龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉器（Jades of the Longshan Culture），經多年大(da)量發(fa)掘(jue)與研(yan)究表明，龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的系統與來源并不單一，可區分為山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，河南(nan)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、陜(shan)西龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、河北龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。這4個文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中的玉器以(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)現的玉器較多，河南(nan)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和河北龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉器發(fa)現較少。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、陜(shan)西龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中的璣和玉質生產工具頗具特色。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉錛上的饕餮(tie)紋，應是商代銅器饕餮(tie)紋的祖型。
最(zui)早(zao)發現(xian)于(yu)山(shan)東省(sheng)(sheng)日照市(shi)兩(liang)城鎮遺(yi)址(zhi)，1936年曾(ceng)出土(tu)了(le)一(yi)件(jian)扁(bian)平有(you)孔玉(yu)斧(fu)。此后，除發現(xian)少量生產工(gong)具和(he)裝飾品外，還發現(xian)了(le)饕餮紋玉(yu)錛和(he)大(da)型(xing)玉(yu)鏟等禮(li)器，極為珍貴。出土(tu)玉(yu)器較(jiao)多的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)有(you)日照市(shi)兩(liang)城鎮、山(shan)東省(sheng)(sheng)膠(jiao)州市(shi)三里(li)河等處(chu)，山(shan)東省(sheng)(sheng)泗水(shui)縣尹家城、五蓮縣丹土(tu)村、滕州市(shi)莊(zhuang)里(li)西等遺(yi)址(zhi)也有(you)少量玉(yu)器出土(tu)。
玉(yu)錛，扁平(ping)長(chang)方形(xing)，平(ping)頂(ding)凸刃，頂(ding)下(xia)兩面刻饕餮(tie)紋，線(xian)條流暢，一面目圓而大，線(xian)條簡練，一面目圓而小，線(xian)條繁縟，長(chang)18厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，上(shang)寬4.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)(hou)0.55厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，下(xia)寬4.9厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)(hou)0.6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)鏟，扁平(ping)梯形(xing)，平(ping)頂(ding)弧(hu)形(xing)刃，四(si)(si)邊(bian)有(you)刃，現(xian)存四(si)(si)孔，器(qi)(qi)長(chang)48.7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)寬12厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)(hou)0.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，是件罕見(jian)的(de)(de)大器(qi)(qi)。以上(shang)兩器(qi)(qi)見(jian)于(yu)兩城(cheng)鎮(zhen)。玉(yu)鉞(yue)，寬梯形(xing),平(ping)頂(ding)斜(xie)刃,頂(ding)下(xia)有(you)二管鉆孔，中(zhong)部以上(shang)兩側各(ge)有(you)鋸齒狀凸起(qi),長(chang)16.3厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，寬13厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，五蓮丹土村(cun)發(fa)現(xian)。璣，也寫作璇璣，清人(ren)疑為(wei)渾天儀中(zhong)的(de)(de)機輪(lun)，近人(ren)有(you)的(de)(de)稱為(wei)三牙(ya)璧。其中(zhong)一件器(qi)(qi)形(xing)很(hen)別致，周圍有(you)突起(qi)的(de)(de)三牙(ya)，牙(ya)與(yu)牙(ya)間還有(you)一段鋸齒狀，三牙(ya)的(de)(de)距(ju)離與(yu)鋸齒間的(de)(de)距(ju)離均(jun)略相等，徑約8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，出(chu)于(yu)滕州市莊里西。遼(liao)寧省營城(cheng)子四(si)(si)平(ping)山也發(fa)現(xian)此(ci)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)，可(ke)資比較。玉(yu)環，一件扁環大孔，環外(wai)緣(yuan)在等距(ju)離三處有(you)花蒂形(xing)凸起(qi)，外(wai)徑8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)；一件正圓形(xing)扁環，中(zhong)有(you)大孔，環外(wai)一處有(you)近似雙(shuang)結凸出(chu)，徑8.1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。兩件均(jun)見(jian)于(yu)丹土村(cun)。
最早見于鄭州(zhou)大河村遺址(zhi)，1972～1975年(nian)在第五(wu)期文化的文化層中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)了玉質(zhi)生產工具和裝飾品(pin)。此外，河南安陽后崗遺址(zhi)，也有(you)少量玉器發(fa)現(xian)。
出(chu)土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器的種類有(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧(bi)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)等(deng)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧(bi)，灰白色(se)，外徑5.2厘(li)米(mi)，出(chu)于(yu)后崗；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)，扁而(er)寬(kuan)，半弧形(xing)，橫(heng)剖面三角形(xing)，兩端(duan)各有(you)(you)圓(yuan)孔，為蛇紋(wen)石大(da)理巖,出(chu)于(yu)大(da)河(he)村五期(qi)(qi)；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)分3種,為橫(heng)剖面三角形(xing)、橫(heng)剖面橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)和橫(heng)剖面長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)，均見于(yu)大(da)河(he)村五期(qi)(qi)。后崗也有(you)(you)橫(heng)剖面橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)、外徑3.9厘(li)米(mi)的玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)，長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)，上端(duan)有(you)(you)孔，長(chang)1.9厘(li)米(mi)，見于(yu)大(da)河(he)村五期(qi)(qi)。
陜西龍(long)山(shan)文化或稱(cheng)客省(sheng)莊二(er)期文化，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)不甚豐(feng)富(fu)。最早于(yu)1955年發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)(de)陜西省(sheng)長安縣(xian)(xian)津西客省(sheng)莊遺址發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了少量的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)質裝飾品(pin)，以后，神木縣(xian)(xian)石峁(mao)等(deng)陜北的(de)(de)龍(long)山(shan)遺址中也出土了生(sheng)產(chan)工具(ju)及裝飾品(pin)等(deng)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)。
出土(tu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)的種類有(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、璣(ji)、玉(yu)(yu)璋(zhang)、玉(yu)(yu)切(qie)刀(dao)(dao)、玉(yu)(yu)鐮、玉(yu)(yu)鉞、玉(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人(ren)(ren)首等(deng)。玉(yu)(yu)璜(huang)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)扁而(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)，見(jian)于客省莊(zhuang)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)扁平(ping)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)，兩端有(you)(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)11.8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，出自石(shi)仰。璣(ji)2件(jian)(jian)，乳(ru)白色(se)(se)玉(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，周緣(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)等(deng)距離三牙，牙間有(you)(you)(you)(you)圓瓣(ban)形(xing)(xing)(xing)凸起，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)徑6厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)徑10厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)璋(zhang)2件(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為長(chang)(chang)(chang)梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，斜圓頂，凹刃(ren)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)端有(you)(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong)，兩側有(you)(you)(you)(you)齒(chi)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)35厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)束(shu)腰，斜平(ping)頂，下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong)，斜刃(ren)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)30厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，刃(ren)寬(kuan)(kuan)7.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)刀(dao)(dao),一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為直(zhi)背(bei)凸刃(ren)長(chang)(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，豆綠色(se)(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)16厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)7厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為凹刃(ren)條形(xing)(xing)(xing)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)器(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)四孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)49厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)；一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)器(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)五孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)55厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)切(qie)刀(dao)(dao)，梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，圓頂斜刃(ren)，雙(shuang)孔(kong)(kong)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)15厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)鐮，直(zhi)背(bei)斜刃(ren)，背(bei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)三孔(kong)(kong)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)26厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)鉞，近(jin)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing),綠色(se)(se)白斑(ban),平(ping)頂斜弧刃(ren)，頂下(xia)一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)12.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)10厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人(ren)(ren)首，玉(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，兩面(mian)平(ping)雕(diao)，束(shu)髻，圓面(mian)，鉤(gou)鼻,張口，大目，短頸，一(yi)(yi)側有(you)(you)(you)(you)耳，面(mian)頰有(you)(you)(you)(you)圓孔(kong)(kong)，高4.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。以上(shang)(shang)(shang)諸器(qi)均見(jian)于石(shi)仰。
河北龍山文化(hua)或稱井陘(xing)先(xian)商(shang)文化(hua)，發(fa)現(xian)的玉器不甚豐富。最早于1952年發(fa)掘的河北省井陘(xing)縣天(tian)長鎮遺址發(fa)現(xian)了(le)少量的玉質裝飾(shi)(shi)品，以后，張家口(kou)的龍山遺址中(zhong)也出土(tu)了(le)生產工具及裝飾(shi)(shi)品等玉器。
出(chu)(chu)土玉(yu)器的(de)種(zhong)類有(you)(you)玉(yu)璧、玉(yu)佩(pei)(pei)、玉(yu)人、玉(yu)飾等。玉(yu)璧，灰(hui)(hui)青色，外(wai)徑(jing)4.9厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，出(chu)(chu)于后(hou)張村；玉(yu)佩(pei)(pei)，以動物、禽鳥(niao)崇(chong)拜為(wei)(wei)主類型，不規(gui)則形(xing)，橫剖(pou)面(mian)有(you)(you)返灰(hui)(hui)，無佩(pei)(pei)戴口，為(wei)(wei)蛇紋(wen)石質和石灰(hui)(hui)巖(yan)質，均出(chu)(chu)于天長鎮；玉(yu)人，材質石灰(hui)(hui)巖(yan)質，損毀較嚴重(zhong)。賈(jia)莊有(you)(you)橫剖(pou)面(mian)圓形(xing)、外(wai)徑(jing)2.2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)的(de)玉(yu)環(huan)；玉(yu)飾，長方形(xing)，上端有(you)(you)孔(kong)，長4.2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，見于后(hou)張村。
龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)最早發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城子(zi)崖，龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)命(ming)名是以古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)命(ming)名的(de)，在(zai)(zai)同(tong)(tong)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)；紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾具(ju)有相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或(huo)者類(lei)(lei)似(si)器(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶的(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)遺址(zhi)所發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)均稱之(zhi)為龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)。而龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)在(zai)(zai)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)很多(duo)高古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)，這些古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)：根(gen)據考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)學家分析(xi)論證(zheng)屬于龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)高古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)。因此(ci)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)命(ming)名由此(ci)而來(lai)(lai)。根(gen)據考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)：龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)分布范圍(wei)非常廣泛：山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東；江蘇；安徽；山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西；河北；河南等地都有龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺址(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)。從目(mu)前(qian)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)所發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)可(ke)以看出(chu)：龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)與龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)一樣：具(ju)有共(gong)性和(he)差異。所具(ju)有的(de)共(gong)性同(tong)(tong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)一樣：具(ju)有相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或(huo)者類(lei)(lei)似(si)的(de)器(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)。差異：具(ju)有不(bu)同(tong)(tong)地域的(de)個(ge)性。就目(mu)前(qian)全國的(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺址(zhi)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)器(qi)(qi)物同(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比較；通(tong)過碳十四(si)年(nian)輪校正，根(gen)據現(xian)有的(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)地區(qu)的(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)分布發(fa)(fa)(fa)展：各個(ge)地區(qu)的(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展進程并不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，因此(ci)出(chu)現(xian)同(tong)(tong)時期(qi)(qi)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展快慢之(zhi)現(xian)象。龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)年(nian)限具(ju)體定在(zai)(zai)距今：3300-4500年(nian)。就時間上來(lai)(lai)看早期(qi)(qi)與大汶口文(wen)化(hua)(hua)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)疊(die)(die)，中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)與夏相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)疊(die)(die)；晚期(qi)(qi)與商(shang)周時期(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)疊(die)(die)。上述的(de)觀點通(tong)過考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)學中(zhong)的(de)類(lei)(lei)比學得到了(le)證(zheng)實：通(tong)過高古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)上的(de)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾與商(shang)周青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)表面的(de)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾比較，有著相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或(huo)者相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似(si)的(de)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾。
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