羅(luo)伯特·班杜拉(Albert Bandura,1925~)
教育(yu)家(jia)、社會(hui)心理學家(jia)
出生在加拿大艾(ai)伯特省的(de)蒙(meng)達。
1949年,他在加拿大(da)不列顛(dian)哥倫比亞大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)獲學(xue)(xue)(xue)士學(xue)(xue)(xue)位,1951年在美國衣阿華大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)獲心理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)碩士學(xue)(xue)(xue)位,翌年獲哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)博士學(xue)(xue)(xue)位。他在衣阿華攻讀期間,盡(jin)管接受的是臨床心理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)方面教(jiao)育(yu),但由于受道賀(he)爾的學(xue)(xue)(xue)生斯彭(peng)斯的影響,對實驗模式(shi)的有(you)效性印象頗深。
1953年(nian)(nian)(nian),他到維(wei)基臺(tai)的(de)堪(kan)薩斯(si)(si)指導中心(xin),擔任(ren)博士(shi)后臨床實習(xi)醫生,同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)應聘在斯(si)(si)坦福大(da)學心(xin)理(li)學系(xi)執教,1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)升任(ren)正教授。在這期(qi)間,受赫(he)爾派學習(xi)理(li)論(lun)家米(mi)勒(N.Miller)、多(duo)拉德(de)(J.Dollard)和西(xi)爾斯(si)(si)(R.R.Sears)的(de)影響,把學習(xi)理(li)論(lun)運用于(yu)社會行為的(de)研究(jiu)中。此后,除了1969年(nian)(nian)(nian)任(ren)行為科學高級研究(jiu)中心(xin)研究(jiu)員一年(nian)(nian)(nian)外,一直在該校任(ren)教。
其中,1976年至1977年間出任(ren)心理學系系主任(ren)。
班杜(du)拉一(yi)(yi)生著作頗豐,主要(yao)代表作有:《青少(shao)年的(de)攻擊(Adolescent Aggression)》(1959)、《社會(hui)學習與個(ge)性(xing)發展(zhan)(Social Learning and Personality Development)》(1963)、《社會(hui)學習理(li)論(Aggression : Social learning Theory)》(1977)、《思想與行為(wei)的(de)社會(hui)基礎:一(yi)(yi)種社會(hui)的(de)認知理(li)論(Social Foundations of Thought and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory)》(1986)。
ALBERT BANDURA(1925~ )
Education
B.A., 1949 University of British Columbia
M.A., 1951 University of Iowa
Ph.D.,1952 University of Iowa
Scientific Honors and Awards
Distinguished Scientist Award, Division 12, American Psychological Association, 1972.
Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, California Psychological Association, 1973.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1980.
Distinguished Contribution Award, International Society for Research on Aggression, 1980.
Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, American Psychological Association, 1980.
Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine.
William James Award, American Psychological Society, 1989
Member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1989.
Distinguished Lifetime Contributions Award, California Psychological Association, 1998.
Thorndike Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education, American Psychological Association, 1999.
Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 2001.
Editorial Boards of Journals and Serial Volumes
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1970-present.
Child Development, 1971-77.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973.
Aggression: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 1974-82.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977-79; 1982-present.
Journal of Mental Imagery, 1978-present.
Clinical Behavior Therapy Review, 1979-81.
Gestalt Therapy: An International M ultidisciplinary Journal, 1979-present.
Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979-85; 1999 - present
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1979-present.
Psychological Review, 1980-82; 1999-present
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1986-present.
Behaviour Change, 1985-present.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1986-91.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1987-present.
Annual Review of Psychology, 1987-91.
Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1988-present.
Psychological Inquiry, 1989-present.
Applied and Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 1991-present.
Medienpsychologie, 1990-2000.
Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1993-present.
Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 1992-present.
Media Psychology, 1998-present.
Book Publications
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Adolescent aggression. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.
Translation: Polish.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963. Translation: Spanish.
Bandura, A. Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
Translations: Portuguese, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.). Psychological modeling:Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton Press, 1971. Translations: German, Japanese.
Bandura, A. Aggression: social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973. Translations: German, Russian.
Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Translations: Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Translations: Chinese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.).Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Translations: Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Korean.
Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman, 1997. Translations: Chinese, Italian, Korean. In progress: French, Portuguese.
由于班杜拉的(de)奠基(ji)性研究,導致了社會學習理(li)(li)論的(de)誕(dan)生,從而也使他在(zai)西方心(xin)理(li)(li)學界(jie)獲得(de)了較高(gao)的(de)聲望。他在(zai)1972年獲美國心(xin)理(li)(li)學會授予的(de)杰出科學貢獻獎(jiang);1973年獲加(jia)利福尼亞心(xin)理(li)(li)學會杰出科學成就獎(jiang);1974年當(dang)選為美國心(xin)理(li)(li)學會主席。
班杜拉的社(she)會(hui)學(xue)習(xi)理(li)論(lun)對心理(li)和教育領域有重(zhong)要貢獻。
首先,班(ban)杜拉明確區分了人類學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)兩種基(ji)本過(guo)程(cheng),即直接經驗的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)和間(jian)接經驗的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)。班(ban)杜拉提出(chu)的(de)(de)觀察學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)等都是屬于間(jian)接經驗的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)。這兩種不(bu)同性(xing)質的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)區分有(you)著(zhu)重要的(de)(de)實踐指導意義(yi)。它能使廣(guang)大教(jiao)師(shi)有(you)選(xuan)擇地運用學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)規(gui)律(lv)和教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)規(gui)律(lv),而不(bu)至于把(ba)直接經驗學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)研究中得出(chu)的(de)(de)規(gui)律(lv)生搬硬套地用于課堂教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。也不(bu)能用直接經驗學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)理論解釋學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)間(jian)接經驗的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)。
其次,班(ban)(ban)杜(du)拉(la)(la)提出(chu)的觀察學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)是人類間接經驗(yan)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)的一種(zhong)重要形式(shi),它普(pu)遍地(di)存(cun)在(zai)于不同年齡階(jie)段和不同文化背景的學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)者中(zhong)。班(ban)(ban)杜(du)拉(la)(la)的社會學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)理論(lun)最有(you)說(shuo)服力地(di)解釋(shi)了學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的行為模式(shi)的學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)。所以(yi),班(ban)(ban)杜(du)拉(la)(la)的觀察學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)模式(shi)在(zai)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)理論(lun)中(zhong)具有(you)不可替代的獨特作用(yong)。
第(di)三,班(ban)杜(du)拉的社會學(xue)(xue)習(xi)理論進一步發展(zhan)了傳(chuan)統的強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)理論。在(zai)傳(chuan)統的強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)理論中,赫爾和(he)斯金納等人(ren)(ren)都強(qiang)(qiang)調強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)在(zai)條件(jian)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)中的即時效果。班(ban)杜(du)拉認真探討(tao)了人(ren)(ren)類學(xue)(xue)習(xi)中獎和(he)懲的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)機制。他認為(wei)強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)于人(ren)(ren)對其行為(wei)結(jie)果的預期(qi),在(zai)于人(ren)(ren)對各種強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)的認知調節。
第四(si),托爾曼(man)在他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)認知期待學習(xi)理論中提(ti)出了(le)對行為(wei)結果的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)期。班杜拉卻提(ti)出了(le)另一種沒有被托爾曼(man)所(suo)說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)期,這(zhe)就是人確信自己能夠成功(gong)地完成某(mou)種任務的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)期,他(ta)(ta)將這(zhe)種預(yu)期稱(cheng)作"功(gong)效(xiao)預(yu)期"。
第五,班杜拉的(de)社(she)會學習理論有著重要的(de)教育實踐意義,被廣泛地應用于行為和(he)行為規范的(de)教學中。