唐至五代末所鑄錢幣的通(tong)稱。包括開元通(tong)寶﹑乾(qian)封(feng)泉寶﹑乾(qian)元重寶﹑大(da)歷元寶﹑建(jian)中(zhong)通(tong)寶等二十四種。見宋董逌《錢譜(pu).平錢》。
開(kai)(kai)元通寶是唐代(dai)開(kai)(kai)元通寶貨幣(bi)(bi)。錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)在唐代(dai)始有“通寶”,開(kai)(kai)創了新紀(ji)元,在錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)發展史上(shang)占有重要地位。唐初沿(yan)用隋五(wu)銖,輕(qing)小淆雜。唐高(gao)祖武德四年(公元621年),為(wei)整治(zhi)混(hun)亂的(de)幣(bi)(bi)制,廢隋錢(qian),效仿西漢五(wu)銖的(de)嚴格規范,開(kai)(kai)鑄“開(kai)(kai)元通寶”,取代(dai)社會上(shang)遺(yi)存(cun)的(de)五(wu)銖。
最初的“開元(yuan)通寶(bao)”由書法家(jia)歐陽(yang)詢題(ti)寫,形制(zhi)仍沿(yan)用秦(qin)方孔圓錢(qian),規定每(mei)(mei)十文(wen)(wen)(wen)重一(yi)兩(liang),每(mei)(mei)一(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的重量稱為(wei)(wei)一(yi)錢(qian),而一(yi)千(qian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)則重六(liu)斤四(si)兩(liang)。從此,中國的幣制(zhi)正式脫離以重量為(wei)(wei)名的銖兩(liang)體(ti)系而發展為(wei)(wei)通寶(bao)幣制(zhi),成為(wei)(wei)唐以后歷朝的鑄(zhu)幣標準,沿(yan)襲(xi)近1300年。
唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝開元之(zhi)初(chu),在(zai)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)方面主要是(shi)(shi)私(si)(si)(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)問題。盡管(guan)法律(lv)規定(ding)“盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)死,沒其家屬”,但(dan)是(shi)(shi)“私(si)(si)(si)(si)錢(qian)(qian)犯(fan)法日(ri)蕃(fan)”,“盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)漸起,而所(suo)在(zai)用(yong)錢(qian)(qian)濫(lan)惡(e)(e)”。“則天長(chang)安中(zhong)……自(zi)是(shi)(shi)盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)蜂起,濫(lan)惡(e)(e)益眾(zhong)。江淮之(zhi)南(nan),盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)或就(jiu)陂湖、巨海、深山(shan)之(zhi)中(zhong),波濤險峻,人跡罕(han)到,州(zhou)縣莫能禁約……亦堪行(xing)用(yong)”。錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)私(si)(si)(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)并非唐(tang)(tang)(tang)代(dai)特有,唐(tang)(tang)(tang)以(yi)前(qian)有之(zhi),漢(han)代(dai)為(wei)重(zhong)。可是(shi)(shi)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)前(qian)期私(si)(si)(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)的緣由與前(qian)代(dai)不同(tong),以(yi)前(qian)發生私(si)(si)(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)、濫(lan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)情況,均是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)封(feng)建帝王遇到財(cai)政危機時實(shi)施貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)貶值政策(ce),官府首先鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)不足值惡(e)(e)錢(qian)(qian)所(suo)致(zhi)。民(min)間仿鑄(zhu)(zhu)牟利,造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)“錢(qian)(qian)益薄小,百(bai)物踴貴”。自(zi)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)高祖鑄(zhu)(zhu)開元以(yi)后(hou),直到唐(tang)(tang)(tang)玄宗(zong)光天之(zhi)際,只(zhi)有高宗(zong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)“乾封(feng)泉(quan)寶”提高名價(jia),變相(xiang)貶值,其名義價(jia)值并沒有高于(yu)實(shi)際價(jia)值。“私(si)(si)(si)(si)錢(qian)(qian)”和“法錢(qian)(qian)”相(xiang)比,不具備無限(xian)法償(chang)的權力(li)。在(zai)“法錢(qian)(qian)”輕(qing)小的情況下,大量的“私(si)(si)(si)(si)錢(qian)(qian)”能在(zai)流通中(zhong)被(bei)人們接受,而且未造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)“物價(jia)踴貴”的后(hou)果(guo),這個事實(shi)說明了在(zai)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)前(qian)期私(si)(si)(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)的背后(hou),早(zao)已孕育著錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)匱乏的萌芽,只(zhi)不過還沒有成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)嚴重(zhong)的經濟(ji)危機。
“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)重(zhong)寶(bao)”從唐(tang)蕭宗(zong)“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)”元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)758年(nian))開始鑄行,到(dao)從唐(tang)代宗(zong)“寶(bao)應”元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)762年(nian))“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)重(zhong)寶(bao)”。重(zhong)輪乾(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)一起退出流通(tong)領域,也就短(duan)短(duan)五(wu)年(nian)時(shi)間。鑄錢(qian)(qian)(qian)史劉晏在(zai)(zai)執行新的(de)(de)貨幣(bi)政策的(de)(de)過程中,沒有注(zhu)意到(dao)各種錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)的(de)(de)自身實(shi)際(ji)價值(zhi),在(zai)(zai)收到(dao)統一幣(bi)制的(de)(de)效果(guo)時(shi),“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)重(zhong)寶(bao)”。重(zhong)輪乾(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)被驅逐出流通(tong)領域,而“開元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)”錢(qian)(qian)(qian)本身又成了大錢(qian)(qian)(qian),市面價格提高到(dao)三倍(bei)以上,貨幣(bi)仍然繼續貶(bian)值(zhi),物價仍然居高不下,直到(dao)唐(tang)德宗(zong)“貞元(yuan)”末年(nian),由貨幣(bi)貶(bian)值(zhi)造成的(de)(de)好物價才基本降下來(lai)。
中國古代錢(qian)幣的(de)一(yi)種(zhong),中國最(zui)早的(de)年(nian)號元(yuan)寶(bao)錢(qian)。唐朝唐代宗李豫大歷年(nian)間(公元(yuan)766--779年(nian))西北地區地方(fang)鑄(zhu)幣,中原比較少見(jian),面文旋讀,直(zhi)徑為2.3厘米(mi),重(zhong)約3克,制作粗陋,銅色(se)昏濁,隸書“大歷元(yuan)寶(bao)”四字旋讀,書體樸實有力,有大小兩種(zhong)樣式。如今存世量(liang)已較少,古泉珍品(pin)。
幣的一種。唐(tang)德宗李適,建中(zhong)年(nian)(nian)間(公元780--788年(nian)(nian))西北地(di)(di)區地(di)(di)方(fang)鑄幣,中(zhong)原地(di)(di)區極少發現,在新疆庫車一帶卻屢有出土,錢體薄小,文字晦漫(man),鑄工草(cao)率。“建中(zhong)通寶”四字隸書旋讀。版式(shi)有大小兩式(shi)。如今存世量(liang)已極其稀少,價格(ge)頗高(gao)。建中(zhong)通寶收藏(zang)價格(ge)參考:
建中通寶(bao) 隸書小平(ping) 大(da)樣 1200元
建中通寶 隸書小(xiao)平 小(xiao)樣 800元