芒果视频

簡介

胡(hu)琴，又稱鄉(xiang)胡(hu)、稽(同(tong)奚)琴。歷史悠久、形制古樸(pu)。發音(yin)柔(rou)美，音(yin)色動聽。可用(yong)于(yu)獨奏(zou)、合奏(zou)或為歌舞伴奏(zou)。流行于(yu)遼寧、吉(ji)林(lin)、黑龍江等省(sheng)(sheng)，尤(you)以(yi)吉(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)(sheng)延邊朝(chao)鮮族自治(zhi)州盛行。流行于(yu)吉(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)(sheng)延邊朝(chao)鮮族自治(zhi)州。 唐宋(song)時(shi)期的胡(hu)琴曾(ceng)傳入朝(chao)鮮。朝(chao)鮮成伣編《樂(le)(le)學軌范(fan)》（有(you)1494年(nian)序）載：“……以(yi)黜檀花木（刮青(qing)皮）或烏竹海(hai)竹弓馬尾弦，用(yong)松(song)脂軋之。按(an)用(yong)左手，軋用(yong)右(you)手，只奏(zou)鄉(xiang)樂(le)(le)”。

現代(dai)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，全長60厘米。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)(tong)木(mu)或(huo)竹(zhu)(zhu)制，有(you)半圓球(qiu)形(xing)和(he)長筒(tong)(tong)形(xing)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)。前口蒙桐(tong)木(mu)薄板。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)桿(gan)木(mu)制，琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭呈彎月(yue)狀、無飾，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)軸置于(yu)(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)桿(gan)上(shang)部右側、與(yu)(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)(tong)呈平(ping)行，軸頂旋(xuan)成(cheng)葫蘆形(xing)。張兩(liang)(liang)(liang)條絲弦(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)鋼絲弦(xian)(xian)(xian)。五度(du)定弦(xian)(xian)(xian)A、e，音域 A—a1。 遠(yuan)在(zai)(zai)古代(dai)，中(zhong)(zhong)原的(de)(de)漢族(zu)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)，把(ba)居(ju)住在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)方和(he)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)方的(de)(de)少數(shu)民(min)(min)族(zu)統稱為胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，對(dui)他(ta)們(men)所(suo)(suo)用的(de)(de)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)、音樂(le)(le)(le)(le)以(yi)及服飾等(deng)，也(ye)都冠以(yi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)字。《后漢書(shu)·五行志》中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)：“靈帝好(hao)(hao)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)服、……胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)箜篌、胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)笛、胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)舞(wu)，……”。漢劉熙(xi)《釋名(ming)》載(zai)：“批把(ba)本(ben)出于(yu)(yu)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)中(zhong)(zhong)”之(zhi)(zhi)句，琵(pi)琶(pa)(pa)以(yi)出胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)中(zhong)(zhong)，而(er)(er)(er)名(ming)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)。唐(tang)初四川射洪大詩人(ren)(ren)陳子昂，曾以(yi)千金(jin)買一胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，即是(shi)琵(pi)琶(pa)(pa)，直至唐(tang)宋(song)之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，對(dui)琵(pi)琶(pa)(pa)、忽(hu)雷等(deng)彈(dan)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)，還稱之(zhi)(zhi)為胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)。 胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國古代(dai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)方、西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)方少數(shu)民(min)(min)族(zu)所(suo)(suo)用樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)的(de)(de)統稱，近(jin)代(dai)才作為胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)類拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)的(de)(de)專稱。胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始于(yu)(yu)唐(tang)代(dai)。在(zai)(zai)宋(song)代(dai)音樂(le)(le)(le)(le)理論家陳旸于(yu)(yu)公元1099年(nian)所(suo)(suo)著的(de)(de)《樂(le)(le)(le)(le)書(shu)》(卷一二(er)八)中(zhong)(zhong)載(zai)有(you)：“胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)也(ye)，出于(yu)(yu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)鼗而(er)(er)(er)形(xing)亦類焉(yan)，奚(xi)(xi)部所(suo)(suo)好(hao)(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)也(ye)。蓋其制，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)間以(yi)竹(zhu)(zhu)片(pian)軋(ya)之(zhi)(zhi)，至今(jin)民(min)(min)間用焉(yan)。”據書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)示，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)軸的(de)(de)裝置方向與(yu)(yu)今(jin)日二(er)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)相反，不(bu)用千斤。奚(xi)(xi)族(zu)在(zai)(zai)南北(bei)(bei)(bei)朝時(shi)稱庫莫(mo)奚(xi)(xi)，居(ju)住在(zai)(zai)我國東北(bei)(bei)(bei)地區(qu)的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)拉(la)木(mu)倫河流域，唐(tang)末之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，一部分奚(xi)(xi)人(ren)(ren)西(xi)(xi)徙媯州(今(jin)河北(bei)(bei)(bei)省(sheng)懷來縣)，別稱西(xi)(xi)奚(xi)(xi)，五代(dai)十(shi)國時(shi)，東、西(xi)(xi)奚(xi)(xi)漸(jian)與(yu)(yu)契丹人(ren)(ren)相融合(he)。據陳旸所(suo)(suo)考，胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)當(dang)為唐(tang)代(dai)末年(nian)我國北(bei)(bei)(bei)方西(xi)(xi)奚(xi)(xi)所(suo)(suo)用的(de)(de)一種(zhong)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)。它是(shi)在(zai)(zai)古代(dai)彈(dan)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)鼗的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)衍(yan)變發展而(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)，其演奏方法(fa)與(yu)(yu)軋(ya)箏相似，完全是(shi)受到唐(tang)初漢族(zu)軋(ya)箏的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)所(suo)(suo)致(zhi)，不(bu)同之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)是(shi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)只(zhi)有(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)條琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，軋(ya)時(shi)竹(zhu)(zhu)片(pian)不(bu)在(zai)(zai)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)上(shang)(外)面(mian)而(er)(er)(er)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)間。

歷史

胡(hu)琴(qin)在(zai)唐宋(song)時(shi)期，既是(shi)(shi)拉弦(xian)(xian)、又是(shi)(shi)彈(dan)弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)器(qi)，兩(liang)種演奏方法兼而有之。與(yu)陳旸同一(yi)時(shi)代的(de)北宋(song)文人歐陽修，在(zai)他的(de)《試(shi)院聞胡(hu)琴(qin)作》一(yi)詩中(zhong)寫(xie)道(dao)：“胡(hu)琴(qin)本出胡(hu)人樂(le)(le)，奚奴彈(dan)之雙淚落”。演奏方法則是(shi)(shi)彈(dan)撥(bo)，沒有“用竹片(pian)軋之”的(de)含意(yi)。在(zai)另一(yi)首詩中(zhong)有著頗為詳盡的(de)記載：“奚人作琴(qin)便馬上(shang)，弦(xian)(xian)以雙繭絕(jue)清壯。高堂(tang)一(yi)聽(ting)風雪寒(han)，坐客低回為凄(qi)愴。深(shen)入洞簫抗如歌，眾(zhong)音疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)此多，可(ke)憐繁手無斷(duan)續，誰道(dao)絲聲不如竹。”這里(li)顯然描寫(xie)的(de)是(shi)(shi)兩(liang)弦(xian)(xian)彈(dan)撥(bo)樂(le)(le)器(qi)胡(hu)琴(qin)。可(ke)見，唐宋(song)兩(liang)代，胡(hu)琴(qin)正處(chu)于(yu)由彈(dan)弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)器(qi)向拉弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)器(qi)過渡(du)的(de)時(shi)期。

宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)又(you)稱稽(ji)(ji)(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)。宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)高承(cheng)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1080年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)撰輯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《事物(wu)紀原》中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)：“杜摯賦序(xu)曰(yue)：秦末人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)苦長城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)役，弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)鼗(tao)而(er)鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)，記(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)琵(pi)琶之(zhi)(zhi)始。按(an)鼗(tao)如鼓(gu)而(er)小，有(you)(you)(you)柄，長尺余。然則擊弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)鼓(gu)首(shou)而(er)屬之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)柄末，與(yu)(yu)琵(pi)琶極不(bu)仿(fang)佛，其(qi)狀今(jin)(jin)稽(ji)(ji)(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)稽(ji)(ji)(ji)康琴(qin)(qin)(qin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)鼗(tao)遺象明矣。”照此記(ji)(ji)(ji)述，稽(ji)(ji)(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)在(zai)北(bei)宋(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，仍靠彈撥琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)來(lai)發(fa)(fa)音，而(er)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)軋(ya)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)音的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。在(zai)宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)陳(chen)(chen)元(yuan)(yuan)靚《事林廣(guang)記(ji)(ji)(ji)》(卷(juan)八)中(zhong)(zhong)，則明確地記(ji)(ji)(ji)載著(zhu)(zhu)稽(ji)(ji)(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)是(shi)(shi)拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。文中(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)：“稽(ji)(ji)(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)本稽(ji)(ji)(ji)康所(suo)制，故名稽(ji)(ji)(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，以(yi)(yi)竹(zhu)(zhu)片(pian)軋(ya)之(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)聲(sheng)清亮(liang)。”把稽(ji)(ji)(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)歸于(yu)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)3世紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稽(ji)(ji)(ji)康所(suo)制，顯然是(shi)(shi)偽托古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)附會，這可能是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)氏效其(qi)“阮咸造(zao)阮”之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)吧。同是(shi)(shi)宋(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，又(you)同是(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)述稽(ji)(ji)(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，卻(que)記(ji)(ji)(ji)載著(zhu)(zhu)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演奏(zou)方(fang)法(fa)。這充分(fen)說(shuo)明，宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)稽(ji)(ji)(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)仍處于(yu)由(you)彈弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)向拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡階段。 　 宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)晚期，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)北(bei)部邊疆地區已經開始使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)馬(ma)(ma)尾作為(wei)(wei)(wei)弓(gong)毛拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)擦(ca)奏(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)了(le)。在(zai)陜(shan)西(xi)榆林石窟第十(shi)(shi)窟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁畫中(zhong)(zhong)，畫有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)飛天用(yong)(yong)(yong)馬(ma)(ma)尾弓(gong)拉(la)奏(zou)卷(juan)首(shou)、二(er)(er)(er)(er)軫、二(er)(er)(er)(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、圓筒(tong)形(xing)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。此窟年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)約當西(xi)夏(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1038年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—1227年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))時(shi)(shi)期，即(ji)與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)原的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)相交錯。在(zai)山(shan)西(xi)省繁峙縣巖山(shan)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經幢(chuang)(chuang)(為(wei)(wei)(wei)“特賜廣(guang)濟大(da)師之(zhi)(zhi)塔”)上(shang)，有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)線刻樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)圖形(xing)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)正盤腿而(er)坐，手(shou)持馬(ma)(ma)尾弓(gong)拉(la)奏(zou)。有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)學者(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，繁峙在(zai)元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)蒙古管(guan)轄，并(bing)以(yi)(yi)大(da)元(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)號，此經幢(chuang)(chuang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“大(da)元(yuan)(yuan)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)月十(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)”建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)，即(ji)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1236年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，也(ye)(ye)正值宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。上(shang)述兩(liang)處之(zhi)(zhi)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)圖像，均與(yu)(yu)今(jin)(jin)日(ri)(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)維妙維肖。這種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)馬(ma)(ma)尾弓(gong)代(dai)(dai)替竹(zhu)(zhu)片(pian)擦(ca)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)音的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)北(bei)方(fang)長期過著(zhu)(zhu)游牧生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少數(shu)民(min)(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造(zao)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)向前(qian)(qian)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)里程碑。 南(nan)宋(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)類拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)開始走上(shang)發(fa)(fa)展時(shi)(shi)期。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)大(da)批制造(zao)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，也(ye)(ye)始于(yu)南(nan)宋(song)(song)遷(qian)都臨安(今(jin)(jin)杭(hang)州)之(zhi)(zhi)際(ji)，故絲弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)“杭(hang)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”之(zhi)(zhi)稱。在(zai)當時(shi)(shi)文人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)筆記(ji)(ji)(ji)、小說(shuo)里也(ye)(ye)不(bu)時(shi)(shi)提(ti)及，在(zai)《綠窗新語(yu)(yu)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“金(jin)彥(yan)游春(chun)遇春(chun)娘”故事里，就寫有(you)(you)(you)：“金(jin)彥(yan)與(yu)(yu)何俞出城(cheng)西(xi)游春(chun)，見一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)庭院華麗，乃王(wang)太尉莊。貫酒坐閣子上(shang)，彥(yan)取二(er)(er)(er)(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)軋(ya)之(zhi)(zhi)，俞取簫(xiao)管(guan)合(he)奏(zou)。”這“二(er)(er)(er)(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”即(ji)是(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)形(xing)制十(shi)(shi)分(fen)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。 　 明代(dai)(dai)，胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)類拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)隨著(zhu)(zhu)戲劇和(he)(he)曲藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興起而(er)有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)改(gai)進和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展，演奏(zou)形(xing)式也(ye)(ye)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)樣。從明嘉靖元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1522年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))尤子求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《麟堂秋宴圖》畫卷(juan)中(zhong)(zhong)，就可以(yi)(yi)看到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)由(you)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)、簫(xiao)管(guan)和(he)(he)拍板三種(zhong)(zhong)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)奏(zou)形(xing)式，圖中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)繪(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，是(shi)(shi)龍首(shou)、卷(juan)頸、二(er)(er)(er)(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、馬(ma)(ma)尾弓(gong)，而(er)且(qie)有(you)(you)(you)了(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)固定弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)千斤。這在(zai)陳(chen)(chen)旸(yang)《樂(le)(le)(le)書》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)圖上(shang)是(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但也(ye)(ye)保留著(zhu)(zhu)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)短琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)、置軸方(fang)向和(he)(he)拴弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)法(fa)。它(ta)較(jiao)南(nan)宋(song)(song)《綠窗新語(yu)(yu)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)了(le)較(jiao)大(da)進步，與(yu)(yu)今(jin)(jin)日(ri)(ri)(ri)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝鮮(xian)族胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)和(he)(he)我國(guo)(guo)福建(jian)地區流行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)音二(er)(er)(er)(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)已較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)接近。朝鮮(xian)音樂(le)(le)(le)家成(cheng)(cheng)伣(xian)編朝鮮(xian)古籍《樂(le)(le)(le)學軌范(fan)》(1494年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)序(xu))中(zhong)(zhong)載有(you)(you)(you)：“胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，以(yi)(yi)黜檀(tan)花(hua)木(刮青(qing)皮)，或烏竹(zhu)(zhu)、海竹(zhu)(zhu)弓(gong)馬(ma)(ma)尾弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)松(song)脂軋(ya)之(zhi)(zhi)。按(an)用(yong)(yong)(yong)左手(shou)，軋(ya)用(yong)(yong)(yong)右手(shou)，只奏(zou)鄉樂(le)(le)(le)。”可見，胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)在(zai)明代(dai)(dai)已傳(chuan)入(ru)朝鮮(xian)。清代(dai)(dai)，胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)宮(gong)廷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓦爾喀(ka)部樂(le)(le)(le)和(he)(he)慶隆樂(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)，而(er)前(qian)(qian)者(zhe)還要使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)四件(jian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)演奏(zou)。據民(min)(min)間傳(chuan)說(shuo)，胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)是(shi)(shi)經東胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)手(shou)傳(chuan)入(ru)牡丹(dan)江(jiang)鏡(jing)泊(bo)湖一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶及東鏡(jing)城(cheng)等(deng)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。后(hou)來(lai)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)朝鮮(xian)族人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)所(suo)喜愛(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。

演奏

演(yan)奏(zou)時(shi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)坐姿(zi)，將琴筒置(zhi)于左腿上，左手(shou)持琴，常用(yong)(yong)(yong)食指、中(zhong)指、無名(ming)指和(he)小指的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)關節彎曲(qu)處(chu)按弦(xian)(xian)，右手(shou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)五指握(wo)(wo)弓或拇指、食指、中(zhong)指握(wo)(wo)弓、在(zai)兩(liang)弦(xian)(xian)間拉奏(zou)。胡琴一(yi)般采用(yong)(yong)(yong)五度音程關系定弦(xian)(xian)，常定弦(xian)(xian)為(wei)A、e或c、g，音域A—a1或c—c2，有兩(liang)個八度。發音柔和(he)、優美，音色(se)明亮(liang)、動聽，接近漢族的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)音板胡。左手(shou)按弦(xian)(xian)為(wei)滿手(shou)握(wo)(wo)弦(xian)(xian)，俗稱(cheng)勾(gou)弦(xian)(xian)或抓弦(xian)(xian)，少換(huan)把位，有顫音、打音、滑音等(deng)演(yan)奏(zou)技巧。民(min)間樂(le)(le)(le)手(shou)演(yan)奏(zou)時(shi)，習慣不(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)千斤，用(yong)(yong)(yong)勾(gou)、抓弦(xian)(xian)轉(zhuan)調(diao)。可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于獨(du)奏(zou)、合(he)奏(zou)或伴奏(zou)，是(shi)朝鮮族民(min)族樂(le)(le)(le)隊中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)拉弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)。擅長演(yan)奏(zou)曲(qu)調(diao)悠緩(huan)的(de)(de)(de)古典樂(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)或旋律歡快的(de)(de)(de)民(min)間樂(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)。較著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)奏(zou)曲(qu)有：《紡織(zhi)謠》、《胡琴·散曲(qu)》、《漁夫(fu)曲(qu)》和(he)《農(nong)夫(fu)樂(le)(le)(le)》等(deng)。

改(gai)(gai)革胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)·四弦(xian)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)：朝(chao)鮮(xian)族(zu)弓拉弦(xian)鳴樂(le)器。20世紀60年(nian)代，朝(chao)鮮(xian)族(zu)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)演(yan)奏(zou)家李一男(nan)等(deng)制作(zuo)成功改(gai)(gai)革胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)和(he)四弦(xian)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)，四弦(xian)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)有高音(yin)、中(zhong)音(yin)和(he)低音(yin)三種，已用(yong)于吉林省延邊朝(chao)鮮(xian)族(zu)自治州專業音(yin)樂(le)藝術團體中(zhong)，是朝(chao)鮮(xian)族(zu)民(min)族(zu)樂(le)隊的主要拉弦(xian)樂(le)器。

改革(ge)胡琴(qin)(qin)(qin)：全長65厘(li)米。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒竹(zhu)制(zhi)，筒長13厘(li)米，筒前口蒙以桐木(mu)(mu)面板，面徑9.5厘(li)米。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)桿(gan)用(yong)烏木(mu)(mu)、紫檀(tan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)紅(hong)木(mu)(mu)制(zhi)作，為(wei)圓形(xing)柱狀(zhuang)體、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)頭呈(cheng)彎月(yue)形(xing)朝(chao)前彎曲，桿(gan)的上部(bu)橫置(zhi)兩個硬木(mu)(mu)制(zhi)弦軸(zhou)，軸(zhou)頂呈(cheng)葫(hu)蘆形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)圓錐形(xing)，軸(zhou)長11厘(li)米，軸(zhou)頭裝有金屬螺旋(又(you)稱直(zhi)行銅軸(zhou))可微調音(yin)(yin)高。弦軸(zhou)下方設有腰馬支弦，琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒下方增(zeng)置(zhi)木(mu)(mu)制(zhi)底托，使演奏(zou)中琴(qin)(qin)(qin)身(shen)平穩。張兩條鋼絲弦。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)用(yong)直(zhi)桿(gan)細竹(zhu)系以馬尾而成，弓(gong)長80厘(li)。這(zhe)種改革(ge)胡琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，發音(yin)(yin)明亮、圓潤，音(yin)(yin)色悠揚、悅耳，音(yin)(yin)量也較傳統胡琴(qin)(qin)(qin)增(zeng)大(da)，音(yin)(yin)域增(zeng)至三個八度。可用(yong)于獨奏(zou)、合奏(zou)或(huo)(huo)(huo)伴(ban)奏(zou)，尤以獨奏(zou)效(xiao)果最佳。

四(si)(si)弦(xian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)：是胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)的(de)系列樂(le)器新品(pin)種，它(ta)包括高(gao)(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)低音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)三種。琴(qin)筒、琴(qin)桿均用(yong)色木制(zhi)作，增設了烏木指板(ban)。高(gao)(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)四(si)(si)弦(xian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)按五(wu)度關系定(ding)弦(xian)為：g、d1、a1、e2， 音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域g—c4；中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)四(si)(si)弦(xian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)的(de)定(ding)弦(xian)比(bi)高(gao)(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)低五(wu)度，定(ding)弦(xian)為：c、g、d1、a1，音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域c—a3；低音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)四(si)(si)弦(xian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)的(de)定(ding)弦(xian)比(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)低八度，定(ding)弦(xian)為：C、G、d、a，音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域C—c2。這套 四(si)(si)弦(xian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)的(de)總音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域C—c4，達五(wu)個八度。適于合奏(zou)或伴(ban)奏(zou)使用(yong)，已用(yong)于朝鮮族(zu)民(min)族(zu)樂(le)隊中(zhong)(zhong)。

奚胡(hu)除在朝鮮(xian)族民(min)間流傳外，在內蒙(meng)古自治(zhi)區東部和遼寧(ning)、黑龍江等(deng)省(sheng)的蒙(meng)古族民(min)間也有流傳。其結構和奏法均(jun)與朝鮮(xian)族胡(hu)琴(qin)近似(si)，但(dan)形(xing)制較(jiao)小。琴(qin)桿用(yong)(yong)色(se)(se)木(mu)或(huo)硬雜木(mu)制成(cheng)，長50厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。琴(qin)筒用(yong)(yong)木(mu)或(huo)金屬制成(cheng)，筒長10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，前口蒙(meng)以(yi)(yi)桐(tong)木(mu)薄板為面，面徑(jing)7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。弦軸木(mu)制，圓錐形(xing)。張兩條絲(si)弦或(huo)腸衣弦。琴(qin)弓用(yong)(yong)竹(zhu)片彎成(cheng)弧形(xing)，兩端(duan)系以(yi)(yi)馬尾，弓長40厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。五度(du)定弦為g、d1，音域g—g1，只(zhi)有一(yi)個(ge)八度(du)。發(fa)音柔弱，音色(se)(se)渾厚(hou)。但(dan)流傳不夠(gou)廣泛，現僅(jin)個(ge)別(bie)民(min)間老藝(yi)人還(huan)有使用(yong)(yong)。