芒果视频

人物簡介

陳獨秀（1879年(nian)10月(yue)9日-1942年(nian)5月(yue)27日），原名慶同，官(guan)名乾生(sheng)，字仲甫，號實庵，安(an)徽懷寧（今安(an)慶）人(ren)(ren)。中(zhong)國近現(xian)代史上(shang)偉大(da)的(de)(de)愛國者(zhe)、偉大(da)的(de)(de)革(ge)命家(jia)與改(gai)革(ge)家(jia)、偉大(da)的(de)(de)民(min)主(zhu)主(zhu)義者(zhe)、偉大(da)的(de)(de)啟蒙思(si)想家(jia)。他是新(xin)文(wen)化運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)發(fa)起者(zhe)，是20世紀中(zhong)國第一次(ci)思(si)想解放(fang)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)倡導(dao)者(zhe)；是五四運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)總(zong)司令，是五四運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)思(si)想指(zhi)導(dao)者(zhe)；是馬克思(si)主(zhu)義的(de)(de)積極傳播者(zhe)；是中(zhong)國共產黨(dang)重要(yao)的(de)(de)創始人(ren)(ren)；是中(zhong)國共產黨(dang)第一代領導(dao)集(ji)體的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)領導(dao)人(ren)(ren)；是中(zhong)國近現(xian)代歷(li)史上(shang)第一個深刻總(zong)結、反思(si)蘇(su)聯和社(she)會主(zhu)義民(min)主(zhu)政治建設經驗、教(jiao)訓的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。

主要經歷

個人經歷

陳獨秀于(yu)1879年10月9日（清光(guang)緒五年）出生在安徽(hui)省安慶市城北(bei)的一(yi)間(jian)別墅里。

1896年考中(zhong)秀(xiu)才。1897年入杭(hang)州(zhou)求是(shi)書院(yuan)（浙江大(da)學前(qian)身）學習，開始接受近(jin)代西(xi)方思想文化。1899年因有(you)反清(qing)言論被書院(yuan)開除。

1901年(nian)(nian)因為進行反(fan)清(qing)(qing)宣傳(chuan)(chuan)活動，受清(qing)(qing)政府通緝，從安(an)(an)慶逃亡(wang)日本，入(ru)東(dong)京高等師(shi)范(fan)學(xue)校(xiao)速(su)成科學(xue)習。1903年(nian)(nian)7月在(zai)上海協助(zhu)章士(shi)(shi)釗主(zhu)編《國(guo)民(min)日報》。1904年(nian)(nian)初在(zai)蕪湖創辦(ban)《安(an)(an)徽俗話(hua)報》，宣傳(chuan)(chuan)革命思想。1905年(nian)(nian)組織(zhi)反(fan)清(qing)(qing)秘密革命組織(zhi)岳王會(hui)，任總會(hui)長。1907年(nian)(nian)入(ru)東(dong)京正則英語學(xue)校(xiao)，后(hou)轉(zhuan)入(ru)早稻(dao)田大學(xue)。1909年(nian)(nian)冬(dong)去(qu)浙江(jiang)陸軍學(xue)堂(tang)任教(jiao)。1911年(nian)(nian)辛亥革命后(hou)不久，任安(an)(an)徽省都督府秘書長。1913年(nian)(nian)參(can)加討伐(fa)袁世凱的“二次革命”，失敗后(hou)被捕入(ru)獄，出獄后(hou)于(yu)1914年(nian)(nian)到日本，幫助(zhu)章士(shi)(shi)釗創辦(ban)《甲寅》雜志。

1916年任北京大學(xue)文(wen)科學(xue)長（相當于(yu)系主任）。

1918年和李(li)大釗創辦(ban)《每周評論》，提倡新文化，宣傳馬克思主(zhu)義，俗稱“南陳北李(li)”。是“五(wu)·四”“新文化運(yun)動”的(de)主(zhu)要領導(dao)人之一。

1919年6月11日，陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)在北(bei)京街(jie)頭親(qin)自(zi)散發(fa)《北(bei)京市民宣言》時(shi)被捕入獄。消息迅速傳遍全國，各(ge)界(jie)、各(ge)省函電交馳，要求釋放陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。學界(jie)有(you)69名(ming)署名(ming)保釋陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)，其中有(you)著名(ming)的教授，也(ye)有(you)普(pu)通的中學教員；有(you)新派(pai)人(ren)物，也(ye)有(you)舊(jiu)派(pai)人(ren)物。對(dui)五四運動持反對(dui)態(tai)度的田桐，也(ye)發(fa)表函電，要求立(li)即釋放陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。在各(ge)方的壓力下，陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)恢復了(le)自(zi)由。胡適在6年后還念念不忘這件事。1925年12月，他在“北(bei)京群(qun)眾(zhong)燒毀晨報館事件”發(fa)生后寫給陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的信中提(ti)及此事。

1920年(nian)，在(zai)(zai)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)幫助(zhu)下，首先在(zai)(zai)上(shang)海建(jian)立中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黨(dang)發起組織，進行(xing)(xing)建(jian)黨(dang)活動。1921年(nian)3月24日，陳獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)受陳炯明之邀在(zai)(zai)廣東建(jian)黨(dang)。7月，在(zai)(zai)上(shang)海舉行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黨(dang)第(di)一(yi)次(ci)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)代表大(da)會(hui)上(shang)，被選為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)局書(shu)記(ji)：陳獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)（1921年(nian)7月，中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)大(da)選舉產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生）。后(hou)被選為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)第(di)二、第(di)三屆(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)委員(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)委員(yuan)(yuan)長，第(di)四、第(di)五屆(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)委員(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)總書(shu)記(ji)。在(zai)(zai)大(da)革命(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)，陳獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)多次(ci)反對共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合作(zuo)指示（為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)保證合作(zuo)，共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)要求共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)留在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)內(nei)）。但(dan)是由于缺乏(fa)有(you)系統的(de)(de)(de)、獨(du)(du)(du)立的(de)(de)(de)階級(ji)綱領指導(dao)(dao)，使(shi)(shi)得陳獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)等一(yi)次(ci)次(ci)被共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)領導(dao)(dao)層(ceng)錯誤的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)指令壓下去(qu)。激烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)次(ci)是在(zai)(zai)1926年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)山艦事件后(hou)，陳獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)在(zai)(zai)黨(dang)報上(shang)發表公開信，單(dan)方(fang)面宣(xuan)布退出國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)，引起黨(dang)內(nei)外轟動。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)留在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)內(nei)服從后(hou)者的(de)(de)(de)紀律，是共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)確保國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)既定戰略路線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心政(zheng)策（共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)何執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)這一(yi)政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)原(yuan)因(yin)參(can)見百度百科(ke)“一(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)成社會(hui)主義(yi)論”的(de)(de)(de)詞條）。但(dan)不(bu)久后(hou)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)領導(dao)(dao)層(ceng)發來的(de)(de)(de)指令，使(shi)(shi)大(da)多數中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)繼(ji)續(xu)堅持舊政(zheng)策，而包(bao)括(kuo)陳獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)異議分(fen)(fen)子無(wu)論如何也(ye)想不(bu)到(dao)要與(yu)這種路線(xian)徹底決裂，另立獨(du)(du)(du)立路線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)階級(ji)政(zheng)黨(dang)，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)他們并沒有(you)形(xing)成完全有(you)別于共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)種國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)革命(ming)綱領，更(geng)不(bu)了(le)解當時國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)領導(dao)(dao)層(ceng)內(nei)部(bu)托洛茨基一(yi)派與(yu)斯大(da)林(lin)一(yi)派正在(zai)(zai)就同一(yi)個中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)革命(ming)問題進行(xing)(xing)激烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)綱領斗(dou)爭(zheng)。

大(da)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)造成(cheng)了強(qiang)烈沖擊，大(da)批(pi)優(you)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)干(gan)部(bu)（包括陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個兒(er)子）在(zai)(zai)(zai)反(fan)(fan)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)屠(tu)殺中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)喪生(sheng)，1927年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)30年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)浪潮(chao)使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)城市(shi)工人(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)(xiang)力(li)(li)嚴重(zhong)削弱.。大(da)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)后(hou)，共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)失(shi)(shi)誤是(shi)導致大(da)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)原因(yin)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)不(bu)(bu)服(fu)，他(ta)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，大(da)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)了，作為(wei)(wei)總書(shu)記(ji)(ji)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)負責(ze)任的(de)(de)(de)(de)，但共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際更有責(ze)任，自(zi)己只是(shi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個忠實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)執行者而已(yi)，由他(ta)來(lai)承擔全(quan)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任，于情(qing)于理都(dou)說不(bu)(bu)通。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)被(bei)指(zhi)犯了“右傾機(ji)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)”錯誤，在(zai)(zai)(zai)1927年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)八·七(qi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)議上(shang)(shang)撤銷(xiao)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總書(shu)記(ji)(ji)職務。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個栽贓陷害(hai)也是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)史上(shang)(shang)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冤案(an)。其后(hou)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)苦(ku)悶(men)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)反(fan)(fan)思(si)，開(kai)(kai)始(shi)接受(shou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際托(tuo)洛(luo)茨基派(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點(dian)，要(yao)(yao)求中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)接受(shou)托(tuo)派(pai)(pai)路線(xian)，即(ji)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)斯大(da)林主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)荒唐透(tou)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)左傾暴(bao)動路線(xian)，同(tong)時(shi)也反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)盲目向農(nong)村發展力(li)(li)量(liang)甚(shen)至(zhi)把游擊隊高抬(tai)為(wei)(wei)紅軍（誠然，不(bu)(bu)僅陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)而且(qie)當時(shi)相當多數(shu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)人(ren)都(dou)低估(gu)了農(nong)民(min)運動），而主(zhu)張(zhang)以國(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)會(hui)(hui)(hui)議為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心，主(zhu)張(zhang)從(cong)民(min)權民(min)主(zhu)斗爭(zheng)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)重(zhong)新聚集力(li)(li)量(liang)。1929年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)11月(yue)(yue)(yue)，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東(dong)路事(shi)件(jian)，共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際遠東(dong)局從(cong)一開(kai)(kai)始(shi)就明(ming)確要(yao)(yao)求中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)要(yao)(yao)提出(chu)“武(wu)裝保衛蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)口號(hao)，并組(zu)(zu)織大(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)和(he)擁護蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)群(qun)眾示(shi)威。對(dui)(dui)此(ci)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)毫不(bu)(bu)猶豫地做出(chu)了積極的(de)(de)(de)(de)響(xiang)(xiang)應。他(ta)們(men)召(zhao)開(kai)(kai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)局會(hui)(hui)(hui)議，決(jue)定開(kai)(kai)動一切宣(xuan)傳機(ji)器，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)1日(ri)(ri)(ri)“反(fan)(fan)帝(di)日(ri)(ri)(ri)”舉行示(shi)威，而且(qie)爭(zheng)取發動上(shang)(shang)海(hai)工人(ren)總罷(ba)工。對(dui)(dui)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)做法，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)專門致信中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)提出(chu)批(pi)評，主(zhu)張(zhang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個時(shi)候片面宣(xuan)傳“擁護蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)”“于我(wo)們(men)不(bu)(bu)利(li)”，絕不(bu)(bu)能簡單(dan)地認(ren)為(wei)(wei)“廣大(da)群(qun)眾都(dou)認(ren)同(tong)蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)解放的(de)(de)(de)(de)朋(peng)友”（《陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)給中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信》，1929年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)28日(ri)(ri)(ri)，8月(yue)(yue)(yue)11日(ri)(ri)(ri)）為(wei)(wei)此(ci)，并鑒(jian)于陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)等人(ren)事(shi)實(shi)上(shang)(shang)根(gen)本反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)路線(xian)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很快正式決(jue)議將(jiang)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)等人(ren)開(kai)(kai)除(chu)(chu)出(chu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)。（《江蘇(su)(su)省(sheng)委為(wei)(wei)開(kai)(kai)除(chu)(chu)彭(peng)述(shu)之、汪(wang)澤(ze)(ze)凱(kai)、馬玉(yu)夫(fu)、蔡振德及反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)內(nei)機(ji)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)托(tuo)洛(luo)斯基反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)派(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)議》，1929年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)20日(ri)(ri)(ri)；《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)局關(guan)(guan)于開(kai)(kai)除(chu)(chu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)籍并批(pi)準江蘇(su)(su)省(sheng)委開(kai)(kai)除(chu)(chu)彭(peng)述(shu)之、汪(wang)澤(ze)(ze)凱(kai)、馬玉(yu)夫(fu)、蔡振德四(si)人(ren)決(jue)議案(an)》，1929年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)11月(yue)(yue)(yue)15日(ri)(ri)(ri)，《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)文件(jian)選集》第(di)5冊，第(di)549－555頁。）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)明(ming)確認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)等人(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東(dong)路問題(ti)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見(jian)，“是(shi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)內(nei)一些動搖(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)分子的(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)露(lu)骨的(de)(de)(de)(de)表現。（《評陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信件(jian)》）”，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)被(bei)開(kai)(kai)除(chu)(chu)出(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)。12月(yue)(yue)(yue)，與(yu)(yu)彭(peng)述(shu)之等81人(ren)發表《我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)意(yi)見(jian)書(shu)》，攻擊中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)領(ling)導層。同(tong)時(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)建立(li)托(tuo)派(pai)(pai)組(zu)(zu)織“無產(chan)(chan)者社”，出(chu)版《無產(chan)(chan)者》刊物(wu)，宣(xuan)傳托(tuo)派(pai)(pai)觀(guan)點(dian)。1932年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)淞滬(hu)抗(kang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)戰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，支持抗(kang)戰，譴責(ze)蔣介石賣國(guo)(guo)(guo)獨(du)裁(cai)，而后(hou)被(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府逮(dai)捕(bu)。1937年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)出(chu)獄，擁護國(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)作和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導抗(kang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)武(wu)漢(han)聯(lian)(lian)絡民(min)主(zhu)人(ren)士和(he)抗(kang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)軍隊，試圖組(zu)(zu)織“不(bu)(bu)擁國(guo)(guo)(guo)、不(bu)(bu)阿共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)三(san)勢力(li)(li)。此(ci)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)已(yi)偏離了托(tuo)派(pai)(pai)綱(gang)領(ling)，并遭到(dao)多數(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)托(tuo)派(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)，但仍與(yu)(yu)托(tuo)派(pai)(pai)組(zu)(zu)織保持關(guan)(guan)系——直至(zhi)逝世(shi)也未曾(ceng)脫離過這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)組(zu)(zu)織和(he)思(si)想、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)關(guan)(guan)系。1938年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，被(bei)王(wang)明(ming)、康生(sheng)誣(wu)陷為(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本間諜，從(cong)此(ci)與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)徹底決(jue)裂。晚(wan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)最終的(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)場(chang)(chang)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)求建立(li)民(min)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權，開(kai)(kai)始(shi)對(dui)(dui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)理論進行反(fan)(fan)思(si)。

1942年5月27日(ri)，陳獨(du)秀(xiu)作(zuo)為(wei)二十多年來一直為(wei)無產階級解(jie)放事(shi)業而奮(fen)斗(dou)的革命戰士于四川江津病逝。主要著作(zuo)收入《獨(du)秀(xiu)文(wen)存》、《陳獨(du)秀(xiu)文(wen)章(zhang)選(xuan)編》等(deng)。

革命后期

放棄(qi)對農民、城市(shi)小(xiao)資產(chan)階級和中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)資產(chan)階級的(de)(de)領導權，尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)放棄(qi)對武裝(zhuang)力量(liang)的(de)(de)領導權，對國(guo)(guo)(guo)民黨(dang)(dang)右(you)派(pai)(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)進攻(gong)，采(cai)取(qu)妥協投降的(de)(de)政策。1927年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大革命遭(zao)到失(shi)敗，除了來自共(gong)產(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際指導上(shang)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)，他的(de)(de)右(you)傾錯誤(wu)也是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。1927年(nian)7月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)，中(zhong)(zhong)央政治(zhi)局改組(zu)，他離開(kai)中(zhong)(zhong)央領導崗位。此后(hou)，他接受托(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)(pai)觀點，以在黨(dang)(dang)內成立(li)小(xiao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)方式進行活動。1929年(nian)11月(yue)，因(yin)為他在中(zhong)(zhong)東路問題上(shang)發(fa)表對中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)央的(de)(de)公(gong)開(kai)信，而被開(kai)除黨(dang)(dang)籍。同(tong)年(nian)12月(yue)發(fa)表由81人(ren)署(shu)名(ming)的(de)(de)作(zuo)為托(tuo)(tuo)陳取(qu)消派(pai)(pai)(pai)綱領的(de)(de)《我們的(de)(de)政治(zhi)意見書》。同(tong)時(shi)，在上(shang)海組(zu)成托(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)(pai)小(xiao)組(zu)織(zhi)無產(chan)者(zhe)社，出版刊(kan)物《無產(chan)者(zhe)》。1931年(nian)5月(yue)，出席(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)各托(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)(pai)小(xiao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)“統一大會”，被推選為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)托(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)(pai)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)央書記。1932年(nian)10月(yue)，在上(shang)海被國(guo)(guo)(guo)民黨(dang)(dang)政府逮捕，判刑(xing)后(hou)囚禁于南京模范(fan)監獄。

抗戰時期

抗(kang)戰全面爆發后，他(ta)于1937年(nian)8月出(chu)獄，先后住(zhu)在武漢、重慶(qing)，最后長期居住(zhu)于四川江津（今重慶(qing)市江津區(qu)）。1942年(nian)5月在貧病交加(jia)中逝世。

主要作品

文選

主要著(zhu)作收(shou)入《獨秀(xiu)文(wen)存》、《陳獨秀(xiu)文(wen)章選編》、《陳獨秀(xiu)思想論稿》、《陳獨秀(xiu)著(zhu)作選編》等(deng)。

1984-1993年(nian)間(jian)，三卷本《陳(chen)獨秀著作選》相繼由上海人民出(chu)版(ban)社(she)出(chu)版(ban)。編(bian)者(zhe)寫于1991年(nian)12月(yue)的“編(bian)輯說明”中(zhong)說：“對于陳(chen)獨秀詆(di)毀(hui)中(zhong)國(guo)共產(chan)黨(dang)，誣蔑工農紅軍(jun)和(he)反對農村包圍城市革命道路的錯誤言論，本書全(quan)文(wen)照(zhao)錄，不(bu)予刪節，以供讀(du)者(zhe)研究和(he)批(pi)判(pan)”。字里(li)行(xing)間(jian)，“批(pi)判(pan)”遺風猶在，且不(bu)無防身自保(bao)之慮。

2009年1月上(shang)海人民出(chu)版社推(tui)出(chu)《陳(chen)(chen)獨秀(xiu)著作(zuo)選編》六卷(juan)(juan)本(ben)，輯(ji)文(wen)(wen)890篇(pian)，272萬(wan)字(zi)(zi)。較原三卷(juan)(juan)本(ben)600多(duo)篇(pian)、162萬(wan)字(zi)(zi)，多(duo)出(chu)200多(duo)篇(pian)、115萬(wan)字(zi)(zi)。校(xiao)正(zheng)舊編中(zhong)錯(cuo)、別、漏字(zi)(zi)句上(shang)千處。新輯(ji)作(zuo)品主(zhu)要(yao)是檔案文(wen)(wen)件、新發現的(de)文(wen)(wen)章書(shu)信(xin)，以及音韻學、文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)學方面的(de)著作(zuo)。其中(zhong)有(you)陳(chen)(chen)獨秀(xiu)在(zai)上(shang)海工人第三次(ci)武裝起義(yi)前后主(zhu)持特別委員(yuan)會(hui)的(de)發言，五卅(sa)運動中(zhong)在(zai)《熱血日報》上(shang)發表的(de)文(wen)(wen)章，在(zai)南京(jing)獄(yu)中(zhong)寫(xie)給(gei)汪原放(fang)的(de)54封書(shu)信(xin)，入川后寫(xie)給(gei)臺(tai)靜農等(deng)人的(de)近百(bai)封書(shu)信(xin)，等(deng)等(deng)。

《陳(chen)獨(du)秀著(zhu)作選》第六卷，收(shou)入陳(chen)獨(du)秀音韻學(xue)(xue)著(zhu)作《古(gu)音陰陽入互用例表》、《連語類編》以及與他(ta)的學(xue)(xue)生、語言學(xue)(xue)家魏建功來往書信。文字學(xue)(xue)著(zhu)作，收(shou)入《小(xiao)學(xue)(xue)識字教本》、致臺靜農、陳(chen)立夫、陳(chen)可忠等人書信。

《小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)識(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)教(jiao)(jiao)本》，是陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)研究集大成之作。1929年寫成《中國(guo)拼音(yin)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)草案(an)》，售予商(shang)務印(yin)書館(guan)。當(dang)時，陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)是當(dang)局通緝的“共黨首(shou)領”，自(zi)(zi)然不(bu)能出版(ban)，書稿(gao)亦杳無(wu)下落。居川期間，陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)在《實庵字(zi)(zi)說》《識(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)初階》基礎上(shang)，寫《小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)識(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)教(jiao)(jiao)本》。原定由(you)國(guo)民政府教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)部(bu)出版(ban)，并兩次預支稿(gao)酬(chou)一(yi)萬元。教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)部(bu)長陳(chen)立夫認為“小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)”二字(zi)(zi)不(bu)妥，建議改(gai)書名(ming)為《中國(guo)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)說明》。陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)以“小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)”乃音(yin)韻字(zi)(zi)、文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)綜合之古稱，也是他(ta)研究文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)形、聲、義三者(zhe)統一(yi)而非三者(zhe)分(fen)立的特點，拒改(gai)書名(ming)。此(ci)書不(bu)能出版(ban)，他(ta)令家人(ren)不(bu)得動用稿(gao)酬(chou)。《小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)識(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)教(jiao)(jiao)本》書稿(gao)由(you)國(guo)立編譯(yi)館(guan)油(you)印(yin)50冊(ce)分(fen)贈(zeng)專家。梁(liang)實秋分(fen)得一(yi)冊(ce)，十分(fen)珍愛，日后帶往臺灣，請專人(ren)描清(qing)字(zi)(zi)跡不(bu)清(qing)處(chu)，影(ying)印(yin)500冊(ce)，仍感不(bu)佳(jia)。再請人(ren)費時十月，將(jiang)全稿(gao)重(zhong)描無(wu)誤，書名(ming)改(gai)作《文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)新詮》，隱去作者(zhe)姓名(ming)與(yu)《自(zi)(zi)敘》，代之以梁(liang)序，于1971年由(you)臺灣語文(wen)(wen)研究中心(xin)影(ying)印(yin)出版(ban)。梁(liang)私下告友人(ren)，此(ci)為陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)遺作。《小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)識(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)教(jiao)(jiao)本》得以傳世，梁(liang)氏(shi)功莫大焉。

在獄中(zhong)，陳獨秀寫(xie)了《荀子韻(yun)(yun)表及考(kao)釋(shi)》、《實庵字(zi)說》、《老子考(kao)略》、《中(zhong)國(guo)古代語(yu)音有復聲母說》、《古音陰陽入互(hu)用(yong)例(li)表》、《連語(yu)類編》、《屈宋韻(yun)(yun)表及考(kao)釋(shi)》、《晉呂靜(jing)韻(yun)(yun)集(ji)目》、《戊寅(yin)年(nian)登石筍(sun)山》《干支為(wei)字(zi)母說》等音韻(yun)(yun)訓詁學著作(zuo)。

書法

陳(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)論書(shu)法(fa)，有一(yi)則(ze)佳話(hua)流傳甚廣。即我(wo)們都知道的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法(fa)家沈(shen)(shen)尹(yin)默(mo)先生(sheng)，早年(nian)就(jiu)是受了(le)陳(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)語“刺激”，而(er)發憤(fen)練字(zi)(zi)，終成一(yi)代大(da)(da)師的(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)時陳(chen)與沈(shen)(shen)還(huan)不(bu)熟(shu)悉，但(dan)性(xing)格(ge)率(lv)直、快人快語的(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)初(chu)次相見(jian)，就(jiu)當(dang)面說：“昨在(zai)(zai)劉(liu)三(san)壁(bi)上(shang)見(jian)了(le)你寫的(de)(de)(de)詩，詩很好，而(er)字(zi)(zi)則(ze)其俗(su)在(zai)(zai)骨。可謂詩在(zai)(zai)天上(shang)，字(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)地下！”劉(liu)三(san)則(ze)是江南(nan)名(ming)士劉(liu)季(ji)平(ping)也(ye)(ye)，其時劉(liu)三(san)和蘇曼殊以(yi)及陳(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)、沈(shen)(shen)尹(yin)默(mo)等，都是東瀛(ying)留學(xue)(xue)(xue)歸(gui)來(lai)常(chang)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起詩酒(jiu)風(feng)流的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)士。沈(shen)(shen)尹(yin)默(mo)并不(bu)因陳(chen)的(de)(de)(de)批(pi)評(ping)為(wei)忤，相反(fan)(fan)后(hou)來(lai)沈(shen)(shen)入北(bei)大(da)(da)任教，還(huan)把陳(chen)推(tui)薦給(gei)了(le)蔡元培校長，并委以(yi)文(wen)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)長之(zhi)職(zhi)，足見(jian)舊時學(xue)(xue)(xue)人謙(qian)虛寬博之(zhi)胸懷。陳(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)批(pi)評(ping)沈(shen)(shen)尹(yin)默(mo)的(de)(de)(de)字(zi)(zi)“俗(su)在(zai)(zai)骨”，實際上(shang)也(ye)(ye)是透(tou)露(lu)了(le)他(ta)自己(ji)書(shu)法(fa)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)審美觀。一(yi)般以(yi)帖學(xue)(xue)(xue)為(wei)宗的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法(fa)，若無(wu)厚實的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)碑為(wei)底，用筆(bi)單調柔弱，則(ze)容易(yi)滑向(xiang)“媚俗(su)”一(yi)路。這一(yi)觀點也(ye)(ye)和清(qing)代末(mo)期由尊帖轉而(er)尊碑風(feng)尚是一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)。不(bu)過后(hou)來(lai)即便是沈(shen)(shen)尹(yin)默(mo)的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法(fa)已(yi)經達到很高的(de)(de)(de)境界了(le)，但(dan)陳(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)在(zai)(zai)肯定的(de)(de)(de)同時，依舊保留了(le)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)到見(jian)解，他(ta)在(zai)(zai)1941年(nian)給(gei)臺(tai)靜農的(de)(de)(de)信中說：“尹(yin)默(mo)字(zi)(zi)素來(lai)工力甚深，非眼面朋友(you)所(suo)可及，然其字(zi)(zi)外無(wu)字(zi)(zi)，視(shi)三(san)十(shi)年(nian)前無(wu)大(da)(da)異也(ye)(ye)。存世二王字(zi)(zi)，獻(xian)之(zhi)數種(zhong)近(jin)真，羲之(zhi)字(zi)(zi)多為(wei)米南(nan)宮臨本，神韻猶在(zai)(zai)歐褚所(suo)臨蘭亭之(zhi)下，即刻意學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)，字(zi)(zi)品終在(zai)(zai)唐賢以(yi)下也(ye)(ye)。”反(fan)(fan)觀陳(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法(fa)則(ze)是碑帖結合(he)，寫得汪(wang)洋閎肆、兼(jian)備(bei)眾體。

貢獻影響

第一，他是新文化運動的發起者，是20世紀中國第一次思想解放運動的(de)倡(chang)導(dao)者。他在中(zhong)(zhong)國歷史(shi)上(shang)第一(yi)個(ge)舉起了民主、科學兩(liang)面大旗，對(dui)于中(zhong)(zhong)國近(jin)現(xian)代歷史(shi)的(de)發(fa)展產生(sheng)了巨大的(de)影響(xiang)，至今還在影響(xiang)著中(zhong)(zhong)國歷史(shi)的(de)進(jin)程。他創辦的(de)《新青(qing)年》雜志，是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國近(jin)現(xian)代歷史(shi)上(shang)影響(xiang)最大的(de)刊物，教育、引導(dao)了整整一(yi)代人。

第二(er)，他(ta)(ta)是(shi)五四運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)總司令，是(shi)五四運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)思想指導者。五四運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能夠在中國(guo)近現代歷史(shi)上發生那么大(da)的(de)影響，與他(ta)(ta)的(de)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)、指導、影響是(shi)分(fen)不開的(de)。在高度(du)評價五四運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)歷史(shi)功績的(de)同時(shi)，不能忘(wang)記陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)在其中的(de)巨大(da)歷史(shi)功勞(lao)。

第三，他是(shi)馬(ma)克(ke)思主義的(de)積極傳(chuan)播(bo)者(zhe)。他傳(chuan)播(bo)馬(ma)克(ke)思主義雖然沒有李大釗(zhao)早，但他創辦的(de)《新青年》雜志是(shi)當時傳(chuan)播(bo)馬(ma)克(ke)思主義的(de)主要陣地，其重要作用(yong)是(shi)任何別(bie)的(de)報刊不能替代的(de)。

第四，他是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)創始(shi)人。陳獨秀是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)創始(shi)人之一(yi)的(de)說法(fa)不(bu)準確。如果沒有(you)陳獨秀，就沒有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)在1921年(nian)的(de)成立(li)。僅(jin)僅(jin)這(zhe)一(yi)條，他就可以名垂(chui)千古(gu)，光(guang)照千秋。

第(di)五，他是中國共產黨第(di)一(yi)代領導集體的(de)主要的(de)領導人。

第(di)六，他是(shi)中國近現(xian)代歷史上(shang)第(di)一個深刻總結、反思蘇聯和(he)社會主義(yi)民主政(zheng)治建設(she)經驗教訓的人。與孫中山(shan)共事。