芒果视频

基本構造

小(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)由30多個零件(jian)組成(cheng)。其主要(yao)構(gou)件(jian)有(you)(you)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭(tou)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸、弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)軸、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬、腮托、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓、面板(ban)、側板(ban)、音(yin)柱(zhu)等(deng)。小(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)共有(you)(you)四根弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，分為：1弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)）、2弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（A弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)）、3弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（D弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)）和4弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)）。小(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身（共鳴箱）長約35.5厘米，由具有(you)(you)弧度的(de)(de)面板(ban)、背(bei)板(ban)和側板(ban)粘(zhan)合而成(cheng)。面板(ban)常用(yong)云(yun)杉制作(zuo)，質地(di)較軟(ruan)；背(bei)板(ban)和側板(ban)用(yong)楓(feng)木(mu)(mu)，質地(di)較硬。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭(tou)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸用(yong)整條楓(feng)木(mu)(mu)，指板(ban)用(yong)烏(wu)木(mu)(mu)。小(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)音(yin)質基本上取(qu)決于(yu)它的(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)質和相(xiang)應的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)，取(qu)決于(yu)木(mu)(mu)材的(de)(de)振動(dong)頻(pin)率和它對弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振動(dong)的(de)(de)反應。優(you)質琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)能(neng)把(ba)發(fa)出的(de)(de)每(mei)個聲音(yin)的(de)(de)基音(yin)和泛(fan)音(yin)都同樣靈敏地(di)傳播出去(qu)。

小(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)有(you)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)4根，原均(jun)為羊腸制的(de)(de)裸弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，約從(cong)18世紀起(qi)，低音(yin)(yin)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)常包以銀絲(si)，使(shi)(shi)其(qi)反應靈敏(min)。現(xian)代則將G、D、A3根弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)纏金屬絲(si)的(de)(de)羊腸弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)鋼絲(si)纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，晚近(jin)也用(yong)(yong)尼龍弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改用(yong)(yong)鋼絲(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，使(shi)(shi)其(qi)在(zai)高音(yin)(yin)區的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)色更佳。小(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)制作(zuo)(zuo)成現(xian)代這(zhe)種樣(yang)式，并(bing)非(fei)完全從(cong)形態美觀出發(fa)，而(er)是(shi)有(you)其(qi)音(yin)(yin)響(xiang)上(shang)(shang)和演奏(zou)(zou)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)需要(yao)。小(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)面(mian)板(ban)和背板(ban)有(you)弧度，使(shi)(shi)其(qi)共鳴(ming)良好，發(fa)音(yin)(yin)洪亮(liang)；琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)腰(yao)身狹(xia)窄，便于(yu)演奏(zou)(zou)高把位和低音(yin)(yin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；面(mian)板(ban)和背板(ban)加(jia)嵌條，除防止(zhi)木(mu)板(ban)開(kai)裂外，對(dui)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)質(zhi)也起(qi)一定作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。面(mian)板(ban)與背板(ban)中間有(you)音(yin)(yin)柱(zhu)支撐，其(qi)位置變(bian)化(hua)對(dui)小(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)音(yin)(yin)色影響(xiang)明(ming)顯。面(mian)板(ban)左下方粘低音(yin)(yin)梁，既(ji)起(qi)加(jia)固作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，又具音(yin)(yin)響(xiang)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。小(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)表面(mian)的(de)(de)油漆(qi)(qi)如太硬(ying)、太軟，或(huo)漆(qi)(qi)得不勻(yun)，都會有(you)損(sun)于(yu)音(yin)(yin)質(zhi)。當琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)與琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)摩擦(ca)使(shi)(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)時(shi)，通過琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬(ma)引(yin)起(qi)面(mian)板(ban)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，又通過音(yin)(yin)柱(zhu)使(shi)(shi)背板(ban)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)較(jiao)少，而(er)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)較(jiao)大(da)，從(cong)而(er)使(shi)(shi)低音(yin)(yin)梁有(you)更大(da)的(de)(de)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，并(bing)造成共鳴(ming)箱振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)。能否(fou)使(shi)(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)聲得以充(chong)分發(fa)揮，取決(jue)于(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)及其(qi)張力、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬(ma)質(zhi)量(liang)、運弓(gong)的(de)(de)壓力和速度。要(yao)想把琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)各(ge)種音(yin)(yin)質(zhi)都表達出來，還要(yao)加(jia)上(shang)(shang)演奏(zou)(zou)者的(de)(de)弓(gong)法(fa)、指法(fa)和揉弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、彈弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等演奏(zou)(zou)技巧。

琴弓作為樂(le)器(qi)的(de)附加物(wu)，最早出現(xian)在拜占(zhan)庭帝國時(shi)代(dai)，但其價值就如平(ping)民老百姓一(yi)般身(shen)份(fen)低下，究其原因是(shi)與彈撥方法所產生的(de)聲音相比，運弓生成的(de)音質(zhi)實在是(shi)太弱(ruo)。

器樂分類

小提琴分電(dian)子小提琴和木琴兩(liang)種，兩(liang)者發(fa)聲原理迥乎不同。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)與普通(tong)小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)最主(zhu)要的區別是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)不(bu)用共(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，不(bu)像普通(tong)小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)通(tong)過音柱帶動共(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內的空(kong)氣振(zhen)動發聲(sheng)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)弦的震動要靠琴(qin)(qin)弦根部下(xia)方的幾個磁拾(shi)音器(qi)（就(jiu)像電(dian)(dian)(dian)吉他的一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)）拾(shi)取，然后通(tong)過音響放大。也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)使用耳機，在練習時可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)影(ying)響他人。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)的共(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)只是(shi)個擺(bai)設。電(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)不(bu)插電(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)能拉響，但那(nei)個聲(sheng)音根本(ben)不(bu)像是(shi)小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)，而且聲(sheng)音極(ji)小(xiao)，就(jiu)像蚊(wen)子(zi)叫。不(bu)少大一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)的琴(qin)(qin)行(xing)都有賣電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)種是(shi)有自己的共(gong)鳴(ming)體的，和普通(tong)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)外形相同，只不(bu)過多了一(yi)(yi)(yi)個拾(shi)音器(qi)，類似于吉他家(jia)族中的箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)琴(qin)(qin)；還有一(yi)(yi)(yi)種是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)調音共(gong)鳴(ming)的，沒有共(gong)鳴(ming)體，看(kan)上去是(shi)“鏤空(kong)”的那(nei)種，通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)對微弱的振(zhen)動進(jin)行(xing)拾(shi)取放大及調音。