分(fen)布于(yu)中國河北(bei)(武安)、山西(陽城(cheng))、河南(伏牛山)、陜西(秦嶺)、甘(gan)肅、浙(zhe)江(天目山)、湖北(bei)、四川(chuan)、貴州(zhou)、云(yun)南、西藏。印度(du)也(ye)有(you)分(fen)布。生長在海(hai)拔900-3600米的溪邊雜木林中。
落葉(xie)(xie)灌木或小喬木,高2-15米(mi)(mi)(mi);樹皮紫黑色或棕(zong)灰色;小枝無毛(mao)(mao),紫黑色或灰色;芽卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing),鱗片(pian)深褐色,光(guang)亮。葉(xie)(xie)紙質(zhi),卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)或近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),少數橢圓(yuan)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)或橢圓(yuan)披針形(xing)(xing),長(chang)5-14厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3-9厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先端(duan)(duan)漸尖,有1突(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)尾尖,長(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),基部(bu)楔形(xing)(xing)或寬(kuan)楔形(xing)(xing),邊緣疏(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)頂端(duan)(duan)加厚的鋸(ju)齒,下部(bu)或近基部(bu)全(quan)緣,上面(mian)無毛(mao)(mao)或散生(sheng)(sheng)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao)后脫落,僅在(zai)脈(mo)上殘(can)存(cun),下面(mian)無毛(mao)(mao)或脈(mo)上有伏毛(mao)(mao),脈(mo)腋具叢毛(mao)(mao),側脈(mo)6-11對;葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)2-5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),有柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao)后脫落。
花(hua)叢生(sheng);花(hua)梗長(chang)3-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);苞片橢圓形(xing)(xing),早落;雄蕊6-14,長(chang)8-15毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),花(hua)藥紅色,比(bi)花(hua)絲長(chang),藥隔(ge)附屬物長(chang)0.7-2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);心皮6-12,子(zi)房歪形(xing)(xing),長(chang)2-4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),柱頭(tou)面(mian)在腹面(mian)或遠軸(zhou),斧形(xing)(xing),具(ju)微(wei)小粘質突(tu)起,有1-3(-4)胚珠。翅(chi)果長(chang)5-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬3-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),棕色,子(zi)房柄長(chang)7-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),果梗長(chang)8-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);種子(zi)1-3個(ge),卵形(xing)(xing),長(chang)1.5-2.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),黑色。花(hua)期(qi)4-5月(yue),果期(qi)7-8月(yue)。
造林(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)要選擇(ze)在(zai)海(hai)拔(ba)700米(mi)左右的陰(yin)坡且濕度較大(da)的環境,主(zhu)要是模擬(ni)野(ye)生自然生境下(xia)水(shui)熱條件(jian)(jian)基本相同的溝谷兩岸地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),以保證造林(lin)(lin)的成(cheng)功(gong)。造林(lin)(lin)采(cai)用隔(ge)行(xing)混交方(fang)式。混交樹種(zhong)可以選擇(ze)落葉的闊葉樹種(zhong),如馬(ma)褂木(mu)、銀杏等,株行(xing)距(ju)3米(mi)×4米(mi),密(mi)度90株/667平方(fang)米(mi)左右。秋季采(cai)用穴狀整(zheng)地(di)(di)(di),規格為40厘(li)(li)米(mi)×40厘(li)(li)米(mi)×50厘(li)(li)米(mi),春季于(yu)土壤解凍后(hou)栽植,一般(ban)造林(lin)(lin)時(shi)間在(zai)3月上旬,造林(lin)(lin)前要選好根系發達完整(zheng)、無病蟲(chong)害的Ⅰ級壯苗(miao),栽植時(shi)做(zuo)到苗(miao)正、根舒、壓實,并覆土將(jiang)樹根處培成(cheng)小錐形(xing)。當年撫育(yu)2-3次(ci),以后(hou)可根據(ju)立(li)地(di)(di)(di)條件(jian)(jian)和雜草繁茂程度,增加或(huo)減少撫育(yu)次(ci)數。
領春木種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在9月下(xia)旬成(cheng)熟,選擇20年(nian)(nian)生以(yi)上(shang)、生長健(jian)康(kang)、無病蟲(chong)害(hai)、結實多的(de)(de)中壯年(nian)(nian)樹上(shang)采集。將采集的(de)(de)翅(chi)果種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)水(shui)(shui)浸3天(tian)后(hou)去除(chu)果翅(chi)和果梗(geng),反(fan)復水(shui)(shui)洗得到純凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),晾干種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)表面水(shui)(shui)分后(hou)室(shi)內低溫沙(sha)(sha)藏(zang)。值得注意的(de)(de)是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)忌干藏(zang)和失水(shui)(shui)干燥,也不能爆曬,否則發芽率極低或喪失發芽能力。沙(sha)(sha)藏(zang)期間每5-7天(tian)翻動種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)一次,防止(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)沙(sha)(sha)藏(zang)期間爛種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),造成(cheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)損失。
根(gen)(gen)據(ju)領春木的(de)生態學特性,我們要(yao)(yao)將圃(pu)地(di)選在(zai)高海拔、交通方便、日照強(qiang)度低、石礫含量(liang)少、土層深厚、肥(fei)力較好(hao)的(de)黃(huang)紅壤等,同時(shi)要(yao)(yao)求稍為(wei)蔽蔭和(he)有水源(yuan)的(de)荒地(di)作(zuo)為(wei)苗(miao)床用(yong)地(di)。忌用(yong)低海拔、日照強(qiang)度高的(de)用(yong)地(di)等,否(fou)則育苗(miao)會失敗。圃(pu)地(di)必須(xu)要(yao)(yao)精耕(geng)細作(zuo)。3月(yue)上旬翻(fan)地(di)前要(yao)(yao)清理地(di)面(mian)雜物,深翻(fan)地(di)表25厘米以上,清除樹根(gen)(gen)、草蔸和(he)石塊等。每667平方米施用(yong)100千(qian)克復合肥(fei)作(zuo)為(wei)基肥(fei),同時(shi)施用(yong)呋喃丹3千(qian)克翻(fan)入土中殺滅地(di)下害蟲。經過“3犁(li)3耙”,使肥(fei)和(he)藥與圃(pu)地(di)土壤均勻混合在(zai)一起。然后作(zuo)苗(miao)床,苗(miao)床要(yao)(yao)順坡而(er)作(zuo),床面(mian)寬(kuan)120厘米、高20厘米,長(chang)度可(ke)以隨(sui)地(di)勢(shi)而(er)定,畦(qi)溝寬(kuan)25厘米,床面(mian)應平整不(bu)積水,四周開(kai)好(hao)排水溝,隨(sui)時(shi)保(bao)持排水通暢。
來年3月5-10日篩(shai)出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子水(shui)(shui)選2次(ci),去(qu)除劣種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou),再(zai)將(jiang)純凈(jing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子倒入容(rong)器中,用(yong)0.5%的(de)高錳酸鉀(jia)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)12小(xiao)時,浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)間經常攪動(dong)。12小(xiao)時后(hou)撈出(chu)用(yong)清水(shui)(shui)沖(chong)洗(xi)干(gan)凈(jing),再(zai)用(yong)生根(gen)粉處(chu)理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子。具(ju)體做法是用(yong)50℃溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)間歇浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2次(ci),2次(ci)溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)都要(yao)自然(ran)冷卻且浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小(xiao)時后(hou)撈出(chu),然(ran)后(hou)用(yong)ABT7號稀釋(shi)的(de)生根(gen)粉溶(rong)(rong)劑浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1小(xiao)時,最(zui)后(hou)撈出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子進行催(cui)芽,催(cui)芽期(qi)間要(yao)每天(tian)用(yong)溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)淘洗(xi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,淘洗(xi)時動(dong)作(zuo)要(yao)輕,淘洗(xi)后(hou)要(yao)保溫(wen)保濕,約8-10天(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子破嘴即(ji)(ji)可(ke)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)0.5%的(de)高錳酸鉀(jia)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)均(jun)勻噴灑床面(mian)消毒,2小(xiao)時后(hou)將(jiang)待(dai)播(bo)(bo)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子均(jun)勻撒播(bo)(bo)于(yu)床面(mian),大約播(bo)(bo)120-150粒/平方(fang)米,播(bo)(bo)消毒后(hou)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子5千克(ke)/667平方(fang)米,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)蓋過(guo)篩(shai)的(de)草(cao)皮灰混細土0.5厘米,一般以不見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子為度(du),噴一遍透水(shui)(shui),然(ran)后(hou)蓋上(shang)一層薄稻草(cao)。蓋草(cao)即(ji)(ji)可(ke)預(yu)防鳥(niao)獸危(wei)害,又可(ke)以增加床面(mian)溫(wen)度(du)和(he)濕度(du),預(yu)防晴天(tian)太陽的(de)直(zhi)射對床面(mian)水(shui)(shui)分的(de)過(guo)量(liang)蒸發,從而影響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)生根(gen)萌芽。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)到出(chu)芽前,要(yao)注(zhu)意防止苗(miao)床過(guo)干(gan)等不利于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子休眠的(de)條件(jian)。
經濟
領春木紋理美(mei)觀可做高檔家具或儀(yi)器表(biao)盒等;樹形優(you)美(mei),樹干通(tong)直(zhi),也是優(you)美(mei)的庭院樹種(zhong)。
研究
領春木為典型的(de)東亞植(zhi)物區(qu)系成分的(de)特征種,又是古(gu)(gu)老的(de)殘遺植(zhi)物,樹(shu)木。為典型的(de)東亞植(zhi)物區(qu)系成分的(de)特征種,第(di)3紀孑遺植(zhi)物和(he)稀有珍(zhen)貴的(de)古(gu)(gu)老樹(shu)種,對于研究(jiu)古(gu)(gu)植(zhi)物區(qu)系和(he)古(gu)(gu)代地(di)理(li)氣候有重(zhong)要的(de)學術價值。