芒果视频

基本構造

小提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)由30多個零件組(zu)成(cheng)。其主要構件有琴(qin)(qin)(qin)頭(tou)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)身、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)頸、弦(xian)(xian)(xian)軸、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)馬、腮托、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓、面(mian)板(ban)(ban)、側板(ban)(ban)、音(yin)(yin)(yin)柱等。小提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)共有四根弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，分為：1弦(xian)(xian)(xian)（E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)）、2弦(xian)(xian)(xian)（A弦(xian)(xian)(xian)）、3弦(xian)(xian)(xian)（D弦(xian)(xian)(xian)）和(he)(he)(he)4弦(xian)(xian)(xian)（G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)）。小提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)身（共鳴(ming)箱(xiang)）長約35.5厘米，由具有弧度的(de)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)、背板(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)(he)側板(ban)(ban)粘合而成(cheng)。面(mian)板(ban)(ban)常用云杉(shan)制作，質(zhi)(zhi)地較(jiao)軟；背板(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)(he)側板(ban)(ban)用楓木(mu)，質(zhi)(zhi)地較(jiao)硬(ying)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)頭(tou)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)頸用整條楓木(mu)，指板(ban)(ban)用烏(wu)木(mu)。小提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)質(zhi)(zhi)基本(ben)上(shang)取決于(yu)它(ta)的(de)木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)相應的(de)結構，取決于(yu)木(mu)材(cai)的(de)振(zhen)動頻(pin)率和(he)(he)(he)它(ta)對弦(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)動的(de)反(fan)應。優質(zhi)(zhi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)能把發出(chu)的(de)每個聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)基音(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)(he)(he)泛音(yin)(yin)(yin)都同樣靈(ling)敏(min)地傳播出(chu)去。

小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)有(you)(you)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)4根(gen)，原均為羊腸制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)裸(luo)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，約從(cong)18世紀起(qi)(qi)，低(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)常(chang)包(bao)以(yi)銀(yin)絲(si)，使(shi)其(qi)反(fan)應靈敏(min)。現代(dai)則將G、D、A3根(gen)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)纏金(jin)屬絲(si)的(de)羊腸弦(xian)(xian)(xian)或鋼絲(si)纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，晚近(jin)也用(yong)(yong)尼龍(long)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)。E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)改用(yong)(yong)鋼絲(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，使(shi)其(qi)在高(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)區的(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)色(se)更(geng)佳。小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)制(zhi)(zhi)作成現代(dai)這種樣(yang)式(shi)，并非完全從(cong)形(xing)態美觀出發，而(er)是(shi)有(you)(you)其(qi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)響(xiang)上和(he)演奏上的(de)需要。小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)面(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)和(he)背板(ban)(ban)有(you)(you)弧度，使(shi)其(qi)共鳴良好，發音(yin)(yin)(yin)洪亮；琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)腰身狹窄，便(bian)于(yu)演奏高(gao)把(ba)位(wei)和(he)低(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)；面(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)和(he)背板(ban)(ban)加嵌條，除防止木板(ban)(ban)開裂(lie)外，對(dui)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)質(zhi)也起(qi)(qi)一定作用(yong)(yong)。面(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)與背板(ban)(ban)中間(jian)有(you)(you)音(yin)(yin)(yin)柱支撐，其(qi)位(wei)置變化(hua)對(dui)小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)音(yin)(yin)(yin)色(se)影(ying)響(xiang)明(ming)顯。面(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)左下方粘(zhan)低(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)梁，既(ji)起(qi)(qi)加固(gu)作用(yong)(yong)，又(you)具音(yin)(yin)(yin)響(xiang)作用(yong)(yong)。小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)油(you)漆(qi)如(ru)太(tai)硬、太(tai)軟，或漆(qi)得不勻，都會有(you)(you)損于(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)質(zhi)。當琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓與琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)摩擦使(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)振動時，通過琴(qin)(qin)(qin)馬引起(qi)(qi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)振動，又(you)通過音(yin)(yin)(yin)柱使(shi)背板(ban)(ban)振動，E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)振動較(jiao)少，而(er)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)振動較(jiao)大，從(cong)而(er)使(shi)低(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)梁有(you)(you)更(geng)大的(de)振動，并造成共鳴箱(xiang)振動。能否使(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)聲得以(yi)充(chong)分發揮，取(qu)決于(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)及其(qi)張(zhang)力、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)馬質(zhi)量、運(yun)弓的(de)壓力和(he)速度。要想把(ba)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)各種音(yin)(yin)(yin)質(zhi)都表達出來，還(huan)要加上演奏者的(de)弓法、指法和(he)揉弦(xian)(xian)(xian)、彈弦(xian)(xian)(xian)等演奏技(ji)巧。

琴弓(gong)作為(wei)樂器的附(fu)加物，最早出現在拜占庭帝國(guo)時代，但其價值就如平(ping)民老百(bai)姓一般身份低下，究其原因是與彈撥方法所產(chan)生的聲(sheng)音(yin)相比，運弓(gong)生成的音(yin)質實(shi)在是太弱。

器樂分類

小(xiao)提(ti)琴分(fen)電子小(xiao)提(ti)琴和木琴兩(liang)種，兩(liang)者發聲原理迥乎不(bu)同。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)與(yu)普(pu)(pu)通小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)最主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)不(bu)用(yong)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)箱，不(bu)像普(pu)(pu)通小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)通過(guo)音柱帶動(dong)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)箱內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)發聲(sheng)，所以(yi)弦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)震(zhen)動(dong)要靠琴(qin)弦根(gen)部(bu)下方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)個(ge)磁拾音器(qi)（就像電(dian)(dian)(dian)吉(ji)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)）拾取，然后通過(guo)音響放大(da)。也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)使用(yong)耳機(ji)，在練習時可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)影響他人。所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)箱只(zhi)是個(ge)擺(bai)設(she)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)不(bu)插電(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)(ye)能拉響，但那(nei)個(ge)聲(sheng)音根(gen)本不(bu)像是小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)，而且(qie)聲(sheng)音極小(xiao)，就像蚊(wen)子(zi)叫。不(bu)少大(da)一(yi)(yi)些的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)琴(qin)行都有(you)賣電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)，一(yi)(yi)種是有(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，和普(pu)(pu)通提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)外形相同，只(zhi)不(bu)過(guo)多了(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)拾音器(qi)，類似于吉(ji)他家族中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)箱琴(qin)；還有(you)一(yi)(yi)種是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)調音共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，沒有(you)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)體(ti)，看上(shang)去是“鏤空”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)種，通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路對微(wei)弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)進行拾取放大(da)及(ji)調音。