中國是(shi)世界上(shang)出產(chan)鬼仙辰(chen)砂(sha)最多(duo)的國家之一。主要(yao)產(chan)地是(shi)貴(gui)州東部(bu)和湖南(nan)西(xi)部(bu),以(yi)質好量大而出名。產(chan)出的礦(kuang)(kuang)砂(sha)多(duo)數(shu)運到湖南(nan)西(xi)部(bu)的辰(chen)溪(xi),再(zai)轉銷全國各地,辰(chen)溪(xi)成為當(dang)時辰(chen)砂(sha)主要(yao)的集(ji)散地,“辰(chen)砂(sha)”一名也由此而來。世界上(shang)最大的辰(chen)砂(sha)晶體是(shi)“辰(chen)砂(sha)王”,1980年在(zai)貴(gui)州東部(bu)萬(wan)山汞礦(kuang)(kuang)區發(fa)現。長10.8厘米,寬4.4厘米,高(gao)4.2厘米,凈(jing)重(zhong)237克。現收藏于中國北京地質博物館。
大自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造化(hua)瑰麗而(er)神奇(qi)。各種(zhong)造型奇(qi)特、色彩(cai)(cai)美麗、產量稀少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)單晶(jing)體(ti)、連晶(jing)體(ti)和(he)晶(jing)簇,既(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)寶(bao)貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)原料,又(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)含蓄質樸(pu),美麗天成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞(shang)石(shi),它們是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大自然(ran)給(gei)人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慷慨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)饋(kui)贈。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)又(you)(you)被(bei)稱作(zuo)為(wei)“朱砂(sha)(sha)”,它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)棕紅色,色彩(cai)(cai)鮮(xian)艷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)石(shi)。新石(shi)器時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)民(min)就曾經應用辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)做顏料。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)化(hua)學成(cheng)(cheng)分是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硫化(hua)汞,在我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)南(nan)、貴州、四川等地都有(you)出產。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)體(ti)呈板狀或菱面體(ti)狀,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集合(he)體(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)粒狀或塊(kuai)狀。純凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)具有(you)金(jin)屬光澤。有(you)時(shi)表面會因(yin)覆蓋氧化(hua)薄(bo)膜而(er)呈鉛灰色。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密度比(bi)較大,和(he)銀(yin)相仿(fang),只出產在低溫熱液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦床中,常與輝銻礦共生。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提煉汞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)原料。中醫利用辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)安神、定驚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu);辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單晶(jing)可以作(zuo)為(wei)激(ji)光調制晶(jing)體(ti),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現代激(ji)光技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)材料之一。
辰(chen)砂(sha)化(hua)學成(cheng)分為(wei)硫化(hua)汞,含Hg86.2%,常含有(you)粘土、氧化(hua)鐵、地瀝青等(deng)雜(za)質。溶于鹽酸,并產(chan)生(sheng)帶(dai)(dai)臭雞(ji)蛋味的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)氫。 [2] 三方晶系,晶體(ti)(ti)呈板狀或菱(ling)面(mian)體(ti)(ti)狀,集合體(ti)(ti)呈不規則粒(li)狀、致密塊狀或土狀,晶簇常呈菱(ling)形(xing)雙晶體(ti)(ti)、大顆粒(li)單晶體(ti)(ti)。半(ban)(ban)透(tou)明或不透(tou)明,鮮紅(hong)(hong)(hong)、朱紅(hong)(hong)(hong)、淺紅(hong)(hong)(hong)、暗紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)或條痕紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se),有(you)時表面(mian)帶(dai)(dai)鉛灰(hui)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錆(qing)色(se)。對光敏感,有(you)很高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折射率,金(jin)(jin)屬光澤(ze)、金(jin)(jin)剛光澤(ze)或玻璃光澤(ze),摩氏硬度2~2.5,比重8.2,性脆(cui);僅(jin)產(chan)于火山巖(yan)、熱泉沉積物(wu)、低溫熱液礦床、斷層角礫白云巖(yan)晶洞中,常與(yu)石(shi)英(ying)、雄(xiong)黃(huang)、雌黃(huang)、方解石(shi)、輝銻礦、黃(huang)鐵礦、白璽石(shi)等(deng)共生(sheng)。外(wai)生(sheng)成(cheng)因的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)產(chan)于氧化(hua)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下部,由黑黝銅礦分解而(er)成(cheng)。辰(chen)砂(sha)是分布最(zui)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞礦物(wu),產(chan)于我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南、貴州、云南以及美國(guo)西部、西班牙(ya)、墨西哥產(chan)等(deng)地。辰(chen)砂(sha)晶體(ti)(ti)表面(mian)有(you)時呈現鉛灰(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錆(qing)色(se),晶面(mian)為(wei)金(jin)(jin)剛光澤(ze),半(ban)(ban)透(tou)明至(zhi)不透(tou)明,性脆(cui),摩斯硬度2至(zhi)2.5,相對密度8至(zhi)8.2,不導(dao)電。含有(you)辰(chen)砂(sha)條帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地開(kai)石(shi),是中外(wai)馳名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雞(ji)血石(shi),為(wei)中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)著名(ming)印章石(shi)之(zhi)一。
辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(Cinnabar)系(xi)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng),以(yi)古(gu)(gu)辰州產(chan)地命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)(ming),且為(wei)全國(guo)科學(xue)技術名(ming)(ming)(ming)詞審定委員(yuan)會公布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)定名(ming)(ming)(ming)。在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)歷史中(zhong)還出現了不(bu)少以(yi)地方(fang)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu),如錦砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),是(shi)錦郡出產(chan)的(de)(de)(de),這(zhe)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)歷史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個物(wu)(wu)品稱(cheng)謂的(de)(de)(de)習慣。只有辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)這(zhe)一(yi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)被礦(kuang)界(jie)接受,并被正式(shi)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)(ming),全國(guo)通用。辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)又稱(cheng)朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、丹砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),是(shi)人(ren)們根據(ju)其(qi)顏色特征而叫起來的(de)(de)(de),尤其(qi)是(shi)國(guo)畫(hua)界(jie),朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)流傳至今。中(zhong)國(guo)和日本(ben)有世界(jie)上(shang)最大的(de)(de)(de)辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)床。辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)是(shi)含汞(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu),大紅色,金(jin)剛光澤(ze)至金(jin)屬光澤(ze)、呈致密的(de)(de)(de)塊狀(zhuang)和半透明的(de)(de)(de)板狀(zhuang)或(huo)犬牙狀(zhuang)。辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)名(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)是(shi)硫化(hua)汞(gong)(gong)(分(fen)子式(shi)α—HgS或(huo)HgS)。畫(hua)界(jie)把(ba)合(he)成的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)汞(gong)(gong)稱(cheng)為(wei)銀朱(zhu)(Vermilion,分(fen)子式(shi)α—HgS),有關煉丹術古(gu)(gu)籍中(zhong)也稱(cheng)其(qi)為(wei)靈砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)屬六方(fang)晶系(xi),色澤(ze)鮮艷。自然界(jie)中(zhong)還有另(ling)一(yi)種黑(hei)色硫化(hua)汞(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu),稱(cheng)之為(wei)黑(hei)辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(Metacinnabar,分(fen)子式(shi)β—HgS),與辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)互為(wei)同質異象,因時(shi)常混(hun)生,影響(xiang)辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)品位。用升(sheng)(sheng)華(hua)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法提純(chun)(chun)混(hun)生礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu),升(sheng)(sheng)華(hua)后黑(hei)辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)重(zhong)結晶時(shi)變為(wei)辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),這(zhe)樣黑(hei)辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)就不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)了,升(sheng)(sheng)華(hua)所得(de)辰砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)色澤(ze)純(chun)(chun)正、鮮艷。
辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)最(zui)早出現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)彩(cai)(cai)陶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如距(ju)(ju)今(jin)7000年(nian)(nian)左右(you)的(de)(de)甘肅秦安大(da)(da)地灣就(jiu)有(you)多處(chu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。馬清林等人(ren)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)研究(jiu)之后(hou)指(zhi)出,該遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四期(qi)二段(duan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)灰陶甕口部(bu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(樣號:Q.D.F902④:20)和(he)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶盆口沿部(bu)殘(can)片紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(Q.D.T810③:37)均(jun)為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。大(da)(da)地灣九掘區發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)、黑(hei)(hei)兩(liang)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)陶殘(can)片,經(jing)(jing)分(fen)(fen)析(xi),紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為碳黑(hei)(hei),膠質(zhi)為蠟質(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)距(ju)(ju)今(jin)6600±300年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)河姆渡(du)村(cun)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)第三文(wen)(wen)化層中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)漆(qi)碗,器(qi)(qi)(qi)壁外均(jun)有(you)薄(bo)薄(bo)一層紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao),色(se)(se)澤鮮艷,微有(you)光澤。專家推(tui)斷(duan)用(yong)(yong)了(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),后(hou)經(jing)(jing)陳元(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)先生(sheng)鑒定確實(shi)是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。這些都是(shi)(shi)我國至今(jin)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)最(zui)早用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)例證。上述秦安大(da)(da)地灣和(he)河姆渡(du)南北(bei)兩(liang)地的(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)使用(yong)(yong)事例,已充分(fen)(fen)證明我國先民在(zai)(zai)距(ju)(ju)今(jin)7000年(nian)(nian)左右(you)的(de)(de)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai),已在(zai)(zai)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶、木器(qi)(qi)(qi)使用(yong)(yong)了(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河南靈寶西(xi)坡遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)M27墓(mu)(mu)(mu)屬仰韶文(wen)(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)晚(wan)(wan)段(duan)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)兩(liang)件大(da)(da)口缸上腹部(bu)均(jun)有(you)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)帶,帶上有(you)加(jia)黑(hei)(hei)點的(de)(de)圖(tu)案。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一缸口唇部(bu)有(you)朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)痕跡。缸內填土(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)抹(mo)朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)細麻布碎塊。考古者(zhe)推(tui)斷(duan)“缸口原來(lai)用(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)朱的(de)(de)麻布覆蓋” 。湖北(bei)枝城市城背(bei)溪遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(系公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)4400~3300年(nian)(nian))出土(tu)一件盤形陶器(qi)(qi)(qi),系涂(tu)(tu)(tu)了(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶;李士(shi)、秦廣(guang)雍在(zai)(zai)《現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)實(shi)驗技術在(zai)(zai)考古學中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)》例舉了(le)X-射(she)線衍射(she)分(fen)(fen)析(xi),并指(zhi)出該古陶彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),粉(fen)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)和(he)方(fang)解(jie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)混合物。青海(hai)樂(le)都柳灣原始(shi)社會(新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi),約(yue)公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)3000—公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)2000年(nian)(nian))墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)某(mou)尸骨(gu)之下撒(sa)(sa)有(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha);廣(guang)西(xi)花山巖(yan)畫距(ju)(ju)今(jin)三千(qian)余(yu)年(nian)(nian),工作者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)畫面(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取了(le)四個(ge)樣品,均(jun)有(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha) ;良渚遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出土(tu)木器(qi)(qi)(qi)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha);玉(yu)(yu)門火燒溝出土(tu)商(shang)末夏初紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(甘肅省博物館給出樣品編號:紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)YH M 84)筆者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)X-射(she)線衍射(she)譜分(fen)(fen)析(xi),結果是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(HgS)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)英(α-SiO2)混合物。距(ju)(ju)今(jin)4000余(yu)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)河南偃師二里(li)頭宮殿(dian)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)繪(hui)(hui)制(zhi)花紋(wen)的(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶片,玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)都裹在(zai)(zai)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)里(li),還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)貯藏大(da)(da)量辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)于三個(ge)坑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),同時(shi)(shi)出土(tu)的(de)(de)龍(long)紋(wen)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)內壁涂(tu)(tu)(tu)了(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),其量之大(da)(da)證明公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)時(shi)(shi)那里(li)使用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)之盛況(kuang)。殷墟(xu)五(wu)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)出土(tu)研磨辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)工具及用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)了(le)的(de)(de)甲骨(gu)文(wen)(wen)刻字。山東長清仙人(ren)臺遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)六座周朝(chao)邿國貴旅墓(mu)(mu)(mu)均(jun)在(zai)(zai)棺底鋪撒(sa)(sa)約(yue)2cm厚的(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河北(bei)藁城縣臺西(xi)村(cun)商(shang)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出土(tu)朱紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)地漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi),顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。山東臨沂鳳凰嶺東周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)出土(tu)陶片,彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)均(jun)為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。
我(wo)國(guo)(guo)汞(gong)礦資源(yuan)豐(feng)富,累計探明(ming)儲量(liang)居世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)第3位。古時辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)因(yin)地名(ming)還叫過(guo)巴(ba)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、宜砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、階(jie)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)等,宋代(dai)(dai)后,主要產(chan)(chan)銷市(shi)場(chang)在(zai)(zai)湖南辰(chen)(chen)(chen)州,又因(yin)顏色(se)而叫朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、丹(dan)(dan)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、真朱、赤丹(dan)(dan)、丹(dan)(dan)粟等。20世(shi)(shi)紀80年代(dai)(dai),在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)貴州萬山汞(gong)礦巖屋(wu)坪礦區采到1顆(ke)矛頭狀(zhuang)穿插(cha)雙晶(jing)(jing)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),質純(chun)色(se)艷(yan),形(xing)態完(wan)整,被命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王”,是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)1982年發行的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)套礦物(wu)郵票中辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)型(xing)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)出的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)形(xing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)完(wan)整,色(se)澤鮮艷(yan),在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場(chang)上,5毫(hao)米(mi)至10毫(hao)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)售價(jia)達200美(mei)元,而讓世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)礦物(wu)愛好(hao)(hao)者、收藏(zang)家(jia)動(dong)心的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)貴州產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)于(yu)1英寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王族(zu)成員。20世(shi)(shi)紀90年代(dai)(dai)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)卡希(xi)爾礦出產(chan)(chan)過(guo)1顆(ke)長1英寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),估(gu)計重30克左右,售價(jia)為(wei)(wei)1500美(mei)元,是(shi)西方(fang)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)之冠,此售價(jia)為(wei)(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格奠定了基(ji)礎。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王族(zu),就是(shi)以美(mei)國(guo)(guo)卡希(xi)爾礦產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),即長25毫(hao)米(mi)、重30克為(wei)(wei)下限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。決定辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)價(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)條件較多,但(dan)一(yi)般用(yong)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)大(da)小進行標(biao)定,其他用(yong)作價(jia)格天平(ping)上的(de)(de)(de)砝碼。晶(jing)(jing)形(xing)完(wan)整、棱角清晰、色(se)澤鮮紅、透明(ming)度好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)給予加(jia)倍(bei)計算(suan)。
天(tian)然鬼(gui)仙朱砂為粒狀(zhuang)或塊狀(zhuang)集合體,呈大小不一的塊或細小穎粒。塊較大者(zhe)表面(mian)暗(an)紅色(se)(se),細小的片狀(zhuang)或粒狀(zhuang)者(zhe)表面(mian)鮮紅色(se)(se),不規(gui)則(ze)薄片色(se)(se)紅鮮艷(yan),光亮如(ru)鏡(jing),觸之不染手,具金剛光澤,半透明(ming)。質(zhi)脆,硬度2-2.5,比重8.09-8.20,條(tiao)痕朱紅色(se)(se)至褐紅色(se)(se)。
合成朱(zhu)砂呈(cheng)紫紅色不規則塊狀或朱(zhu)紅色粒狀及粉末。不溶于(yu)強酸,能溶于(yu)硫化鈉和王水。
正品朱砂的理化(hua)鑒別:①于閉口(kou)(kou)試管(guan)中加(jia)熱(re),變為黑色(se)硫(liu)化(hua)泵(beng);加(jia)碳酸(suan)鈉(na)共(gong)熱(re),則變為金(jin)(jin)屬汞球(qiu)。②在開(kai)口(kou)(kou)管(guan)中燒之產生二氧化(hua)硫(liu)氣體及金(jin)(jin)屬汞球(qiu)。③細末用鹽酸(suan)浸濕(shi)后,里光潔(jie)的銅(tong)片(pian)(pian)上擦之,銅(tong)片(pian)(pian)表面顯銀白色(se)。
偽品一:褚石為(wei)氧(yang)化物類礦石赤鐵礦。多粉碎成不規則(ze)小塊或粉末(mo),呈暗紅棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)至棕(zong)(zong)紅色(se)(se),金(jin)屬光澤不明顯(xian),質硬,硬度5.5^-6,比重較正品小,為(wei)5^-5.3,條痕櫻紅色(se)(se)。摘石主要含(han)三(san)氧(yang)化二鐵(Fe2O3),能溶于(yu)強酸(suan)(suan),其粉末(mo)加鹽酸(suan)(suan)溶解后的溶液加硫氰(qing)酸(suan)(suan)錢試(shi)液顯(xian)血(xue)紅色(se)(se),再加亞鐵氰(qing)化鉀試(shi)液生成藍(lan)色(se)(se)沉淀(dian),再加2500氫氧(yang)化鈉(na)試(shi)液沉淀(dian)變成棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(Fe,十的鑒別反應)。
偽(wei)品二:礦渣、砂粒經染色(se)而(er)成其與正品朱砂的(de)主要(yao)區別(bie)為呈(cheng)(cheng)暗紅(hong)色(se),質輕,水洗可使水染色(se),而(er)礦渣、砂粒的(de)紅(hong)色(se)變淺或(huo)褪(tun)去,無金屬光澤(ze)。理化鑒別(bie)呈(cheng)(cheng)陰性。
偽品三:一種暗紅(hong)色礦石(品種待定)呈不(bu)規則(ze)塊狀(zhuang),暗紅(hong)色,略(lve)有(you)光澤,比(bi)重(zhong)較(jiao)正品小,斷面略(lve)呈纖維狀(zhuang),較(jiao)正品易碎,不(bu)溶(rong)于水,部(bu)分能溶(rong)于強酸(suan)。理化鑒別呈陰(yin)性。
摻偽(wei)品:朱砂(sha)的摻偽(wei)品主要有(you)兩類。一類是摻有(you)儲石、紅土或染色(se)礦渣,一般色(se)澤不(bu)均(jun)勻,水洗去色(se),顆粒間比重差異(yi)大。另一類中(zhong)摻有(you)鐵(tie)等金屬異(yi)物粉粒,可用磁鐵(tie)吸附,加稀酸有(you)氣體產生。