弟之間哪里用得著(zhu)說(shuo)客氣(qi)話!”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪說(shuo):“陛下(xia)如果(guo)認為我(wo)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)承(cheng)擔天(tian)下(xia)重任,我(wo)怎能(neng)(neng)不(bu)輔(fu)佐(zuo)少主(zhu)呢(ni)!”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁說(shuo):“如果(guo)你(ni)(ni)如周(zhou)公那樣(yang)輔(fu)政(zheng),我(wo)還憂慮什(shen)么呢(ni)!李績(ji)清廉方正(zheng)忠誠坦蕩,能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)勝任大事,你(ni)(ni)要善(shan)待他(ta)。”
光壽(shou)四年(360年)正月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)日,慕容(rong)儁在鄴城對(dui)軍隊(dui)進行(xing)大檢閱,想讓大司(si)馬慕容(rong)恪(ke)、司(si)空陽(yang)鶩(mu)統領軍隊(dui)進犯(fan)東晉。恰好(hao)這時病(bing)情加(jia)重,立(li)即(ji)召來慕容(rong)恪(ke)、司(si)空陽(yang)鶩(mu)、司(si)徒慕容(rong)評、領軍將軍慕輿(yu)根等人,接受遺詔輔佐朝(chao)政。正月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)一日,慕容(rong)儁去世,時年四十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)歲,共在位十(shi)一年,謚號景(jing)昭皇(huang)帝,廟號烈(lie)祖,葬于龍陵。
父親
父親:慕容皝,前(qian)燕初代國君,史稱燕文明(ming)帝。
妻妾
可足(zu)渾(hun)皇后(hou),幽帝踐祚(zuo)尊為皇太后(hou),后(hou)被廢庶人。
段昭儀,成武(wu)帝(di)踐祚謚(shi)為(wei)景(jing)德皇后(hou)。
兒子
慕容曄,獻懷太子。
慕容臧,樂(le)安王(wang)。
慕(mu)容(rong)暐(wei),前燕末代皇帝,稱燕幽(you)帝。
慕容亮,鎮東(dong)將(jiang)軍、渤海王。
慕容溫(wen),冀州刺史、樂(le)浪悼王。
慕容(rong)涉,漁陽王。
慕容(rong)泓,西燕第一位國君(jun),稱燕烈(lie)文(wen)帝。
慕容沖,西燕第(di)二位(wei)君主,稱燕威帝。
女兒
慕容氏,封清河公(gong)主。為(wei)秦宣昭帝苻堅嬪妃。
慕容廆:“此兒骨相不(bu)恒,吾(wu)家(jia)得之矣。”
房(fang)玄(xuan)齡等《晉書(shu)》:①“宣(xuan)英文武兼優,加之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)機斷,因石氏之(zhi)釁,首圖中原(yuan),燕士協其籌(chou),冀馬為其用,一(yi)戰而平巨寇,再舉而拔堅(jian)城,氣(qi)詟(zhe)傍鄰,威加邊服。便謂深功被物,天數在躬,遽竊鴻名,偷安寶錄。猶將(jiang)席卷京(jing)洛,肆(si)其蟻聚之(zhi)徒;宰割黎元,縱其鯨吞之(zhi)勢。使(shi)江左疲于奔命,職此之(zhi)由。非夫(fu)天厭(yan)素靈而啟異類,不(bu)然者,其鋒(feng)何以(yi)(yi)若斯!”;②“俊雅好文籍,自初(chu)即位至末年(nian),講論不(bu)倦(juan),覽政之(zhi)暇,唯(wei)與侍臣錯綜義理,凡所著述四十(shi)余篇。性嚴重,慎威儀,未曾以(yi)(yi)慢服臨(lin)朝,雖閑居宴處亦無懈怠之(zhi)色(se)云(yun)。”;③“身(shen)長八(ba)尺(chi)二寸(cun),姿貌魁偉,博(bo)觀圖書(shu),有文武干略。”
慕(mu)(mu)容俊(jun)依(yi)靠(kao)慕(mu)(mu)容恪、悅綰、慕(mu)(mu)容評等一干宗室、名將,趁著石趙崩壞后中(zhong)原的紛亂,派兵南下,滅(mie)冉魏(wei)、段齊(qi),在軍事征(zheng)服中(zhong)屢(lv)屢(lv)獲(huo)勝(sheng),極大(da)地擴展了前燕慕(mu)(mu)容氏的版圖。但(dan)窮兵黷武的舉動,使燕國百姓負擔增重(zhong)。
當(dang)初,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)廆有一(yi)匹駿馬(ma)(ma)名叫赭白,外觀奇(qi)特足(zu)力超群(qun)。石(shi)虎討伐棘城時,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝準備出(chu)城避(bi)難,想騎(qi)這匹馬(ma)(ma),馬(ma)(ma)放聲悲嗚又(you)踢又(you)咬,沒有人能(neng)夠接近它。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝說:“這匹馬(ma)(ma)在前朝就被枧為奇(qi)馬(ma)(ma),我(wo)常依靠它度過難關,現在不愿(yuan)意(yi)讓我(wo)乘(cheng)騎(qi),大(da)概(gai)是(shi)先父的(de)(de)意(yi)思吧!”于是(shi)打消了出(chu)城的(de)(de)念(nian)頭。石(shi)虎不久撤(che)兵,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝更加認為此馬(ma)(ma)不凡(fan)。到了此時,馬(ma)(ma)已四十(shi)九歲(sui),但奔馳(chi)疾速(su)不減當(dang)年,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁將其比作從前鮑氏曾三代同乘(cheng)的(de)(de)一(yi)匹馬(ma)(ma),下令(ling)鑄這匹馬(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)銅(tong)像(xiang),親自為之寫了銘文贊辭,刻在銅(tong)像(xiang)旁邊,把(ba)銅(tong)像(xiang)立在薊城東(dong)掖門。當(dang)年,銅(tong)像(xiang)鑄成而(er)這匹馬(ma)(ma)死(si)去。
光(guang)壽(shou)三(san)年(359年),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)在蒲池宴(yan)請群(qun)臣,談到周朝太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晉(jin)時,他潸(shan)然淚(lei)下,說(shuo)(shuo):“有(you)才(cai)(cai)華的(de)(de)兒子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)難得。自從慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)曄(ye)死后(hou),我(wo)(wo)鬢發(fa)已經半白。你(ni)們說(shuo)(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)曄(ye)怎(zen)(zen)樣?”司徒左(zuo)長史李績(ji)(ji)回(hui)答說(shuo)(shuo):“獻懷(huai)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)曄(ye)在東宮的(de)(de)時候,我(wo)(wo)為中庶子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)志向業績(ji)(ji),我(wo)(wo)怎(zen)(zen)敢說(shuo)(shuo)不清楚呢!太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)大德表現在八(ba)個方面:其(qi)(qi)一,至孝;其(qi)(qi)二,聰明敏銳;其(qi)(qi)三(san),沉著堅毅(yi);其(qi)(qi)四,痛恨阿諛,喜歡剛直;其(qi)(qi)五,好學;其(qi)(qi)六(liu),多才(cai)(cai)多藝;其(qi)(qi)七,謙恭;其(qi)(qi)八(ba),喜歡施惠于(yu)人。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)說(shuo)(shuo):“你(ni)的(de)(de)贊譽雖(sui)說(shuo)(shuo)有(you)點過分,但(dan)如果此(ci)兒健在,我(wo)(wo)便(bian)死而無憂了。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)怎(zen)(zen)么樣?”當時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)正陪從在旁邊,李績(ji)(ji)說(shuo)(shuo):“皇太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)天資聰慧,雖(sui)然已有(you)具備八(ba)德的(de)(de)聲譽,但(dan)尚有(you)兩方面的(de)(de)缺憾未(wei)能(neng)彌補,喜歡游玩、打獵和絲竹器樂,這就是導致他有(you)所不如的(de)(de)原因。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)看著慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)說(shuo)(shuo):“李績(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)話,是苦口良藥(yao),你(ni)應該引以(yi)為誡(jie)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)卻忿(fen)忿(fen)不平。
光壽三年(359年),慕容儁(jun)夢(meng)見后(hou)趙武(wu)帝石(shi)虎咬他的臂膀,便掘開(kai)石(shi)虎的墳墓,尋找他的尸體(ti)(ti),但沒(mei)有找到,于是懸賞百(bai)金搜(sou)求(qiu)。鄴城的女子(zi)李(li)菟知道下落,告訴了(le)慕容儁(jun),在東明觀下找到尸體(ti)(ti)。尸體(ti)(ti)僵而不(bu)(bu)腐。慕容儁(jun)踩著(zhu)尸體(ti)(ti)罵(ma)道:“死胡人,竟敢嚇唬活天子(zi)!”接著(zhu)歷數石(shi)虎的殘暴(bao)罪行(xing),又用鞭子(zi)抽打尸體(ti)(ti),最(zui)后(hou)投進漳水之中,但尸體(ti)(ti)卻(que)倚靠在橋柱邊(bian)而不(bu)(bu)漂走。等到前秦滅掉了(le)前燕,王猛為此殺掉李(li)菟,將石(shi)虎的遺骸收(shou)拾起來安(an)葬了(le)。