分(fen)(fen)布很(hen)廣,除寧(ning)夏(xia)、青海(hai)、新疆、西藏和(he)廣東的海(hai)南島外,全(quan)國各地均有分(fen)(fen)布。常生于海(hai)拔(50-)400-2100(-2600)米(mi)的山(shan)坡林下、林緣和(he)灌叢中以及路邊、田埂邊的草叢中。分(fen)(fen)布于蘇聯、蒙古、朝鮮和(he)日本。
多(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)草本,高30-100(-200)厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);根(gen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)莖橫(heng)臥或(huo)斜生(sheng)(sheng),節(jie)處(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)多(duo)數細根(gen);莖直立,黃綠色至黃棕色,有時帶淡紫色,下部(bu)(bu)(bu)常被(bei)脫落性倒生(sheng)(sheng)白色粗毛(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)幾(ji)無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)常近無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)被(bei)倒生(sheng)(sheng)稍彎糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),或(huo)疏被(bei)2列縱(zong)向短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。基生(sheng)(sheng)葉叢生(sheng)(sheng),花(hua)時枯落,卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)橢圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(1.8-)3-10.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬1.2-3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),不(bu)(bu)分(fen)裂或(huo)羽(yu)(yu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)分(fen)裂或(huo)全裂,頂(ding)(ding)(ding)端鈍或(huo)尖,基部(bu)(bu)(bu)楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣(yuan)具(ju)粗鋸齒(chi),上(shang)(shang)面暗綠色,背(bei)面淡綠色,兩面被(bei)糙(cao)伏毛(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)幾(ji)無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),具(ju)緣(yuan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);葉柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-12厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);莖生(sheng)(sheng)葉對生(sheng)(sheng),寬卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)5-15厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),常羽(yu)(yu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)深裂或(huo)全裂具(ju)2-3(-5)對側(ce)(ce)裂片(pian)(pian)(pian),頂(ding)(ding)(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)裂片(pian)(pian)(pian)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)橢圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先(xian)端漸尖,具(ju)粗鋸齒(chi),兩面密被(bei)或(huo)疏被(bei)白色糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),或(huo)幾(ji)無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)葉漸變窄小(xiao)(xiao),無(wu)(wu)柄。花(hua)序為聚(ju)傘(san)花(hua)序組成(cheng)的(de)大(da)型(xing)傘(san)房(fang)花(hua)序,頂(ding)(ding)(ding)生(sheng)(sheng),具(ju)5-6(7)級分(fen)枝;花(hua)序梗上(shang)(shang)方一(yi)側(ce)(ce)被(bei)開展(zhan)白色粗糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);總苞線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),甚小(xiao)(xiao);苞片(pian)(pian)(pian)小(xiao)(xiao);花(hua)小(xiao)(xiao),萼齒(chi)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)顯;花(hua)冠(guan)(guan)鐘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),黃色,冠(guan)(guan)筒長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)寬1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),基部(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)側(ce)(ce)囊(nang)腫不(bu)(bu)明(ming)顯,內具(ju)白色長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),花(hua)冠(guan)(guan)裂片(pian)(pian)(pian)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬1-1.3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi);雄蕊4,稍超出或(huo)幾(ji)不(bu)(bu)超出花(hua)冠(guan)(guan),花(hua)絲不(bu)(bu)等(deng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),近蜜囊(nang)的(de)2枚(mei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),下部(bu)(bu)(bu)被(bei)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),另(ling)一(yi)2枚(mei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2.7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),花(hua)藥長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約1毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi);子房(fang)橢圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)柱長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),柱頭盾(dun)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)截頭狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),徑0.5-0.6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。瘦(shou)果長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),具(ju)3棱,2不(bu)(bu)育子室中央稍隆起(qi)成(cheng)上(shang)(shang)粗下細的(de)棒槌狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),能育子室略(lve)扁平,向兩側(ce)(ce)延(yan)展(zhan)成(cheng)窄邊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),內含1橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、扁平種子。花(hua)期7-9月。
防治貧血,消暑保健
苦菜中含有(you)豐(feng)富的(de)胡蘿卜素、維生素C以及鉀(jia)鹽、鈣鹽等,對預(yu)防和治療貧血(xue)病,維持人體(ti)正常的(de)生理活動,促進生長發育(yu)和消暑(shu)保健有(you)較好(hao)的(de)作用。
清熱解毒,殺菌消炎
苦菜中含(han)有(you)蒲(pu)公英甾醇、膽堿等成分,對金黃(huang)色葡萄球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)耐藥(yao)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)株、溶血性(xing)鏈(lian)球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)較強的殺菌(jun)(jun)(jun)作(zuo)用(yong),對肺(fei)炎(yan)雙球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、腦(nao)膜(mo)炎(yan)球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、白(bai)喉桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、綠膿桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、痢疾(ji)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)等也有(you)一定(ding)(ding)的殺傷作(zuo)用(yong),故(gu)對黃(huang)疸性(xing)肝(gan)炎(yan)、咽喉炎(yan)、細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)性(xing)痢疾(ji)、感冒發熱及慢性(xing)氣管炎(yan)、扁桃體炎(yan)等均有(you)一定(ding)(ding)的療效。
防治癌癥
苦菜水煎劑對急(ji)性(xing)淋巴(ba)型白血病、急(ji)慢性(xing)粒細胞(bao)白血病患者的血細胞(bao)脫(tuo)氧酶有明顯的抑制(zhi)作用,還可用于防治宮頸(jing)癌、直腸癌、肛門癌癥。
保健原理與功能
苦麻(ma)菜(cai)對(dui)糖(tang)尿病(bing)患者有著明顯的(de)(de)效果,因為糖(tang)尿病(bing)是典型的(de)(de)內分泌失調癥——富貴病(bing)。按食(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)五(wu)味講:苦、辣、酸、甜(tian)、澀,平(ping)時我們吃的(de)(de)香甜(tian)的(de)(de)食(shi)物(wu)過多,而(er)苦澀的(de)(de)甚少。所以久而(er)久之的(de)(de)食(shi)物(wu)營(ying)養失衡(heng)就(jiu)導致了(le)內分泌失調。苦麻(ma)乃枯澀之物(wu),可以彌補現代飲食(shi)的(de)(de)五(wu)味,對(dui)糖(tang)尿病(bing)患者極佳。實際(ji)任何人都應該常食(shi)此物(wu)。很多以此物(wu)為茶(cha)的(de)(de)人說,自從喝了(le)苦麻(ma)菜(cai)茶(cha)后(hou)就(jiu)沒有得過感(gan)冒(mao)。苦嘛菜(cai)本(ben)身就(jiu)是消炎去(qu)火之物(wu),預防流(liu)感(gan)肯定是有效的(de)(de)。對(dui)增強現代亞健康人群自身免疫(yi)力是種很好的(de)(de)野菜(cai)保健品。對(dui)當今流(liu)行的(de)(de)“豬流(liu)感(gan)”更(geng)是首選預防茶(cha)。
如今(jin)糖(tang)尿(niao)病人非(fei)常多(duo)(duo)(duo),好感冒者也多(duo)(duo)(duo),便秘體毒者更(geng)多(duo)(duo)(duo),此茶(cha)急人之所需,對(dui)現代人的亞健(jian)康癥狀(zhuang)有著顯著效果。現代正是經(jing)濟高速發展之際,正需要這種(zhong)純天(tian)然(ran)綠(lv)色(se)的有機保健(jian)品(pin)。
苦菜茶項目(mu)是未來農業的新趨勢,把農業與(yu)商業良好結合。讓農民(min)與(yu)時具進,促成可持續發展的綠(lv)色新生(sheng)態生(sheng)產。