陳(chen)其美(1878—1916),字英士(shi)(shi),號無為,浙江(jiang)湖州吳興人,中(zhong)(zhong)國近代(dai)民主革命(ming)(ming)家、中(zhong)(zhong)國同(tong)盟會元老。在辛亥革命(ming)(ming)時期與黃興同(tong)為孫中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)的左右股肱。蔡元培稱其可與歷代(dai)俠士(shi)(shi)齊(qi)名列傳,并盛贊陳(chen)其美為“民國第一豪俠”。
1906年(nian)陳其(qi)(qi)美赴日(ri)(ri)本留學(xue),入(ru)東(dong)京警監學(xue)校,同年(nian)加入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)同盟(meng)會。期間與蔣介石、黃郛結為(wei)金蘭兄弟。1908年(nian)奉孫中(zhong)(zhong)山派遣(qian)回國(guo),往來于(yu)浙滬(hu)京津各地聯(lian)絡革命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)。1909年(nian)創辦《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)公(gong)報》、《民聲叢報》,宣傳(chuan)革命(ming)(ming)。1910年(nian)與宋教(jiao)仁、譚(tan)人(ren)鳳(feng)等人(ren)組織(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)同盟(meng)會中(zhong)(zhong)會總(zong)部(bu),以(yi)推動(dong)(dong)長(chang)江(jiang)流域(yu)的革命(ming)(ming)活動(dong)(dong)。1911年(nian)在上(shang)海發(fa)動(dong)(dong)武裝起義,上(shang)海光(guang)復后被(bei)(bei)推舉為(wei)滬(hu)軍(jun)都督。隨即又攻克浙江(jiang)巡撫衙(ya)門,組織(zhi)蘇浙鎮滬(hu)聯(lian)軍(jun)攻克南京。1912年(nian)被(bei)(bei)袁(yuan)世(shi)凱解除滬(hu)軍(jun)都督職(zhi)務。1913年(nian)二(er)次革命(ming)(ming)爆發(fa),陳其(qi)(qi)美被(bei)(bei)推舉為(wei)上(shang)海討袁(yuan)軍(jun)總(zong)司(si)令,攻打(da)江(jiang)南制(zhi)造局未果,11月(yue)應孫中(zhong)(zhong)山之(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)赴日(ri)(ri)本,繼續籌(chou)劃反(fan)袁(yuan)革命(ming)(ming)。1914年(nian)加入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)(ming)黨(dang),任總(zong)務部(bu)長(chang)。1915年(nian)潛回上(shang)海策動(dong)(dong)武裝反(fan)袁(yuan),11月(yue)在洪(hong)憲帝(di)制(zhi)呼之(zhi)(zhi)欲出(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)際(ji),陳其(qi)(qi)美策劃暗殺(sha)(sha)了上(shang)海鎮守使、海軍(jun)上(shang)將鄭汝成,12月(yue)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)肇和(he)艦起義。云南護(hu)國(guo)討袁(yuan)軍(jun)興(xing),陳其(qi)(qi)美百折(zhe)不回,誓死(si)捍衛共和(he),繼續在江(jiang)浙一帶策動(dong)(dong)反(fan)袁(yuan)軍(jun)事行(xing)動(dong)(dong),袁(yuan)世(shi)凱對其(qi)(qi)恨之(zhi)(zhi)入(ru)骨。1916年(nian)5月(yue)18日(ri)(ri),受袁(yuan)世(shi)凱指使的張(zhang)宗昌派出(chu)程國(guo)瑞,假借簽(qian)約援助討袁(yuan)經費,在日(ri)(ri)本人(ren)山田純(chun)三郎寓所將陳其(qi)(qi)美暗殺(sha)(sha)身亡。
陳其美遇刺后,孫(sun)中山疾呼:“失(shi)我長城”,并奮筆疾書悼聯:“可憐麟鳳供炰脯;如(ru)此(ci)江山待祓除”。
清(qing)光緒(xu)四年(nian)(1878年(nian)),陳其美出生在浙江湖(hu)州(zhou)一個商人(ren)家庭(ting),讀過七年(nian)私塾,15歲喪父,在一個小鎮的(de)當鋪一共(gong)當了12年(nian)的(de)學徒,后到上(shang)海做了兩年(nian)同(tong)康泰絲棧的(de)佐理會計。
清光緒三(san)十二年(nian)(nian)(1906年(nian)(nian))春(chun),陳(chen)其美(mei)28歲那(nei)年(nian)(nian)才在(zai)弟弟等的資(zi)助下東渡日本留學(xue)。
在日本的兩(liang)年(nian)(nian)陳(chen)其美(mei)先后學習過警察、法律和軍事學。同年(nian)(nian)(1906年(nian)(nian))冬加(jia)入(ru)中國同盟會(hui),并介紹同鄉蔣介石、黃郛等人加(jia)入(ru)中國同盟會(hui)。和同時(shi)代的浙(zhe)江籍革命(ming)黨人相比,陳(chen)其美(mei)出道較晚,與光復(fu)會(hui)也毫無淵(yuan)源。那個時(shi)候(hou)的陳(chen)其美(mei)還并不出色,直到回國時(shi)仍(reng)是默默無聞。
陳其(qi)美嶄(zhan)露鋒芒是在(zai)清光緒(xu)三十四年(nian)(1908年(nian))回國后在(zai)上海的(de)革(ge)命(ming)活動。從(cong)1907年(nian)到(dao)1910年(nian)是中國同(tong)盟(meng)(meng)會成(cheng)立以來困難的(de)時期。在(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)困境(jing)下陳其(qi)美在(zai)上海重整旗鼓、打開了(le)局面,從(cong)空(kong)言漸進于實行,“黨勢為(wei)之一振”,因此引起(qi)了(le)遠在(zai)海外的(de)孫(sun)中山的(de)注意。1910年(nian)與(yu)宋(song)教仁、譚人(ren)鳳(feng)等人(ren)組織中國同(tong)盟(meng)(meng)會中會總部(bu),以推動長(chang)江流域的(de)革(ge)命(ming)活動。
陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)在(zai)上海結交(jiao)青幫作(zuo)為羽翼,成為青幫在(zai)上海的(de)頭領,出入于(yu)酒(jiu)樓、茶館、戲(xi)院、澡(zao)堂等地,以掩護革命(ming)活(huo)動。并創辦(ban)精(jing)武武術學校(xiao),邀請霍元甲任(ren)總教師,吸收(shou)大批江浙資本(ben)家如(ru)虞洽卿、王一亭(ting)、沈縵云(yun)等加入中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)同盟(meng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui),通過他們結交(jiao)了李平書(shu)、朱葆三等商界聞人、社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)名流(liu),推動他們贊助革命(ming),從而(er)掌(zhang)握了商會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、商團(tuan)武裝等,使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)同盟(meng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)在(zai)上海有了比較(jiao)扎實(shi)的(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)基(ji)礎。陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)1909年創辦(ban)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)公報(bao)》、《民聲叢報(bao)》,宣(xuan)傳革命(ming),又協助于(yu)右任(ren)創辦(ban)著名的(de)《民立報(bao)》。清宣(xuan)統二年(1910年)與宋教仁、譚人鳳、楊譜(pu)生(sheng)等人組織中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)同盟(meng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)總部,以推動長江流(liu)域(yu)的(de)革命(ming)活(huo)動。因陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)在(zai)上海有社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)基(ji)礎,熟悉情況,又是楊譜(pu)生(sheng)的(de)親戚,就委托(tuo)他為庶(shu)務(wu),主(zhu)持日常工作(zuo)。
1911年10月(yue)10日武(wu)昌起義爆發(fa),陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)在11月(yue)1日夜與李(li)平書等人一(yi)(yi)起商(shang)定(ding)在上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)發(fa)動(dong)起義。11月(yue)3日,陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)率領(ling)革(ge)命軍(jun)(jun)進(jin)攻上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)局,但局內總辦張楚(chu)寶負隅頑(wan)抗,陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)命令(ling)大家停止進(jin)攻,只(zhi)身闖入制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)局,希望勸(quan)說守軍(jun)(jun)放下(xia)武(wu)器(qi),結果被扣留(liu)。第二天凌晨,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)商(shang)團(tuan)總司令(ling)李(li)英石率領(ling)商(shang)團(tuan)一(yi)(yi)千余人偕同李(li)燮(xie)和所部(bu)的(de)光(guang)復軍(jun)(jun)再次進(jin)攻,終于攻克江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)局,救出陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)。此后(hou),上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)全市很快(kuai)光(guang)復。在漢口失(shi)陷兩(liang)天后(hou),即11月(yue)4日就傳來上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)光(guang)復的(de)喜訊,使得武(wu)漢的(de)革(ge)命黨(dang)人士(shi)氣(qi)大振(zhen),同時,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)光(guang)復牽(qian)制(zhi)(zhi)了武(wu)漢的(de)清(qing)軍(jun)(jun),為(wei)攻取杭州(zhou)、南(nan)(nan)京等地打下(xia)了堅實的(de)基礎,從而(er)加速了長江(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)域各省的(de)革(ge)命進(jin)程。孫中山不(bu)止一(yi)(yi)次地說,當時響(xiang)應最有力、對全國影(ying)響(xiang)大的(de)是上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai),“英士(shi)在此積(ji)極進(jin)行,故漢口一(yi)(yi)失(shi),英士(shi)則能取上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)以抵(di)之,由上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)乃(nai)能窺(kui)取南(nan)(nan)京。后(hou)漢陽一(yi)(yi)失(shi),吾黨(dang)又(you)得南(nan)(nan)京以抵(di)之,革(ge)命之大局因(yin)以益振(zhen)。則上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)英士(shi)一(yi)(yi)木之支者,較他(ta)著尤多(duo)也。上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)起義成功后(hou),開會推(tui)舉上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)都(dou)(dou)督(du)(du),大家幾(ji)乎一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)推(tui)舉陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei),連(lian)李(li)平書也表示贊成。陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)就這樣被選(xuan)為(wei)滬軍(jun)(jun)都(dou)(dou)督(du)(du)。
在上海光復后,陳其(qi)美又(you)派(pai)柏文蔚(yu)、范鴻仙(xian)赴南京(jing)(jing),派(pai)蔣介石、黃郛、陳泉卿赴杭(hang)(hang)州(zhou),策動(dong)(dong)蘇(su)杭(hang)(hang)、鎮(zhen)江(jiang)起義(yi)及發(fa)動(dong)(dong)皖贛(gan)等省響應(ying)。很快,蘇(su)州(zhou)、杭(hang)(hang)州(zhou)、鎮(zhen)江(jiang)也宣布光復。這(zhe)時的(de)南京(jing)(jing),由于地(di)勢險(xian)要,并且兩江(jiang)總督張(zhang)人駿(jun)、江(jiang)寧將軍鐵良、江(jiang)南提督張(zhang)勛頑固不化,負隅頑抗。陳其(qi)美指出,如南京(jing)(jing)不破,蘇(su)滬各地(di)‘倘(tang)難安枕”。陳其(qi)美隨即組織江(jiang)浙聯軍,會攻南京(jing)(jing),并推舉新(xin)軍首領徐(xu)紹楨為(wei)聯軍總司令。經過二十多天的(de)努(nu)力,1911年(nian)12月2日南京(jing)(jing)光復,同(tong)時也緩解了湖北方(fang)面漢陽失守的(de)危急形勢,使得辛亥革命最終成功。正如孫中(zhong)山評價陳其(qi)美:“東南半(ban)壁(bi),君(jun)實(shi)鎖鑰”。
孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)辭(ci)去臨時大總統后(hou),陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)也(ye)辭(ci)去滬軍都督,但他沒有去北(bei)京(jing)就任工商(shang)總長(chang)。直到(dao)1912年(nian)秋天,陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)才與黃(huang)興繼孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)之后(hou)進(jin)京(jing)。孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)曾(ceng)樂觀(guan)地向(xiang)袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱建議,請袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱練(lian)兵(bing)十(shi)年(nian),自己修(xiu)鐵路十(shi)年(nian),黃(huang)興開(kai)礦十(shi)年(nian),陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)興工商(shang)十(shi)年(nian),就可(ke)以富國(guo)(guo)強兵(bing)。孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)被(bei)(bei)委任為全國(guo)(guo)鐵路督辦,黃(huang)興為礦務總辦。據英國(guo)(guo)外(wai)交官的(de)報告說陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)“將被(bei)(bei)派往國(guo)(guo)外(wai)調(diao)查政治制度(du)”,袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱曾(ceng)經要(yao)送陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)17萬(wan)元(yuan),作(zuo)為出洋(yang)游歷之資,勸陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)勿(wu)問國(guo)(guo)事,但遭到(dao)陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)拒絕。不(bu)久,宋教(jiao)仁在(zai)(zai)上海(hai)火車站被(bei)(bei)暗殺(sha),孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)提(ti)出訴(su)諸武力(li),陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)當時是支持(chi)黃(huang)興“法律解(jie)決(jue)(jue)”主張的(de)。孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)最終也(ye)表示同意,在(zai)(zai)此期間堅持(chi)了四個(ge)月司法解(jie)決(jue)(jue),并(bing)未武力(li)行動(dong),但袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱卻率先攻屠(tu)九江,發(fa)動(dong)內(nei)戰,挑起內(nei)亂,江西都督李烈鈞在(zai)(zai)一(yi)周后(hou)被(bei)(bei)迫(po)宣布自衛抗暴(bao),二次(ci)革命(ming)爆發(fa)。由于軍事實力(li)懸殊,二次(ci)革命(ming)失利(li),袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱出五(wu)萬(wan)元(yuan)大洋(yang)懸賞(shang)緝拿陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)。1913年(nian)11月,陳其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)被(bei)(bei)迫(po)流亡日(ri)本。
二次(ci)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)失(shi)(shi)利后(hou),孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)進行了(le)反思(si):革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)不(bu)(bu)能群龍(long)無首,或互爭(zheng)雄長,并(bing)據(ju)此(ci)組建中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang),手訂了(le)入(ru)黨(dang)之誓(shi)(shi)約(yue)。而就(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)一(yi)誓(shi)(shi)約(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)關于(yu)“附(fu)從孫(sun)(sun)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)再舉(ju)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)”一(yi)詞(ci)、入(ru)黨(dang)人(ren)須于(yu)署(shu)名下蓋指模,黃興認為不(bu)(bu)夠平等,黨(dang)內同(tong)志多方(fang)(fang)設法彌縫(feng)分(fen)歧未果(guo),黃興遠走美(mei)(mei)國。在(zai)這(zhe)場爭(zheng)論(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)扮演的角色既(ji)重要又(you)微妙。這(zhe)種(zhong)作用不(bu)(bu)僅在(zai)于(yu)陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)以(yi)加入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)的實際行動(dong)支(zhi)持了(le)孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan),更因為在(zai)黃興赴美(mei)(mei)國后(hou),陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)發出(chu)(chu)了(le)《致黃克強(qiang)勸一(yi)致服(fu)從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)繼(ji)續(xu)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)書(shu)》,信中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提出(chu)(chu)了(le)政(zheng)黨(dang)政(zheng)治的一(yi)種(zhong)理論(lun),而為孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)所(suo)激賞(shang)。回顧(gu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國同(tong)盟會組織以(yi)來的歷史(shi),陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)總結說:“征諸過去之事實,則吾黨(dang)重大之失(shi)(shi)敗(bai),果(guo)由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之理想(xiang)誤(wu)之耶(ye)(ye)?抑認中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之理想(xiang)為誤(wu)而反對之致于(yu)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)耶(ye)(ye)?惟其前日認中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之理想(xiang)為誤(wu),皆致失(shi)(shi)敗(bai);則于(yu)今日中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之所(suo)主(zhu)張(zhang),不(bu)(bu)宜輕(qing)以(yi)為理想(xiang)而不(bu)(bu)從,再貽他日之悔。此(ci)美(mei)(mei)所(suo)以(yi)追懷往事而欲痛滌(di)吾非者也。”孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)特把(ba)此(ci)信作為附(fu)錄收入(ru)《建國方(fang)(fang)略(lve)》,可見陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)主(zhu)張(zhang)和孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)的思(si)想(xiang)十分(fen)契合。
陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)在日本期間(jian),向孫中(zhong)(zhong)山提出:新一輪討伐袁世(shi)凱(kai)的革命(ming)(ming)(ming)應(ying)選擇在敵軍力量相對(dui)(dui)較弱、又靠近北(bei)(bei)京的東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)三省(sheng)(sheng)作為(wei)(wei)基礎力量,只有在東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)奠定基礎,才能(neng)成功(gong)實現(xian)(xian)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)合(he)舉起(qi)(qi)義(yi)。孫中(zhong)(zhong)山非常贊同,委任陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨總務部長(chang),派陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)戴(dai)季(ji)陶前往(wang)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)建(jian)立(li)中(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)支(zhi)(zhi)部,組織(zhi)軍隊(dui),開展(zhan)反對(dui)(dui)袁世(shi)凱(kai)的革命(ming)(ming)(ming)斗爭(zheng)。1914年1月,陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)戴(dai)季(ji)陶由日本神戶乘船啟程(cheng),在1月26日抵達(da)大連(lian)(lian),建(jian)立(li)秘密聯(lian)絡據點,籌建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)支(zhi)(zhi)部。1914年2月陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)組建(jian)了中(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨奉(feng)天(tian)機(ji)關(guan)部,派遣寧武(wu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)朱霽(ji)青兩人(ren)前往(wang)奉(feng)天(tian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)遼西(xi)招集舊(jiu)部,派遣鮑化(hua)南(nan)潛入(ru)丹東(dong)(dong)聯(lian)合(he)武(wu)裝力量,又致信蔣介石,要他去浙江籌款和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)到上海購(gou)運武(wu)器。經(jing)過(guo)多方努(nu)力,陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)將幾支(zhi)(zhi)革命(ming)(ming)(ming)武(wu)裝聯(lian)合(he)起(qi)(qi)來。陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)與戴(dai)季(ji)陶商議,利(li)用奉(feng)天(tian)省(sheng)(sheng)南(nan)部和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)部地區反動勢力統治較為(wei)(wei)薄弱的形(xing)勢,開展(zhan)武(wu)裝討伐袁世(shi)凱(kai)的革命(ming)(ming)(ming)斗爭(zheng)。起(qi)(qi)義(yi)計劃是以(yi)(yi)大連(lian)(lian)為(wei)(wei)指揮(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)樞,先占領(ling)丹東(dong)(dong),然后向奉(feng)天(tian)省(sheng)(sheng)各(ge)地發展(zhan),以(yi)(yi)達(da)到實現(xian)(xian)奉(feng)天(tian)全省(sheng)(sheng)光復(fu)的戰略目標。1914年2月22日,按計劃開始(shi)部署(shu),陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)坐鎮大連(lian)(lian)奉(feng)天(tian)機(ji)關(guan)部指揮(hui)。以(yi)(yi)從大連(lian)(lian)出發的起(qi)(qi)義(yi)部隊(dui)先經(jing)莊河,再向丹東(dong)(dong)進發。陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)然后命(ming)(ming)(ming)令鮑化(hua)南(nan)等人(ren)率(lv)領(ling)起(qi)(qi)義(yi)軍從鳳城和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)朝(chao)鮮新義(yi)州向丹東(dong)(dong)進發。
從大連(lian)出發的(de)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)在于1914年2月27日(ri)先后到(dao)達雞冠山,在那(nei)里待命(ming)休整,等待其(qi)(qi)他幾(ji)支義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)會(hui)師。然后合(he)力(li)(li)攻占丹(dan)東。起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)正在分頭秘(mi)密(mi)(mi)集合(he)時(shi),被奉系軍(jun)(jun)閥張作(zuo)霖的(de)密(mi)(mi)探(tan)偵知,張作(zuo)霖一(yi)方面(mian)向日(ri)本關東洲(zhou)都督府提出交涉并要求日(ri)軍(jun)(jun)在大連(lian)租(zu)借地內(nei)協(xie)助(zhu)干預,一(yi)方面(mian)在全(quan)省范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)全(quan)力(li)(li)搜(sou)捕(bu)前往丹(dan)東會(hui)合(he)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)的(de)革命(ming)黨人。關東洲(zhou)日(ri)本統治當(dang)局當(dang)即(ji)派(pai)出軍(jun)(jun)警沿安奉鐵路(lu)(lu)進行圍(wei)(wei)堵(du),攔截起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)進入(ru)丹(dan)東市區。僅(jin)僅(jin)幾(ji)天時(shi)間,就有七十多名革命(ming)黨人慘遭張作(zuo)霖殺害。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美感(gan)覺到(dao)目(mu)前起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)武(wu)裝力(li)(li)量難與(yu)奉系軍(jun)(jun)閥張作(zuo)霖的(de)反動武(wu)裝相對(dui)抗,于是下(xia)令(ling)分路(lu)(lu)撤退,等待時(shi)機另行組(zu)織發動起(qi)義(yi)(yi)。孫中山在日(ri)本得知張作(zuo)霖下(xia)令(ling)四處搜(sou)捕(bu)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美的(de)情況后,密(mi)(mi)電陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美要求其(qi)(qi)迅速返回日(ri)本。
民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1914年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))1月(yue)袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱下令解散(san)國(guo)(guo)會(hui)(hui),并廢(fei)止《中華(hua)(hua)民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)臨時(shi)約法》,民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1915年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱復辟帝(di)制(zhi)的(de)(de)野心(xin)日(ri)益暴露。同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2月(yue)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)與許(xu)崇(chong)智奉孫(sun)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)前(qian)(qian)往廣(guang)東秘(mi)(mi)密籌備(bei)建立(li)中華(hua)(hua)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)廣(guang)東支部(bu)。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)與許(xu)崇(chong)智由東京啟程,途經(jing)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海時(shi),上(shang)(shang)(shang)海的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)同(tong)(tong)志堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)要留陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海主持(chi)(chi)反(fan)袁(yuan)工作(zuo)。許(xu)崇(chong)智寫(xie)信給孫(sun)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),孫(sun)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)表示同(tong)(tong)意(yi)。于(yu)是(shi)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)又在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海積極開展革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)活動(dong)。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海秘(mi)(mi)密活動(dong)的(de)(de)消(xiao)息(xi)很(hen)快(kuai)被袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱得(de)(de)知,于(yu)是(shi)立(li)刻派其(qi)(qi)(qi)爪(zhua)牙(ya)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)率重(zhong)兵(bing)屯防上(shang)(shang)(shang)海,兼(jian)控制(zhi)海軍。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)獨霸一(yi)方,血腥殺(sha)(sha)戮,瘋狂屠(tu)殺(sha)(sha)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),到(dao)處張貼告示宣(xuan)布“留藏(zang)匪類者,處死(si)”,讓軍警(jing)在(zai)(zai)南市、閘北等地挨家(jia)挨戶搜查。在(zai)(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)坐(zuo)鎮上(shang)(shang)(shang)海期(qi)間,報(bao)紙上(shang)(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷登出“破獲亂黨(dang)(dang)機(ji)關”、“亂黨(dang)(dang)分(fen)子被正(zheng)法”的(de)(de)消(xiao)息(xi),慘(can)遭(zao)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殺(sha)(sha)戮者多達兩(liang)萬余(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),以(yi)至老百姓中曾流傳這樣的(de)(de)順口溜:“鎮守使(shi)署是(shi)鬼(gui)門(men)關,黨(dang)(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)去不(bu)(bu)(bu)復還(huan)”。當時(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海籠(long)罩在(zai)(zai)一(yi)片(pian)白(bai)色恐(kong)怖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)決(jue)(jue)定暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),挫(cuo)一(yi)挫(cuo)袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱的(de)(de)銳(rui)氣,這對(dui)起兵(bing)發難也有幫助。民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1915年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))11月(yue)10日(ri),這一(yi)天是(shi)日(ri)本(ben)天長節,當時(shi)駐扎(zha)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海的(de)(de)日(ri)本(ben)總領事要開會(hui)(hui)慶祝(zhu),而上(shang)(shang)(shang)海鎮守使(shi)、海軍上(shang)(shang)(shang)將(jiang)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因是(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海最高軍政(zheng)首長,照(zhao)例也應(ying)前(qian)(qian)往祝(zhu)賀。所以(yi)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)便將(jiang)暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)行(xing)動(dong)安排(pai)在(zai)(zai)這一(yi)天。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)安排(pai)精(jing)于(yu)槍(qiang)(qiang)法的(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)埋(mai)(mai)伏在(zai)(zai)英租界(jie)外白(bai)渡(du)橋一(yi)帶負責暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),又布置了十(shi)幾個(ge)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)死(si)士埋(mai)(mai)伏在(zai)(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)到(dao)日(ri)本(ben)領事館所必(bi)須經(jing)過(guo)的(de)(de)路上(shang)(shang)(shang)。11月(yue)9日(ri)晚,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)專門(men)召見王(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),說(shuo)(shuo):“欲在(zai)(zai)滬發難,必(bi)先(xian)殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),故殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)既所以(yi)倒袁(yuan),亦既所以(yi)存民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)也,二君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)謂(wei)何?”大(da)家(jia)心(xin)中都很(hen)清(qing)楚(chu),暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)行(xing)動(dong)危險萬分(fen),即便獲得(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功,行(xing)刺者也難以(yi)生還(huan)。但王(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)卻慨然應(ying)諾(nuo),當即表示:“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))不(bu)(bu)(bu)除(chu),袁(yuan)(世(shi)(shi)凱)不(bu)(bu)(bu)孤”,“必(bi)誓(shi)死(si)以(yi)奉公(gong)命(ming)(ming)”!決(jue)(jue)心(xin)以(yi)生命(ming)(ming)誅除(chu)國(guo)(guo)賊(zei),救國(guo)(guo)救民(min)(min)(min)。11月(yue)10日(ri)清(qing)晨,王(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)手(shou)持(chi)(chi)兩(liang)支手(shou)槍(qiang)(qiang),王(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)身懷兩(liang)顆炸(zha)彈,埋(mai)(mai)伏到(dao)了外白(bai)渡(du)橋側(ce)。十(shi)一(yi)點(dian)左右,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與其(qi)(qi)(qi)司務(wu)長乘汽車快(kuai)靠近外白(bai)渡(du)橋時(shi),因車輛擁擠,行(xing)駛得(de)(de)比(bi)較慢。王(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)立(li)即將(jiang)第一(yi)枚炸(zha)彈擲向鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)座車,只(zhi)(zhi)聽(ting)“轟隆(long)”一(yi)聲,車蓋爆裂(lie),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當場重(zhong)傷,車被迫停(ting)下。而埋(mai)(mai)伏在(zai)(zai)一(yi)旁的(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)立(li)刻沖(chong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)前(qian)(qian),用槍(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)準(zhun)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭部(bu)連(lian)開十(shi)槍(qiang)(qiang),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當場斃命(ming)(ming)。行(xing)刺成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功后,王(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)本(ben)可從容脫(tuo)身,但兩(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)卻登上(shang)(shang)(shang)外白(bai)渡(du)橋的(de)(de)橋頭對(dui)著圍觀(guan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群進行(xing)一(yi)分(fen)鐘的(de)(de)演講,大(da)談革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)。直至被聞訊趕來的(de)(de)租界(jie)巡捕(bu)沖(chong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)橋頭包圍,王(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)把(ba)槍(qiang)(qiang)一(yi)扔,說(shuo)(shuo)道(dao):“吾(wu)(wu)志已償,雖(sui)死(si)無(wu)憾”。旋(xuan)即被捕(bu)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)幸被捕(bu)后,在(zai)(zai)法庭(ting)上(shang)(shang)(shang)鎮定自若,侃侃而談:“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)助袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱叛反(fan)民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo),余(yu)等為(wei)(wei)民(min)(min)(min)除(chu)賊(zei),使(shi)天下咸知吾(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)討賊(zei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義,且(qie)知民(min)(min)(min)賊(zei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可為(wei)(wei)。”當法官再(zai)三盤(pan)問主使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)及同(tong)(tong)黨(dang)(dang)時(shi),王(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堅(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)吐實,只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)自豪地說(shuo)(shuo):“吾(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)立(li)一(yi)大(da)功,雖(sui)死(si)無(wu)憾”。慷慨陳(chen)辭,不(bu)(bu)(bu)屈不(bu)(bu)(bu)撓,后英勇(yong)就(jiu)義。這種(zhong)犧牲精(jing)神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)難能可貴,這種(zhong)暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)行(xing)動(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)英勇(yong)悲壯,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)言而喻的(de)(de)。孫(sun)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)先(xian)生高度(du)評(ping)價此次暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)行(xing)動(dong),稱:“此等氣魄,真足令人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生敬(jing),滬去此賊(zei),事大(da)可為(wei)(wei)。”
革(ge)命黨人(ren)(ren)因暗殺鄭汝成成功,信心(xin)倍(bei)增(zeng),積(ji)極籌(chou)備在上(shang)(shang)海(hai)發(fa)動武裝起義(yi)(yi),陳(chen)其(qi)美秘(mi)密聯絡(luo)(luo)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)海(hai)陸軍隊起義(yi)(yi),而此時袁世凱突(tu)然要把(ba)此處兵(bing)力調走(zou),那起義(yi)(yi)就難了(le),于是(shi)起義(yi)(yi)時間不得不提(ti)前到(dao)12月5日(ri)。在起義(yi)(yi)前,陳(chen)其(qi)美已(yi)經和肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和兵(bing)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)長打好(hao)招(zhao)呼(hu),而參加這次起義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)主要人(ren)(ren)員有蔣(jiang)介石(shi)、邵元(yuan)沖(chong)、吳忠信等(deng)人(ren)(ren),分任(ren)軍事、財政、總務之責,總司令(ling)是(shi)楊(yang)(yang)虎。起義(yi)(yi)時間定(ding)在1915年12月5日(ri)下午(wu)三點(dian),兵(bing)分兩路,一(yi)(yi)路由楊(yang)(yang)虎帶領占(zhan)領肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),另一(yi)(yi)路由尹神武率領占(zhan)領應(ying)瑞(rui)(rui)、通濟兩艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),做肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)援(yuan)。其(qi)他岸(an)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)革(ge)命黨人(ren)(ren)聽(ting)到(dao)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隊炮聲(sheng)后(hou)行動。由楊(yang)(yang)虎帶領的(de)(de)(de)二十多位革(ge)命黨人(ren)(ren)從上(shang)(shang)海(hai)法租(zu)界(jie)碼頭下水,開(kai)小(xiao)汽(qi)艇(ting)前往肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),非常(chang)順(shun)利地(di)奪取(qu)了(le)肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),并在下午(wu)六點(dian)向(xiang)江(jiang)南(nan)制造局(ju)開(kai)炮。制造局(ju)及(ji)城內一(yi)(yi)部分聯絡(luo)(luo)成熟的(de)(de)(de)軍警,立即響應(ying)。不幸(xing)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),另一(yi)(yi)路由尹神武率領的(de)(de)(de)隊伍所乘的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)汽(qi)輪被租(zu)界(jie)巡捕房干涉,不能按照(zhao)計(ji)(ji)劃占(zhan)領應(ying)瑞(rui)(rui)及(ji)通濟兩艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。因此,肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)陷入了(le)孤立無援(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)境地(di)。陸上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)同志聽(ting)到(dao)肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)炮聲(sheng),按照(zhao)原計(ji)(ji)劃分別向(xiang)電(dian)報局(ju)、電(dian)話局(ju)等(deng)機關進攻(gong),陳(chen)其(qi)美與蔣(jiang)介石(shi)督戰指揮。但因寡不敵眾,北洋(yang)軍閥炮火猛烈,并且應(ying)瑞(rui)(rui)、通濟兩艘(sou)軍艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)被袁世凱派來的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)交涉員楊(yang)(yang)晟以三十萬元(yuan)收買,兩艘(sou)軍艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)將矛頭指向(xiang)肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)楊(yang)(yang)虎等(deng)人(ren)(ren)見到(dao)形勢危急,被迫撤離,肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)起義(yi)(yi)不幸(xing)失(shi)敗。
1916年(nian)1月袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)帝制自為(wei),蔡鍔在(zai)(zai)云南(nan)組織護國(guo)(guo)軍,揭起(qi)討伐袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)旗。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)積極(ji)響應,在(zai)(zai)1916年(nian)4月派(pai)夏爾玙(yu)赴浙江舉事(shi)。因計劃泄露,夏爾玙(yu)慘遭北洋(yang)(yang)軍閥殺(sha)害。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)數次起(qi)兵討袁(yuan)(yuan),成(cheng)為(wei)袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)腹大(da)患。袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)先(xian)派(pai)人給陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)送去七(qi)十萬(wan)元(yuan),讓陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)出洋(yang)(yang)游(you)歷(li),并(bing)威(wei)脅(xie)說,否(fou)則就用這筆錢作經(jing)費,買通刺客對(dui)他(ta)進行(xing)(xing)暗殺(sha)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)聽(ting)后(hou)(hou)哈(ha)哈(ha)大(da)笑,予以(yi)(yi)拒(ju)絕(jue),并(bing)寫下銘(ming)文:“死(si)不(bu)畏(wei)死(si),生不(bu)偷生。男兒大(da)節,光與(yu)日爭。道之茍(gou)直,不(bu)憚鼎烹(peng)。渺然(ran)一身(shen)(shen),萬(wan)里(li)長(chang)城”。以(yi)(yi)此表達為(wei)革(ge)命(ming)犧(xi)牲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決心(xin)。袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)于是(shi)(shi)(shi)命(ming)令(ling)(ling)駐(zhu)軍上海(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)負責實施暗殺(sha)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)。張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)接(jie)受暗殺(sha)令(ling)(ling)后(hou)(hou),便找來(lai)(lai)程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)進行(xing)(xing)策劃。程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)與(yu)張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)早年(nian)相識,后(hou)(hou)隨張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)走南(nan)闖北,頗為(wei)忠心(xin)。由于陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)為(wei)人謹慎,行(xing)(xing)蹤(zong)(zong)隱秘(mi)(mi),要(yao)(yao)想暗殺(sha)他(ta)絕(jue)非易事(shi)。程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)人來(lai)(lai)到上海(hai)(hai),秘(mi)(mi)密打探陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)蹤(zong)(zong),伺機行(xing)(xing)刺。不(bu)久,程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)得知陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)正在(zai)(zai)為(wei)策動(dong)反袁(yuan)(yuan)起(qi)義籌措經(jing)費,于是(shi)(shi)(shi)便設(she)下了(le)一條毒(du)計。張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)和程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)假意(yi)開(kai)設(she)了(le)一家鴻(hong)豐(feng)煤礦公(gong)司(si),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)派(pai)密探李(li)海(hai)(hai)秋讓他(ta)與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)聯絡,謊稱(cheng)該(gai)公(gong)司(si)有一塊(kuai)礦地,準(zhun)備(bei)抵(di)押給別人以(yi)(yi)獲(huo)取貸款(kuan),請陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)幫助從中(zhong)介紹,事(shi)成(cheng)之后(hou)(hou),將把(ba)貸款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十分之四付給陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)作為(wei)革(ge)命(ming)經(jing)費。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)雖然(ran)有所(suo)懷疑,但為(wei)革(ge)命(ming)大(da)業還是(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)了(le),并(bing)約(yue)定時(shi)間簽訂(ding)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)。1916年(nian)5月18日傍(bang)晚,李(li)海(hai)(hai)秋根據事(shi)先(xian)約(yue)定,以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)間人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)份(fen)(fen),帶(dai)(dai)(dai)著程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)、許國(guo)(guo)霖和以(yi)(yi)“律師(shi)”身(shen)(shen)份(fen)(fen)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳國(guo)(guo)華來(lai)(lai)到了(le)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)在(zai)(zai)上海(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秘(mi)(mi)密寓所(suo)法(fa)租(zu)界薩坡塞路14號(hao)。而(er)此時(shi),在(zai)(zai)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寓所(suo)周圍(wei),早已埋(mai)伏好了(le)張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)選派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)名殺(sha)手,只等(deng)(deng)接(jie)到信號(hao)就采取行(xing)(xing)動(dong)。李(li)海(hai)(hai)秋與(yu)程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)等(deng)(deng)來(lai)(lai)到陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寓所(suo),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)將他(ta)們請到客廳(ting)落座(zuo)。寒(han)暄幾(ji)句(ju)后(hou)(hou),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)方拿出合同(tong)(tong)(tong),準(zhun)備(bei)簽字。此時(shi),李(li)海(hai)(hai)秋突然(ran)站起(qi)身(shen)(shen)來(lai)(lai),說忘了(le)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)底稿,要(yao)(yao)回去取。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)起(qi)身(shen)(shen)相送。李(li)海(hai)(hai)秋走出門口,這是(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)先(xian)約(yue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信號(hao),埋(mai)伏在(zai)(zai)附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩名殺(sha)手立即沖進屋里(li),舉起(qi)手槍(qiang),對(dui)準(zhun)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)連開(kai)三(san)槍(qiang),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)當場犧(xi)牲,年(nian)僅38歲。
蔣介石(shi)聽(ting)到陳其(qi)美遇刺的消息(xi),馬上趕(gan)來(lai)撫(fu)尸痛哭(ku)。孫中山剛由(you)日本回國,也立即趕(gan)來(lai),流(liu)淚(lei)不止,當場手書“失我長(chang)城”四字,以志其(qi)哀。陳其(qi)美犧牲后(hou),海內外各團體(ti)、各界人(ren)士(shi)的唁電、祭文、挽(wan)聯、挽(wan)額(e)絡繹不絕(jue)。
1927年(nian)(民國(guo)(guo)十(shi)六年(nian)),北伐軍占領(ling)上(shang)(shang)海(hai),5月18日,舉行了陳(chen)其美逝世十(shi)一周年(nian)紀念大會,蔣介(jie)石專程從南京趕來發表演(yan)說:“上(shang)(shang)海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)所以有革命如此之(zhi)(zhi)成績(ji)者,為陳(chen)英(ying)(ying)士(shi)先生首倡革命之(zhi)(zhi)功也。若無陳(chen)英(ying)(ying)士(shi)先生,即無今(jin)日之(zhi)(zhi)中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)民黨,并無今(jin)日之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)民革命。”
陳其美在孫(sun)中山的影響和帶動下(xia)做出過以(yi)下(xia)貢(gong)獻:
一、作為(wei)辛亥(hai)革命時(shi)的滬軍都督、中國(guo)(guo)同盟(meng)會骨干,陳其(qi)美曾參與推動中華(hua)民國(guo)(guo)南(nan)京臨時(shi)政(zheng)府成立。
二、袁世凱(kai)上臺后,陳其(qi)美追隨孫中山(shan)進行二次革命和護(hu)國戰(zhan)爭(zheng),是其(qi)主要(yao)的助手,曾策劃一系列(lie)反袁軍事行動。
三(san)、支持孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)革命(ming)。從支持孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)角度而言(yan),陳(chen)其(qi)美是孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)堅定的(de)(de)追隨者,助建中(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)黨,在二次革命(ming)失(shi)敗后(hou)、革命(ming)遭(zao)受(shou)重(zhong)大挫折時,取(qu)代黃興(xing)成為孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)反袁斗爭的(de)(de)重(zhong)要助手,籌集巨款全力支持。
四、陳其美曾多次(ci)在(zai)江浙滬、北京(jing)、天津、山西乃至東北聯絡會(hui)黨、組(zu)織起(qi)義,他在(zai)上(shang)海組(zu)織滬軍都(dou)督(du)府,通過這一機(ji)構(gou)在(zai)政治(zhi)、社會(hui)運動各方面發揮作用。
中國近代偉大的(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)革命先(xian)行者孫中山:民(min)(min)國長城、民(min)(min)國起義首功之人。
民主(zhu)革命家、思想家章太炎:愿(yuan)君(jun)化彗尾(wei);為我掃幽燕。
中(zhong)華革命黨支部電挽陳其美:英公其死矣;吾輩忍生(sheng)乎。
于右任(ren):求仁而得何怨;賊民之主不忠。
岑春煊、李烈(lie)鈞、方聲濤、林虎(hu)、張開儒、章(zhang)士釗、高爾登、文(wen)群、楊永(yong)泰、程(cheng)子(zi)楷(kai)、李根源、曾彥等電合挽陳其美:凜(lin)存肩于后死;傷健翮之先摧。
中國國民黨元老于(yu)右(you)任挽(wan)陳其美:十(shi)年薪膽余亡(wang)命;百戰河山吊國殤。
中華民(min)國總統孫中山挽(wan)陳其美:可憐麟鳳供炰(pao)脯(fu);如此江山待祓除。
菲律賓中華革命黨支部(bu)電(dian)挽陳(chen)其(qi)美:世竟無鉏麍(liu)喻義(yi);公終繼漁父銜冤。功成不屑黃金印;身(shen)死(si)長留碧浪湖。
周震鱗(lin):為國捐軀,吾公志愿;緝兇善后,儕輩(bei)仔(zi)肩。