咚咚虧,是土家族單簧氣鳴樂器。土家語稱早古得,又稱呆呆哩。流行于湖南省湘西土家族(zu)苗族(zu)自治(zhi)州龍山、桑植、保靖、永順,湖北省鄂西(xi)土(tu)家族(zu)苗族(zu)自治(zhi)州來鳳、鶴(he)峰等地。
歷史較悠久。相傳秦始皇修(xiu)筑長城時,抓走土(tu)家(jia)族(zu)青年巴(ba)(ba)涅(nie)(nie)。他離家(jia)不(bu)(bu)久,其妻冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)分(fen)娩, 婆婆又虐待她(ta)(ta)。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)日(ri)夜盼(pan)望(wang)(wang)巴(ba)(ba)涅(nie)(nie)早日(ri)歸來(lai),天天上山張望(wang)(wang),但(dan)總不(bu)(bu)見(jian)巴(ba)(ba)涅(nie)(nie)的(de)(de)身影,為(wei)了(le)表露內心的(de)(de)苦衷(zhong),冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)采來(lai)一根竹(zhu)子(zi)做(zuo)成(cheng)笛子(zi),每(mei)日(ri)吹奏寄托對巴(ba)(ba)涅(nie)(nie)的(de)(de)思念之情,一直(zhi)吹到她(ta)(ta)哀傷而(er)死,還是(shi)不(bu)(bu)見(jian)巴(ba)(ba)涅(nie)(nie)歸來(lai)。后人懷念冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),也學著(zhu)她(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)調(diao)子(zi)吹起竹(zhu)笛,并(bing)把冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)做(zuo)的(de)(de)笛子(zi)稱為(wei)咚(dong)咚(dong)虧。雖然(ran)故事富有傳奇色彩,但(dan)它(ta)說(shuo)明咚(dong)咚(dong)虧是(shi)土(tu)家(jia)族(zu)婦女(nv)創制(zhi)的(de)(de)樂器(qi) ,至今仍為(wei)土(tu)家(jia)族(zu)的(de)(de)婦女(nv)和兒童所喜愛。
管(guan)身(shen)竹(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi),多采用(yong)首端(duan)(duan)留有竹(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)的細竹(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)制(zhi)作,其長(chang)短(duan)、粗(cu)細不等,一般(ban)管(guan)長(chang)15厘(li)米(mi)~20厘(li) 米(mi)、 尾端(duan)(duan)內徑0.8厘(li)米(mi)~1厘(li)米(mi)。將(jiang)首端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)面管(guan)壁(bi)削(xue)薄,在距(ju)竹(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)1厘(li)米(mi)處,用(yong)鋒利小(xiao)刀(dao)刻 出(chu)一 枚(mei)竹(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)簧(huang)(huang)片(pian),簧(huang)(huang)長(chang)1.2厘(li)米(mi)~2厘(li)米(mi)、簧(huang)(huang)寬0.3厘(li)米(mi)~0.6厘(li)米(mi),簧(huang)(huang)根與竹(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)相連(lian),簧(huang)(huang)舌朝(chao)下。管(guan)身(shen)正(zheng)面將(jiang)管(guan)壁(bi)外皮削(xue)平(ping),下部開有三或(huo)四(si)個(ge)方(fang)形按音孔,近尾端(duan)(duan)開有一個(ge)出(chu)音孔。
演(yan)奏時(shi),管身(shen)豎置。三(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)者,左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)按(an)第三(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong),右(you)手(shou)(shou)中(zhong)指(zhi)、食(shi)指(zhi)分別按(an)第一、二兩孔(kong)(kong)(kong) ,無(wu)(wu) 名指(zhi)在(zai)出(chu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)下扶管;四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)者,左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)按(an)第四孔(kong)(kong)(kong),右(you)手(shou)(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)、中(zhong)指(zhi)、無(wu)(wu)名指(zhi)按(an)另(ling)外三(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。 口(kou)含管首(shou)簧片,吹氣鼓簧發(fa)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。咚(dong)咚(dong)虧(kui)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)高隨(sui)管身(shen)長短和(he)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)位置的不同而變化,可吹奏出(chu) 四或(huo)五(wu)個音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)來。三(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)咚(dong)咚(dong)虧(kui)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)列為:g、c1、d1、e1或(huo)c1、d1、e1、g1。四 孔(kong)(kong)(kong)咚(dong)咚(dong)虧(kui)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)列為:g、c1、d1、e1、g1或(huo)c1、d1、e1、g1、a1。第三(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong) 可奏出(chu)各(ge)種(zhong)裝飾音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色柔和(he)、渾厚。可用于獨(du)奏或(huo)合奏,經常兩支在(zai)一起對奏。主(zhu)要有打音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、倚音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)顫音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)等演(yan)奏技巧。