歷(li)史上最早的成文法(fa)(fa)典(dian)(dian)是(shi)古代西(xi)亞烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾第三王朝創(chuang)始者烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾納(na)姆(mu)頒(ban)布的。它適(shi)應奴隸(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)的發展(zhan)(zhan)，主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)來(lai)保護奴隸(li)(li)占有和(he)(he)私有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟，鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓奴隸(li)(li)和(he)(he)貧民的反抗(kang)(kang)。這(zhe)部法(fa)(fa)典(dian)(dian)大部損(sun)壞，只(zhi)剩殘(can)片。烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾第三王朝（約公元前(qian)2113~前(qian)2006年）創(chuang)始人烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾納(na)姆(mu)（約公元前(qian)2113~前(qian)2096年在位）建立了強大的中央(yang)集權制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，總攬全國大權，統一兩河流(liu)域(yu)的法(fa)(fa)律，適(shi)應奴隸(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)的發展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)奴隸(li)(li)主鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓奴隸(li)(li)反抗(kang)(kang)的需要(yao)(yao)，緩和(he)(he)自由民內(nei)部的矛盾，他下(xia)令用(yong)蘇美爾文（楔(xie)形文字）寫成了一部適(shi)用(yong)于烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾全境的法(fa)(fa)典(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)便是(shi)《烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾納(na)姆(mu)法(fa)(fa)典(dian)(dian)》。
法典(dian)包括序言和正(zheng)文29條（傳(chuan)下來的(de)只有(you)23條）兩大部分，沒(mei)有(you)結語(yu)，主要涉及政治(zhi)、宗教和法律等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)。序言宣稱，是神授予烏(wu)爾納(na)(na)姆統(tong)治(zhi)權力，烏(wu)爾納(na)(na)姆在人世間(jian)的(de)行為是按照神意，確立「正(zheng)義」和「社會秩(zhi)序」，并列舉了他在保護貧弱、抑制豪強等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)所采取(qu)的(de)措(cuo)施。
現已發現的(de)(de)(de)最早抄本大(da)約是巴比倫時代的(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)大(da)部分已毀(hui)損(sun)(sun)，僅(jin)存幾條殘片(pian)。從破(po)損(sun)(sun)較嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)典殘片(pian)看，法(fa)典的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)內容是對奴(nu)(nu)隸(li)制度、婚(hun)姻、家(jia)庭(ting)、繼承(cheng)、刑(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定。如：第(di)一次(ci)離婚(hun)支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)1米納白銀，而(er)第(di)二次(ci)離婚(hun)應當(dang)支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)1/2米納白銀，通奸者(zhe)(zhe)將(jiang)被(bei)(bei)處(chu)死；強暴(bao)自己的(de)(de)(de)女(nv)奴(nu)(nu)者(zhe)(zhe)將(jiang)被(bei)(bei)課以5西克爾(er)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)金(jin)(jin)；作偽證將(jiang)被(bei)(bei)處(chu)以罰(fa)(fa)(fa)款；斗毆(ou)中打折骨頭(tou)需(xu)(xu)支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)1米納白銀，損(sun)(sun)傷腳(jiao)需(xu)(xu)支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)10西克爾(er)；外(wai)國(guo)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)被(bei)(bei)淹沒(mei)，每0.3公(gong)頃(qing)土(tu)地(di)將(jiang)給予3古爾(er)（約900公(gong)升(sheng)大(da)麥）補(bu)償；將(jiang)逃亡奴(nu)(nu)隸(li)捉回的(de)(de)(de)奴(nu)(nu)隸(li)主(zhu)要(yao)給捕捉者(zhe)(zhe)適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)報酬；傷害他人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)身(shen)世要(yao)處(chu)以酷刑(xing)并(bing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)款；禁止行巫術；破(po)壞他人(ren)耕(geng)地(di)者(zhe)(zhe)要(yao)支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)食物(wu)賠償；女(nv)奴(nu)(nu)對女(nv)主(zhu)人(ren)不(bu)敬則予體罰(fa)(fa)(fa)。婦女(nv)在家(jia)庭(ting)中地(di)位(wei)低下(xia)，如犯通奸罪(zui)則處(chu)死等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。這些條文充分表明(ming)了當(dang)時立法(fa)已采用罰(fa)(fa)(fa)金(jin)(jin)賠款等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)式逐步取代同態復仇。
從(cong)現在僅存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二十多條殘篇來看，涉(she)(she)及女(nv)奴(nu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)五條，她(ta)們時(shi)常(chang)遭受強暴、買(mai)賣和毆打(da)；有(you)兩條涉(she)(she)及寡婦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，她(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會地位較之女(nv)奴(nu)較好(hao)——法典序言提到不允許有(you)勢力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人支(zhi)配(pei)寡婦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，正文又提到遺棄寡婦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)男人應(ying)賠償一定數額的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白銀；法典也涉(she)(she)及普通婦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)女(nv)，她(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會地位比(bi)女(nv)奴(nu)和婦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)女(nv)高，但較普通男子(zi)卑下。盡管法典中仍殘存著讓河神澄清妖術罪(zui)和妻(qi)子(zi)被控通奸(jian)罪(zui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定，但有(you)關身體傷害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處罰規定比(bi)原始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處罰有(you)了(le)很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步。
《烏爾納姆法典》無論在內容上或形式上，都有創新之處，在西亞地區占有重要的地位，對后來兩河流域各國制定的法典影響頗大。
序言
The prologue, typical of Mesopotamian law codes, invokes the deities for Ur-Nammu's kingship and decrees "equity in the land".
"…After Anand Enlilhad turned over the Kingship of Ur to Nanna, at that time did Ur-Nammu, son born of Ninsun, for his beloved mother who bore him, in accordance with his principles of equity and truth... Then did Ur-Nammu the mighty warrior, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, by the might of Nanna, lord of the city, and in accordance with the true word of Utu, establish equity in the land; he banished malediction, violence and strife, and set the monthly Temple expenses at 90 gur of barley, 30 sheep, and 30 sila of butter. He fashioned the bronze sila-measure, standardized the one-minaweight, and standardized the stone weight of a shekelof silver in relation to one mina... The orphan was not delivered up to the rich man; the widow was not delivered up to the mighty man; the man of one shekel was not delivered up to the man of one mina."
正文
1. If a man commits a murder, that man must be killed.
2. If a man commits a robbery, he will be killed.
3. If a man commits a kidnapping, he is to be imprisoned and pay 15 shekels of silver.
4. If a slave marries a slave, and that slave is set free, he does not leave the household.
5. If a slave marries a native (i.e. free) person, he/she is to hand the firstborn son over to his owner.
6. If a man violates the right of another and deflowers the virgin wife of a young man, they shall kill that male.
7. If the wife of a man followed after another man and he slept with her, they shall slay that woman, but that male shall be set free. (§4 in some translations)
8. If a man proceeded by force, and deflowered the virgin slavewoman of another man, that man must pay five shekels of silver. (5)
9. If a man divorces his first-time wife, he shall pay her one mina of silver. (6)
10. If it is a (former) widow whom he divorces, he shall pay her half a mina of silver. (7)
11. If the man had slept with the widow without there having been any marriage contract, he need not pay any silver. (8)
13. If a man is accused of sorcery he must undergo ordeal by water; if he is proven innocent, his accuser must pay 3 shekels. (10)
14. If a man accused the wife of a man of adultery, and the river ordeal proved her innocent, then the man who had accused her must pay one-third of a mina of silver. (11)
15. If a prospective son-in-law enters the house of his prospective father-in-law, but his father-in-law later gives his daughter to another man, the father-in-law shall return to the rejected son-in-law twofold the amount of bridal presents he had brought. (12)
17. If a slave escapes from the city limits, and someone returns him, the owner shall pay two shekels to the one who returned him. (14)
18. If a man knocks out the eye of another man, he shall weigh out ½ a mina of silver. (15)
19. If a man has cut off another man’s foot, he is to pay ten shekels. (16)
20. If a man, in the course of a scuffle, smashed the limb of another man with a club, he shall pay one mina of silver. (17)
21. If someone severed the nose of another man with a copper knife, he must pay two-thirds of a mina of silver. (18)
22. If a man knocks out a tooth of another man, he shall pay two shekels of silver. (19)
24. [...] If he does not have a slave, he is to pay 10 shekels of silver. If he does not have silver, he is to give another thing that belongs to him. (21)
25. If a man’s slave-woman, comparing herself to her mistress, speaks insolently to her, her mouth shall be scoured with 1 quart of salt. (22)
28. If a man appeared as a witness, and was shown to be a perjurer, he must pay fifteen shekels of silver. (25)
29. If a man appears as a witness, but withdraws his oath, he must make payment, to the extent of the value in litigation of the case. (26)
30. If a man stealthily cultivates the field of another man and he raises a complaint, this is however to be rejected, and this man will lose his expenses. (27)
31. If a man flooded the field of a man with water, he shall measure out three kur of barley per iku of field. (28)
32. If a man had let an arable field to a(nother) man for cultivation, but he did not cultivate it, turning it into wasteland, he shall measure out three kur of barley per iku of field. (29)
烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)（Ur-Nammu）約(yue)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前2113年－公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前2096年在(zai)(zai)位阿(a)卡德(de)王(wang)國滅亡后，蠻族庫(ku)提人(ren)統治蘇美(mei)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)地(di)區，雖然其間有些蘇美(mei)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)城邦保持著相對的(de)(de)獨(du)立和繁榮。公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前2120年，漁(yu)夫出身的(de)(de)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)魯(lu)(lu)克人(ren)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)赫(he)加(jia)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)起(qi)兵自立為烏(wu)(wu)(wu)魯(lu)(lu)克王(wang)，并且打(da)敗了庫(ku)提人(ren)，俘獲了庫(ku)提人(ren)的(de)(de)末代(dai)國王(wang)梯(ti)里根(gen)（Tiriga），烏(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)赫(he)加(jia)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)占領烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后任(ren)命烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)治理烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。烏(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)赫(he)加(jia)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)與烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)關系現在(zai)(zai)仍是(shi)史學(xue)界(jie)研究的(de)(de)課題，一(yi)(yi)說烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)赫(he)加(jia)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)的(de)(de)弟弟，另一(yi)(yi)說烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)則(ze)是(shi)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)赫(he)加(jia)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)的(de)(de)女婿(xu)。但可能(neng)在(zai)(zai)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)赫(he)加(jia)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)尚在(zai)(zai)世(shi)時，烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)就已經與他反(fan)目為仇，不(bu)臣服于(yu)(yu)他了。約(yue)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前2112年，烏(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)赫(he)加(jia)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死于(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)場意外（或者(zhe)可能(neng)是(shi)陰謀）。此后烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)南征北戰(zhan)，繼(ji)阿(a)卡德(de)王(wang)國以(yi)后，統一(yi)(yi)整(zheng)個美(mei)索不(bu)達米亞，建立起(qi)了強(qiang)(qiang)大的(de)(de)中(zhong)央集權制王(wang)朝(chao)。（另一(yi)(yi)強(qiang)(qiang)大的(de)(de)蘇美(mei)城邦拉格什(shen)于(yu)(yu)約(yue)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前2110年被(bei)征服）烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)留給后人(ren)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)《烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)法(fa)(fa)典》，今天考古所得的(de)(de)只是(shi)這部(bu)法(fa)(fa)典的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)小部(bu)分。
《烏(wu)爾(er)(er)納姆法(fa)(fa)典》是部成熟的法(fa)(fa)律(lv)，蘇美爾(er)(er)文(wen)明的法(fa)(fa)制體系已經(jing)(jing)經(jing)(jing)歷(li)了很長(chang)時間的發展(zhan)。雖(sui)然(ran)如此，《烏(wu)爾(er)(er)納姆法(fa)(fa)典》但(dan)仍然(ran)可(ke)視(shi)為人類文(wen)明史上(shang)現存的最早(zao)的成文(wen)法(fa)(fa)。
歲月靜好 
