寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(Parasitoid wasp),指膜翅目細腰亞目中金小蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)科、姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)科、小蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)科等靠寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)多種昆蟲。它們的(de)(de)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)方式很多,被寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對象從卵到(dao)成(cheng)蟲的(de)(de)各個階段,都可能被寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。所(suo)謂寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng),就是從植食性蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)類(lei)進化到(dao)筑(zhu)巢(chao)性期間的(de)(de)一群肉食性蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)類(lei)。與(yu)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲一樣(yang)。
分(fen)成(cheng)外寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)和內寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)兩大(da)類。前者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是指把卵產在寄(ji)(ji)主體表,讓孵化的幼蟲(chong)從體表取食寄(ji)(ji)主身體;后者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是把卵產在寄(ji)(ji)主體內,讓孵化的幼蟲(chong)取食害蟲(chong)體內的組織(zhi)。內寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)形式者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),被認(ren)為較為進(jin)化。
外(wai)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生者(zhe)在產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)前,必須克服(fu)一件事,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)得讓寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)無法動(dong)彈,否則卵(luan)(luan)(luan)會(hui)(hui)被寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)壓壞,甚至(zhi)被寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)咬死。因此(ci),外(wai)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生蜂(feng)會(hui)(hui)先用產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)管(guan)蜇(zhe)刺寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu),注(zhu)射有毒物質麻痹寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)。也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo),產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)管(guan)除了產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)功(gong)能外(wai),兼(jian)具(ju)注(zhu)入(ru)麻醉液的(de)功(gong)能。此(ci)外(wai),還有一個待解決的(de)問題(ti),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)必須有造繭性等(deng)隱(yin)蔽(bi)身體的(de)習性,因為寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)若遭(zao)麻醉,行動(dong)變得遲(chi)鈍,容易(yi)受(shou)到(dao)敵害攻(gong)擊或其他外(wai)在環境(jing)的(de)傷害,如果沒(mei)有隱(yin)蔽(bi)自(zi)己的(de)絕(jue)活,體表(biao)的(de)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生蜂(feng)幼蟲也(ye)將會(hui)(hui)與它(ta)同歸(gui)于盡。而采用內寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生方(fang)式的(de)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生蜂(feng),問題(ti)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)沒(mei)有那么嚴重。
此(ci)外,也有像(xiang)蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)姬蜂這類具有產(chan)卵特技寄生(sheng)蜂,它們(men)以蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)上的蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)為寄主。當它突襲蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)時,會先(xian)刺蜇蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)腳(jiao)的基部,利用其暫時失去(qu)感覺之際,在它的頭(tou)胸部或腹部腹面產(chan)下一粒卵,蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)后來雖然恢復知覺,但由于腳(jiao)摳不到(dao)卵,只好任由孵化的姬蜂幼(you)蟲吸(xi)血,而(er)終至死亡。
寄生蜂(feng)的(de)種類很(hen)多(duo),分別寄生于寄主的(de)不同發育階段,常(chang)見的(de)有小蜂(feng)、姬(ji)蜂(feng)、繭蜂(feng)、赤眼(yan)蜂(feng)、嚙(nie)小蜂(feng)等(deng)。
姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)是(shi)(shi)膜翅(chi)目姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)科(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)寄生(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),膜翅(chi)目(Hymenoptera)姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)科(ke)(ke)(Ichneunmonidae,有(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)經濟意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)大(da)科(ke)(ke))昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。分布(bu)很廣,約40,000種(zhong)。形(xing)狀、顏色、大(da)小(xiao)各異,一(yi)(yi)般1.2公分(約0.5寸(cun))長。北(bei)美洲最長的(de)(de)(de)(de)長針姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)屬達5公分。許多(duo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)腹部(bu)細長而彎曲,像黃蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),區別一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)于觸角較(jiao)長,節較(jiao)多(duo)。產(chan)卵(luan)器通常比身體(ti)長。許多(duo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)翅(chi)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)黑(hei)點(dian)。寄生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)蜘(zhi)蛛以(yi)及(ji)多(duo)類昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)上(shang)(shang),尤其是(shi)(shi)鱗(lin)翅(chi)目和其他(ta)膜翅(chi)目昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。由于寄生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)許多(duo)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)上(shang)(shang),總的(de)(de)(de)(de)來說是(shi)(shi)益蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。雌(ci)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)在(zai)宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或蛹(很少在(zai)卵(luan)或成體(ti))上(shang)(shang)產(chan)卵(luan)。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)取食(shi)宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脂肪和體(ti)液(ye),長成后(hou)(hou)織一(yi)(yi)繭(jian)。如(ru)果宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)活場所不是(shi)(shi)隱(yin)(yin)蔽的(de)(de)(de)(de),則(ze)通常寄生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)內(nei);若宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)活在(zai)隱(yin)(yin)蔽處(chu)(如(ru)樹木孔道內(nei)),則(ze)常寄生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)外。一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)多(duo)數只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),但(dan)有(you)(you)(you)時也可(ke)有(you)(you)(you)多(duo)個(ge)(ge)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄生(sheng)(sheng)。赤(chi)(chi)(chi)眼(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)以(yi)眼(yan)紅(hong)色而得(de)名,它經常把卵(luan)產(chan)在(zai)松毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、玉米螟、二化(hua)螟及(ji)甘蔗螟的(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)中,幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就以(yi)寄生(sheng)(sheng)卵(luan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養物質為食(shi),所以(yi)可(ke)以(yi)大(da)量消滅(mie)農林害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong);雌(ci)馬尼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)可(ke)以(yi)把卵(luan)產(chan)在(zai)鉆(zhan)入樹皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)天牛幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei),以(yi)后(hou)(hou)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)便(bian)以(yi)天牛幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為食(shi),直至(zhi)吃得(de)只(zhi)剩一(yi)(yi)層皮。當它發(fa)現鱗(lin)翅(chi)目幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)后(hou)(hou)便(bian)落到它的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭部(bu),用(yong)長針狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)卵(luan)器刺入其腦部(bu),實施(shi)麻碎后(hou)(hou)被(bei)寄生(sheng)(sheng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)便(bian)昏迷不醒,然后(hou)(hou)被(bei)“劫”入穴中,產(chan)卵(luan)其中;其他(ta)如(ru)金(jin)小(xiao)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、小(xiao)繭(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)等是(shi)(shi)消滅(mie)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能手(shou)。左圖是(shi)(shi)用(yong)赤(chi)(chi)(chi)眼(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)防治玉米螟,掛在(zai)玉米葉子(zi)上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)赤(chi)(chi)(chi)眼(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)塊,每(mei)個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)白球里有(you)(you)(you)40多(duo)個(ge)(ge)赤(chi)(chi)(chi)眼(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)卵(luan)。
黑青小(xiao)蜂(Dibrachys xavus)棉紅(hong)(hong)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)等的天(tian)敵(di),金小(xiao)蜂科。雌成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)長約(yue)2.8毫(hao)米,黑色,翅(chi)透(tou)明(ming)有金屬光澤(ze),腹部紡錘形。雄成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)長約(yue)2毫(hao)米,腹部第一、二(er)節間有半透(tou)明(ming)的黃白(bai)色帶。年(nian)生11-12代。在越冬(dong)結繭的棉紅(hong)(hong)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)上寄(ji)生,使其死亡。用于防治棉花倉(cang)庫內的棉紅(hong)(hong)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong),倉(cang)庫內放蜂后,寄(ji)生率很高。
與(yu)捕食(shi)性昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)不(bu)同的是,寄生(sheng)性昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)一般都是成蟲(chong)(chong)積極地(di)尋找(zhao)寄主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),當發(fa)現寄主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后,將卵產于體內。幼蟲(chong)(chong)孵化后取食(shi)寄主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的營養(yang),和寄主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)共生(sheng)一段(duan)時間(jian)后才(cai)使(shi)寄主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)死(si)亡。幼蟲(chong)(chong)不(bu)能(neng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動尋找(zhao)食(shi)物。
寄生蜂產的幼卵安靜地躺在夢幻般的薄紗結構中。雌性寄生(sheng)蜂通常(chang)(chang)會將幼(you)(you)卵(luan)注入毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲體(ti)內,當幼(you)(you)卵(luan)在(zai)毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲體(ti)內發(fa)育14天左(zuo)右,就會變得(de)非常(chang)(chang)難看。寄生(sheng)蜂在(zai)毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲體(ti)內排卵(luan)發(fa)育是(shi)自然界中一種(zhong)(zhong)奇特的生(sheng)物(wu)學攻(gong)擊(ji),寄生(sheng)蜂幼(you)(you)卵(luan)使(shi)用其DNA中的一種(zhong)(zhong)病毒(du)使(shi)毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲處于麻(ma)痹狀態。受傷的毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲顯(xian)然被病毒(du)所(suo)嚴重影響,它在(zai)幼(you)(you)卵(luan)旁建造了絲毯結(jie)構,對這(zhe)些(xie)攻(gong)擊(ji)者進行防(fang)御,然而在(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)育環(huan)境(jing)下,寄生(sheng)蜂幼(you)(you)卵(luan)逐漸發(fa)育,最(zui)終完全成熟,離開毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲飛(fei)向天空。