芒果视频

基本介紹

寄生(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)（Parasitoid wasp），指膜翅目(mu)細腰亞目(mu)中金小(xiao)蜂(feng)(feng)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、姬蜂(feng)(feng)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、小(xiao)蜂(feng)(feng)科(ke)(ke)(ke)等靠寄生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)多(duo)種昆蟲(chong)。它們的(de)寄生(sheng)(sheng)方式很多(duo)，被寄生(sheng)(sheng)對象(xiang)從卵到(dao)成蟲(chong)的(de)各個階段，都(dou)可能被寄生(sheng)(sheng)。所謂(wei)寄生(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)，就是從植食性(xing)蜂(feng)(feng)類進化到(dao)筑巢性(xing)期(qi)間的(de)一群肉食性(xing)蜂(feng)(feng)類。與寄生(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)一樣(yang)。

分成外寄生(sheng)和內(nei)寄生(sheng)兩大(da)類。前者是(shi)(shi)指把(ba)卵(luan)產(chan)在(zai)寄主體(ti)(ti)表，讓孵化的(de)幼(you)蟲從體(ti)(ti)表取食寄主身體(ti)(ti)；后者是(shi)(shi)把(ba)卵(luan)產(chan)在(zai)寄主體(ti)(ti)內(nei)，讓孵化的(de)幼(you)蟲取食害(hai)蟲體(ti)(ti)內(nei)的(de)組織(zhi)。內(nei)寄生(sheng)形式(shi)者，被認為(wei)較為(wei)進化。

外寄(ji)(ji)生者在產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)前(qian)，必(bi)須克服一件事，就(jiu)是得讓寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)無法動彈(dan)，否則卵(luan)(luan)會(hui)被寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)壓壞，甚至被寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)咬死。因此，外寄(ji)(ji)生蜂會(hui)先用(yong)產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)管蜇刺寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)，注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)有毒物質麻痹寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)。也就(jiu)是說，產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)管除了(le)產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)功能外，兼(jian)具(ju)注(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)麻醉液(ye)的(de)功能。此外，還有一個待解決(jue)的(de)問(wen)題，就(jiu)是寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)必(bi)須有造繭性等隱(yin)蔽身體的(de)習(xi)性，因為寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)若遭麻醉，行(xing)動變(bian)得遲鈍，容易(yi)受到敵害攻擊或其(qi)他(ta)外在環境的(de)傷害，如果沒有隱(yin)蔽自己的(de)絕活，體表的(de)寄(ji)(ji)生蜂幼蟲也將會(hui)與它同歸于(yu)盡。而采用(yong)內寄(ji)(ji)生方式(shi)的(de)寄(ji)(ji)生蜂，問(wen)題就(jiu)沒有那么嚴重。

此(ci)外，也有像蜘(zhi)蛛姬(ji)蜂這類具有產(chan)卵(luan)特技寄生蜂，它(ta)們以(yi)蜘(zhi)蛛網上的(de)蜘(zhi)蛛為寄主。當它(ta)突(tu)襲(xi)蜘(zhi)蛛時，會先(xian)刺蜇蜘(zhi)蛛腳(jiao)的(de)基部(bu)(bu)，利用其暫時失去(qu)感(gan)覺之(zhi)際，在它(ta)的(de)頭胸部(bu)(bu)或腹部(bu)(bu)腹面產(chan)下一(yi)粒(li)卵(luan)，蜘(zhi)蛛后來雖然(ran)恢(hui)復知覺，但由于腳(jiao)摳不(bu)到卵(luan)，只好任(ren)由孵化的(de)姬(ji)蜂幼蟲吸血，而終至(zhi)死亡。

常見種類

寄生蜂(feng)的種類(lei)很多，分別寄生于寄主的不同發(fa)育階(jie)段，常(chang)見的有小蜂(feng)、姬(ji)蜂(feng)、繭蜂(feng)、赤眼蜂(feng)、嚙小蜂(feng)等。

姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)膜(mo)翅(chi)目(mu)姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)科的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，膜(mo)翅(chi)目(mu)(Hymenoptera)姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)科(Ichneunmonidae,有(you)(you)重要經濟(ji)意義的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)大科)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。分布很廣，約(yue)40,000種(zhong)。形(xing)狀(zhuang)、顏色、大小各異，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)1.2公分(約(yue)0.5寸(cun))長(chang)。北美洲最長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)針姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)屬(shu)達5公分。許(xu)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)腹部細(xi)長(chang)而彎曲，像黃蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，區別(bie)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于觸角(jiao)較長(chang)，節較多(duo)(duo)。產卵(luan)器通(tong)常(chang)(chang)比身體(ti)長(chang)。許(xu)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)前翅(chi)有(you)(you)一(yi)黑(hei)點。寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蜘蛛(zhu)以(yi)(yi)及多(duo)(duo)類(lei)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)上，尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鱗翅(chi)目(mu)和(he)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)膜(mo)翅(chi)目(mu)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。由(you)于寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)上，總的(de)(de)(de)來說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)益蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。雌(ci)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)宿主的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或(huo)蛹(很少在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)卵(luan)或(huo)成體(ti))上產卵(luan)。幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)取食(shi)宿主的(de)(de)(de)脂肪(fang)和(he)體(ti)液，長(chang)成后(hou)(hou)織一(yi)繭(jian)。如果宿主生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活場所(suo)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)隱(yin)蔽的(de)(de)(de)，則通(tong)常(chang)(chang)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)宿主體(ti)內；若宿主生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)隱(yin)蔽處(如樹(shu)木孔道內)，則常(chang)(chang)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)宿主體(ti)姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)外。一(yi)個(ge)宿主上多(duo)(duo)數只有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，但有(you)(you)時也可有(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)個(ge)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。赤眼(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)以(yi)(yi)眼(yan)紅色而得名，它經常(chang)(chang)把(ba)卵(luan)產在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)松毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、玉米(mi)螟(ming)、二化螟(ming)及甘蔗螟(ming)的(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)中(zhong)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就以(yi)(yi)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)卵(luan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養物質(zhi)為(wei)食(shi)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)可以(yi)(yi)大量消滅農林害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)；雌(ci)馬尼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)可以(yi)(yi)把(ba)卵(luan)產在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鉆入樹(shu)皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內，以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)它的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)便以(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為(wei)食(shi)，直(zhi)至吃得只剩(sheng)一(yi)層皮(pi)。當它發現鱗翅(chi)目(mu)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)后(hou)(hou)便落到(dao)它的(de)(de)(de)頭部，用長(chang)針狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)產卵(luan)器刺入其(qi)(qi)(qi)腦部，實(shi)施(shi)麻碎后(hou)(hou)被寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)便昏迷不醒，然后(hou)(hou)被“劫(jie)”入穴中(zhong)，產卵(luan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)；其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)如金小蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、小繭(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)等是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)消滅害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)能手。左(zuo)圖是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用赤眼(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)防治(zhi)玉米(mi)螟(ming)，掛在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)玉米(mi)葉子上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)赤眼(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)塊，每個(ge)小白球里有(you)(you)40多(duo)(duo)個(ge)赤眼(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)卵(luan)。

黑青小(xiao)蜂（Dibrachys xavus）棉(mian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)的天敵，金小(xiao)蜂科。雌成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)長約(yue)2.8毫(hao)米，黑色，翅(chi)透明有金屬光澤(ze)，腹(fu)部紡錘形。雄成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)長約(yue)2毫(hao)米，腹(fu)部第(di)一、二節間(jian)有半透明的黃白(bai)色帶。年生11-12代。在(zai)越(yue)冬結繭(jian)的棉(mian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)上寄生，使其死亡。用(yong)于(yu)防治棉(mian)花倉庫內的棉(mian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，倉庫內放蜂后，寄生率很高。

生活習性

與捕食性(xing)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)同(tong)的是，寄生性(xing)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)般都是成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)積極(ji)地尋(xun)找(zhao)寄主(zhu)，當(dang)發現寄主(zhu)后，將卵產于體(ti)內。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)孵(fu)化后取(qu)食寄主(zhu)的營養，和(he)寄主(zhu)共生一(yi)段時間后才使寄主(zhu)死(si)亡。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)能主(zhu)動(dong)尋(xun)找(zhao)食物。

繁殖方式

寄生蜂產的幼卵安靜地躺在夢幻般的薄紗結構中。雌性寄生蜂(feng)通常會(hui)將幼(you)卵注入毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)體(ti)內，當幼(you)卵在(zai)毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)體(ti)內發育14天左右，就會(hui)變得(de)非常難看。寄(ji)生蜂(feng)在(zai)毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)體(ti)內排卵發育是自然界中一種奇特的(de)生物(wu)學攻(gong)擊，寄(ji)生蜂(feng)幼(you)卵使用其DNA中的(de)一種病毒使毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)處于麻痹狀態(tai)。受傷(shang)的(de)毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)顯然被病毒所(suo)嚴重影響，它在(zai)幼(you)卵旁建造了絲毯結(jie)構，對這(zhe)些攻(gong)擊者進行防御，然而(er)在(zai)這(zhe)種發育環境下，寄(ji)生蜂(feng)幼(you)卵逐漸(jian)發育，最終(zhong)完全成熟(shu)，離(li)開(kai)毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)飛向(xiang)天空。