共工(gong)怒觸(chu)不(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)是一(yi)個著名的(de)上古神話傳(chuan)說(shuo)。又名共工(gong)觸(chu)山(shan),且與女媧(wa)補天、后羿射日(ri)、嫦(chang)娥奔月并稱中(zhong)國古代著名的(de)四大神話。
共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong),又稱(cheng)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)氏(shi),是中國古代神話中的水(shui)神,掌控洪(hong)水(shui)。在西晉(jin)張湛《列子·湯問》中記載,傳說共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)素來與顓頊不合,發生驚(jing)天動(dong)地的大戰,最后以共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)失敗而憤怒地撞(zhuang)上不周山而告終。
另一個版本:共(gong)工(gong)制定了水利(li)工(gong)程計劃,顓頊不(bu)支(zhi)持,顓頊與共(gong)工(gong)之間發生了大戰,共(gong)工(gong)不(bu)能得到民(min)眾的支(zhi)持,他決心(xin)撞斷不(bu)周山,以示決心(xin)。
這一傳(chuan)說反映了遠古(gu)部族間(jian)的(de)斗爭(zheng),同時涉及到古(gu)代天(tian)文學(xue)上的(de)“蓋天(tian)說”。
共工(gong),炎(yan)帝(di)裔。據(ju)《山海(hai)經·海(hai)內經》:“炎(yan)帝(di)之妻(qi)、赤水(shui)之子聽訞(yāo)生炎(yan)居,炎(yan)居生節并,節并生戲器,戲器生祝(zhu)融(rong),祝(zhu)融(rong)降處(chu)于(yu)江水(shui),生共工(gong)。“
《路史·后紀二》注引(yin)《歸藏·啟筮》:“共工人面蛇身朱發。”
相傳(chuan)共工(gong)為水神。《左(zuo)傳(chuan)·昭公十七年》:“共工(gong)氏(shi)以(yi)水紀,故為水師而(er)水名。
《管(guan)子·揆度》:“共工(gong)之王,水處(chu)什工(gong)與顓頊之戰。
《淮南子·天文訓》:“昔者共工與顓頊爭為帝,怒(nu)而觸不周之山,天柱折,地(di)維絕,天傾(qing)西(xi)北(bei),故日(ri)月星辰移焉(yan);地(di)不滿東南,故水潦塵埃歸焉(yan)。”
此戰(zhan)又或傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)共(gong)工(gong)與高辛(《淮南子·原道》),神農(nong)(《雕玉集·壯(zhuang)力》),祝融(《史(shi)記·補三(san)皇本(ben)紀》),女(nv)媧(《路史(shi)·太吳紀》)之爭。其(qi)他如禹(yu)逐共(gong)工(gong),禹(yu)殺(sha)共(gong)工(gong)之臣相(xiang)柳(liu)等傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo),由(you)禹(yu)為(wei)(wei)黃帝(di)系統人(ren)物,當亦系黃炎戰(zhan)爭之余緒。今河(he)南杞縣流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的“女(nv)媧補天”傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)則謂:共(gong)工(gong)、祝融、女(nv)媧、棺人(ren)為(wei)(wei)兄妹。共(gong)工(gong)與祝融因吃(chi)天鵝蛋相(xiang)爭,共(gong)工(gong)怒觸不周(zhou)山,天塌洪(hong)水(shui)泛濫(lan),女(nv)媧乃有補天之舉,似更(geng)原始(shi)。
《史記·補三皇(huang)本紀》:“諸侯有共工(gong)氏,任智刑以強霸而(er)不(bu)王;以水乘木(mu),乃(nai)與祝融(rong)戰。不(bu)勝(sheng)而(er)怒,乃(nai)頭觸(chu)不(bu)周山(shan)崩,天柱(zhu)折,地(di)維絕。”此戰或(huo)又傳(chuan)說為(wei)顓頊,神農(nong),女(nv)媧,高(gao)辛與共工(gong)之(zhi)爭(zheng)。
《國語·魯語上》載(zai):“共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)之伯九有。”“伯九有”也(ye)就是(shi)霸九州(zhou)。實際(ji)上是(shi)說共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)一度(du)是(shi)九州(zhou)的(de)伯(霸)主,即中原部(bu)(bu)落聯盟的(de)一個(ge)首(shou)領。這反映了九個(ge)氏(shi)(shi)族住(zhu)在(zai)九個(ge)地方,共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)在(zai)其中居于(yu)首(shou)要地位。徐旭生說共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)居住(zhu)地在(zai)今河南省輝縣。郭沫(mo)若說:共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)長(chang)期活動(dong)的(de)地方是(shi)今河南西部(bu)(bu)的(de)伊水和洛水流域。這個(ge)地方古(gu)代稱為九州(zhou),可能來源于(yu)共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)的(de)九個(ge)氏(shi)(shi)。后來,這里(li)往西的(de)山(shan)區中還有九州(zhou)之戎,大概是(shi)共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)的(de)余部(bu)(bu)延續下來的(de)。
共(gong)工(gong)是古(gu)代(dai)傳說中(zhong)神(shen)農氏的(de)后(hou)代(dai),屬于(yu)炎帝一族,身(shen)(shen)為水神(shen),共(gong)工(gong)有(you)人的(de)面孔、手足和蛇的(de)身(shen)(shen)體。在黃帝的(de)繼承(cheng)人顓(zhuan)頊(xu)治(zhi)(zhi)世的(de)時代(dai)反叛,被顓(zhuan)頊(xu)擊(ji)敗,共(gong)工(gong)怒而頭撞不(bu)周山(傳說中(zhong)支(zhi)撐世界的(de)支(zhi)柱),造成世界向西(xi)北傾斜。之后(hou)共(gong)工(gong)仍不(bu)斷地(di)作亂(luan)(代(dai)表洪水的(de)爆發),最后(hou)被禹殺死(指(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)水成功)。
《淮南(nan)(nan)子(zi)·天文訓》:“昔者(zhe)共工與顓(zhuan)頊爭為帝,怒而(er)觸不(bu)周之山,天柱折,地維(wei)絕。天傾西北(bei),故日月星(xing)辰(chen)移焉(yan);地不(bu)滿東南(nan)(nan),故水潦塵埃(ai)歸焉(yan)。”
意(yi)思是:從前,共(gong)工(gong)與(yu)顓頊爭奪為帝(di),失敗了(le),于是共(gong)工(gong)發怒(用頭(tou))去(qu)撞不周山,支(zhi)撐天的(de)柱(zhu)子(zi)折了(le),系(xi)掛地(di)的(de)繩子(zi)斷了(le)。天向西北方(fang)向傾斜,所以太陽、月亮、星星都(dou)朝(chao)西北方(fang)移動;地(di)的(de)東南(nan)角陷(xian)塌(ta)了(le),所以江湖流水都(dou)朝(chao)東南(nan)方(fang)向流去(qu)。
這則(ze)神話反映了遠古(gu)(gu)部(bu)族間(jian)的斗爭同時涉(she)及到古(gu)(gu)代天文學上的“蓋天說”,來解(jie)釋(shi)“日月(yue)星辰(chen)都朝西北方(fang)移動”“江河泥沙都朝東南方(fang)向(xiang)流去”的現象。
《淮南子(zi)·天文訓》云:昔(xi)者,共工與顓頊爭為帝,怒而觸不(bu)周之山,天柱折,地維絕(jue)。天傾西北,故日月星辰(chen)移焉;地不(bu)滿東南,故水潦塵(chen)埃歸焉。
這里記載的故事(shi)是(shi)顓頊(xu)與共工爭帝位而戰,那么時(shi)間就是(shi)顓頊(xu)時(shi)期,據說(shuo)也就是(shi)因(yin)為這樣,才有女媧補天的故事(shi)。
依(yi)據《山海經》記載,共(gong)工為炎(yan)帝后裔(yi)。《史記·補三皇本紀》云:諸侯有(you)共(gong)工氏(shi),任智刑以強霸(ba)而不(bu)王;以水乘(cheng)木,乃與祝(zhu)融戰。不(bu)勝而怒,乃頭(tou)觸不(bu)周(zhou)山崩(beng),天柱折,地維缺。
霸(ba)道(dao)的共(gong)工,又和祝融打(da)起來了。傳說祝融為顓頊帝(di)孫重黎,高辛氏火正之官,黃帝(di)賜他(ta)姓(xing)“祝融氏”。
神(shen)農氏代替燧(sui)人氏
公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)5800年(nian)(nian)開(kai)始,南(nan)方(fang)杭州河姆渡褐色(se)人種(zhong)伏羲女(nv)媧(wa)朱(zhu)雀祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)就(jiu)想要(yao)進入中原(yuan),那時玄武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)還是他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)部下,通過排干南(nan)陽盆(pen)地(di)終(zhong)于突入了(le)(le)中原(yuan),華(hua)(hua)朝(chao)主家(jia)共工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)領導(dao)下的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)九(jiu)州聯盟(meng)對(dui)(dui)入侵(qin)加以抗爭(zheng)失敗后(hou),之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)又堅(jian)守黃(huang)河防(fang)線繼(ji)續抗戰(zhan),擔(dan)任(ren)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)先鋒(feng)的(de)(de)(de)玄武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)攻破了(le)(le)黃(huang)河防(fang)線后(hou),又退守陜西(xi)防(fang)線。公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)5000年(nian)(nian),擔(dan)任(ren)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)先鋒(feng)的(de)(de)(de)玄武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu),與(yu)共工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)領導(dao)下的(de)(de)(de)九(jiu)州聯盟(meng)在(zai)陜西(xi)不(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)山附近展開(kai)最(zui)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)決戰(zhan)。就(jiu)在(zai)這時,隕石墜落引發大(da)海(hai)嘯,甚至連南(nan)陽盆(pen)地(di)和(he)淮河流域都(dou)受到洪水影響而與(yu)南(nan)方(fang)斷(duan)絕(jue)(jue)了(le)(le)聯系。祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)老巢杭州更是被洪水損失慘重(zhong),無力北上作(zuo)戰(zhan)。被隔絕(jue)(jue)在(zai)北方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)盤踞在(zai)山東(dong),玄武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)在(zai)女(nv)媧(wa)的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)引下投降(jiang)了(le)(le)河南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)華(hua)(hua)朝(chao)分支家(jia)夏族(zu)神(shen)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu),定居在(zai)他(ta)們附近,并幫(bang)助他(ta)們防(fang)御(yu)東(dong)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu),和(he)幫(bang)助神(shen)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)取代共工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)成為九(jiu)州聯盟(meng)的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)領,共工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)從此定居在(zai)陜西(xi)成為了(le)(le)公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)6000-前(qian)(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)甘肅大(da)地(di)灣馬家(jia)窯文化(hua)。神(shen)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)成為了(le)(le)神(shen)農(nong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)4800─前(qian)(qian)4300年(nian)(nian)河南(nan)東(dong)部半(ban)坡文化(hua)。殘余的(de)(de)(de)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)在(zai)洪水退去后(hou)下山與(yu)神(shen)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)融(rong)(rong)合成為了(le)(le)公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)4500—前(qian)(qian)2500年(nian)(nian)山東(dong)大(da)汶(wen)口(kou)文化(hua)。玄武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)被封在(zai)東(dong)北繼(ji)續對(dui)(dui)抗山東(dong),成為了(le)(le)公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)4000~前(qian)(qian)3000年(nian)(nian)遼寧紅(hong)山文化(hua)。
盤古開天(tian)辟地(di)女媧造人之后,水神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)工(gong)一(yi)(yi)向(xiang)與火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)不(bu)(bu)合(he),他(ta)向(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)發動進攻。擔當先鋒(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)將相(xiang)柳、浮(fu)游,猛撲火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏居(ju)住(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)明宮(gong),把光(guang)(guang)(guang)明宮(gong)四周(zhou)長(chang)(chang)年不(bu)(bu)熄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)弄(nong)滅了(le)。大(da)(da)地(di)頓時(shi)一(yi)(yi)片(pian)漆黑。火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)駕著(zhu)(zhu)遍身(shen)冒著(zhu)(zhu)烈焰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)龍出來(lai)(lai)迎(ying)戰。所到(dao)(dao)之處,云霧廓清,雨水齊收;黑暗悄悄退去(qu)(qu)(qu),大(da)(da)地(di)重(zhong)現光(guang)(guang)(guang)明。水神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)工(gong)惱羞成怒,命令相(xiang)柳和浮(fu)游將三江五(wu)海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水汲上(shang)來(lai)(lai),往祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)他(ta)們(men)那里(li)傾(qing)(qing)去(qu)(qu)(qu)。剎時(shi)間長(chang)(chang)空中濁浪飛瀉(xie),黑濤翻騰,白云被淹沒,神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)又(you)被澆熄了(le)。可是(shi)大(da)(da)水一(yi)(yi)退,神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)又(you)燒(shao)了(le)起(qi)來(lai)(lai),加上(shang)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)請來(lai)(lai)風(feng)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)幫忙,風(feng)助(zhu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)威,火(huo)(huo)(huo)乘風(feng)勢,熾熾烈烈地(di)直撲共(gong)工(gong)。共(gong)工(gong)他(ta)們(men)想留住(zhu)大(da)(da)水來(lai)(lai)御火(huo)(huo)(huo),可是(shi)水瀉(xie)千里(li),哪里(li)留得(de)(de)住(zhu)。火(huo)(huo)(huo)焰又(you)長(chang)(chang)舌般地(di)卷來(lai)(lai),共(gong)工(gong)他(ta)們(men)被燒(shao)得(de)(de)焦頭(tou)爛(lan)額,東倒(dao)(dao)西歪(wai)。共(gong)工(gong)率領(ling)水軍(jun)且(qie)戰且(qie)退,逃回(hui)大(da)(da)海(hai)。他(ta)滿以為祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)遇到(dao)(dao)大(da)(da)水,肯定(ding)會知難而退。因此立在水宮(gong),得(de)(de)意起(qi)來(lai)(lai)。不(bu)(bu)料祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)這次下了(le)必勝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)心,他(ta)全速(su)追擊。火(huo)(huo)(huo)龍所到(dao)(dao)之處,海(hai)水不(bu)(bu)由滾(gun)滾(gun)向(xiang)兩旁翻轉,讓開了(le)一(yi)(yi)條大(da)(da)路。祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)直逼水宮(gong),水神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)工(gong)他(ta)們(men)只好硬著(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)皮出來(lai)(lai)迎(ying)戰。代表光(guang)(guang)(guang)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)獲得(de)(de)了(le)全勝。浮(fu)游活活氣(qi)死,相(xiang)柳逃之夭夭,共(gong)工(gong)心力(li)交瘁,無法再(zai)戰,狼狽地(di)向(xiang)天(tian)邊逃去(qu)(qu)(qu)。共(gong)工(gong)一(yi)(yi)直逃到(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)(shan),回(hui)頭(tou)一(yi)(yi)看,追兵已(yi)近。共(gong)工(gong)又(you)羞又(you)憤(fen),就一(yi)(yi)頭(tou)向(xiang)山(shan)(shan)腰撞(zhuang)去(qu)(qu)(qu),“嘩啦啦”一(yi)(yi)聲巨響,不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)(shan)竟給共(gong)工(gong)撞(zhuang)折了(le)。不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)倒(dao)(dao),大(da)(da)災難降臨了(le)。原來(lai)(lai)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)(shan)是(shi)根(gen)撐天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)柱,柱子一(yi)(yi)斷,半邊天(tian)空就坍(tan)塌(ta)下來(lai)(lai),露(lu)出石(shi)骨嶙峋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)窟窿,頓時(shi)天(tian)河傾(qing)(qing)瀉(xie),洪水泛濫。著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“水火(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)容”典故即源于這場大(da)(da)戰。后來(lai)(lai)才有了(le)女媧煉五(wu)彩石(shi)補天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事跡,大(da)(da)地(di)重(zhong)回(hui)正常。
水(shui)神(shen)(shen)共工(gong)氏(shi)和火神(shen)(shen)祝融氏(shi)的(de)(de)這場(chang)大戰(zhan)(zhan),皆(jie)因“水(shui)火不(bu)相容”而(er)發生,一方面(mian)說明(ming)了(le)水(shui)火相克(ke)的(de)(de)原理,即(ji)水(shui)火天生不(bu)睦;另一方面(mian)說明(ming)了(le)有(you)(you)些事物是自(zi)(zi)然界的(de)(de)基本本能(neng),非人力所(suo)能(neng)干擾(rao)。縱觀遠古(gu)時代水(shui)神(shen)(shen)和火神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)這場(chang)驚(jing)天動(dong)地的(de)(de)大戰(zhan)(zhan),沒(mei)有(you)(you)什么所(suo)謂正義和公理,只(zhi)有(you)(you)大自(zi)(zi)然的(de)(de)力量在搏擊。而(er)敗陣的(de)(de)水(shui)神(shen)(shen)共工(gong)因惱怒去(qu)撞不(bu)周山,女媧補天算是拯救了(le)自(zi)(zi)然世界。
伏(fu)羲時(shi)期,在華(hua)夏(xia)有(you)一個(ge)長(chang)于(yu)耍陰(yin)謀(mou)詭計的(de)部族叫做共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)。共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)在天上對應著一個(ge)壞水神(shen),叫共(gong)工(gong),它人面蛇(she)身,有(you)紅色(se)的(de)頭(tou)發,性(xing)情十分兇惡(e)(e),嗜殺成性(xing)。共(gong)工(gong)手下(xia)有(you)兩個(ge)惡(e)(e)名昭彰的(de)惡(e)(e)神(shen):一個(ge)是(shi)長(chang)著九個(ge)腦袋(dai)的(de)相柳,它也(ye)是(shi)人面蛇(she)身,全(quan)身青(qing)色(se),性(xing)情殘酷(ku)貪婪,專以殺戮(lu)為樂(le);另一個(ge)是(shi)長(chang)的(de)兇神(shen)惡(e)(e)煞一般的(de)浮游,也(ye)是(shi)一個(ge)作惡(e)(e)多端的(de)家伙。
共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)說(shuo)話好聽的(de)(de)(de)很(hen),天(tian)花亂(luan)墜,但(dan)做起事(shi)來邪僻,表面(mian)上恭敬,實(shi)際(ji)上無(wu)法(fa)無(wu)天(tian)。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)子(zi)叫康(kang)回(hui),生的(de)(de)(de)髦身朱(zhu)發,鐵臂虬筋(jin),身高(gao)一丈有余,力大(da)無(wu)窮。康(kang)回(hui)為(wei)人(ren)表面(mian)恭敬但(dan)內心狡(jiao)詐,陰謀(mou)百出,只是礙于(yu)伏羲的(de)(de)(de)大(da)威大(da)德而暫時(shi)隱忍(ren)(ren)為(wei)上。伏羲離(li)去后,華(hua)夏之民尊奉女(nv)媧,康(kang)回(hui)因(yin)此嫉(ji)恨,倚仗自己(ji)封地的(de)(de)(de)地勢高(gao)險(xian),決(jue)滔(tao)天(tian)洪水危(wei)害中原(yuan),致使華(hua)夏天(tian)地間一片汪洋。女(nv)媧忍(ren)(ren)無(wu)可忍(ren)(ren),決(jue)定引領華(hua)夏之民鏟除共(gong)工(gong)(gong)。華(hua)夏堯帝時(shi)期,天(tian)下洪水泛(fan)濫,在(zai)鯀治(zhi)(zhi)水不成功的(de)(de)(de)情況下,堯派鯀的(de)(de)(de)兒子(zi)禹去治(zhi)(zhi)理洪水。大(da)禹領著百姓治(zhi)(zhi)水,一直將(jiang)黃河(he)治(zhi)(zhi)理到邙山東(dong)頭(tou),再向東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)河(he)道(dao)就不好治(zhi)(zhi)了(le),因(yin)為(wei)有共(gong)工(gong)(gong)在(zai)作怪(guai)搗亂(luan)。
顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊帝(di)(di)為華夏(xia)上古時(shi)期五(wu)帝(di)(di)(黃帝(di)(di)、顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊、帝(di)(di)嚳、唐堯、虞舜)之一,被稱為北(bei)方(fang)水德(de)之帝(di)(di)。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊帝(di)(di)為人仁德(de)、智慧(hui),當(dang)時(shi)世,四方(fang)慕德(de)而(er)服,鳥(niao)獸(shou)盡皆(jie)感化。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊帝(di)(di)自幼受叔父少昊的(de)(de)(de)熏陶,特別愛好音(yin)(yin)樂。當(dang)他聽到八(ba)方(fang)來(lai)風掠過(guo)大地發出(chu)熙熙凄凄鏘鏘的(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)時(shi),感覺十分(fen)悅(yue)耳,便讓八(ba)條飛龍仿效風聲(sheng)而(er)長吟,命名為《承云曲》,專門用(yong)來(lai)紀念(nian)黃帝(di)(di)。他又突發異想,令(ling)揚子(zi)(zi)鱷做(zuo)音(yin)(yin)樂的(de)(de)(de)倡導者。揚子(zi)(zi)鱷鳴聲(sheng)如鼓,背上披有堅厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)鱗甲(jia),成天躺在池沼底部的(de)(de)(de)洞穴內睡(shui)覺,對音(yin)(yin)樂向來(lai)生疏。但它接令(ling)后不敢(gan)怠慢,立(li)刻(ke)翻轉笨重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)身軀仰(yang)臥,揮動粗大的(de)(de)(de)尾巴敲(qiao)打鼓凸的(de)(de)(de)灰肚皮,發出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)果然(ran)嘹(liao)亮。人間受到顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)影響,用(yong)揚子(zi)(zi)鱷的(de)(de)(de)皮來(lai)蒙(meng)鼓。這種鼓十分(fen)貴重(zhong),叫鼉鼓。
顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝時期(qi),人們的道(dao)(dao)德已(yi)經發生(sheng)了變化。顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝直(zhi)屬的北方三十六州道(dao)(dao)德高尚,而其(qi)他地(di)(di)方道(dao)(dao)德已(yi)經衰微了。“君臣富貴(gui)皆由德而生(sheng)”,因此,原本不(bu)停運(yun)轉(zhuan)的太陽、月亮和(he)星(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)開(kai)始被(bei)牢牢拴(shuan)在天(tian)(tian)(tian)穹的北邊,固定在北方三十六州上(shang)空。上(shang)古時期(qi),華夏之民(min)敬(jing)神拜天(tian)(tian)(tian),因此就有(you)很(hen)多(duo)人想(xiang)象不(bu)到的福分。伏羲時期(qi),天(tian)(tian)(tian)、地(di)(di)雖也(ye)分開(kai),但距離(li)較近,而且還有(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)梯(ti)相通(tong),這(zhe)天(tian)(tian)(tian)梯(ti)即是(shi)各地(di)(di)的高山(shan)與大樹。天(tian)(tian)(tian)梯(ti)原為神、仙、巫(wu)而設,但人間的智者、勇士,卻能憑(ping)著智謀和(he)勇敢(gan)攀(pan)登天(tian)(tian)(tian)梯(ti),直(zhi)達天(tian)(tian)(tian)庭。那時候,凡人有(you)了冤苦之事,可以(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)到天(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)去向天(tian)(tian)(tian)帝申訴,神亦可以(yi)隨便(bian)至凡界游山(shan)玩水,人與神的界限不(bu)是(shi)很(hen)明確(que)的。后來(lai)由于地(di)(di)上(shang)蚩尤叛亂(luan),對神不(bu)敬(jing),擾亂(luan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)庭。為此顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝命令孫兒重和(he)黎去把天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)的通(tong)路截斷,以(yi)維持宇(yu)宙(zhou)秩(zhi)序(xu)。
共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)個壞(huai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen),性(xing)情兇狠(hen),處(chu)(chu)事蠻橫,專(zhuan)與(yu)華(hua)夏(xia)之民(min)(min)作對。它經常在(zai)心血來(lai)潮時,施展(zhan)神(shen)力,呼風喚(huan)雨,用洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)傷害天(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)百姓,把一(yi)(yi)個好(hao)端(duan)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)華(hua)夏(xia)弄的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)片汪洋(yang)。百姓們(men)哭天(tian)叫地(di),苦熬日月(yue)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)找到(dao)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong),勸說(shuo)其不(bu)要(yao)再(zai)呼風喚(huan)雨,發洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)坑害百姓,給華(hua)夏(xia)之民(min)(min)留(liu)條生(sheng)路,積些德(de)行。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)根本不(bu)聽(ting)大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)言(yan)相勸,說(shuo):“我發我的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),和你有(you)啥關系(xi)?”大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)不(bu)愿再(zai)理這號(hao)靈魂低劣之壞(huai)神(shen),只好(hao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)里來(lai),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)里去,頂(ding)風冒雨,察看(kan)地(di)形,尋(xun)找黃河(he)向東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出路。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)看(kan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)心要(yao)治住洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),疏導黃河(he),讓華(hua)夏(xia)之民(min)(min)過上正常的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活,頓時火冒三丈,幾(ji)乎(hu)將自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)全部神(shen)力都(dou)使(shi)了(le)(le)出來(lai),中(zhong)原一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)于(yu)是(shi)四處(chu)(chu)漫溢,到(dao)處(chu)(chu)橫流,洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)更大(da)(da)(da)(da)了(le)(le)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)東(dong)奔西跑,費盡了(le)(le)力氣,地(di)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)卻越(yue)聚(ju)越(yue)多,黃河(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也是(shi)四處(chu)(chu)八方亂(luan)竄。有(you)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)搗亂(luan),黃河(he)沒法疏導,大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)忍(ren)無可忍(ren),決心帶(dai)領(ling)華(hua)夏(xia)之民(min)(min)驅逐共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)把隨他治水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應龍(long)、黃龍(long)、白(bai)龍(long)、蒼龍(long)都(dou)叫來(lai),并鼓勵華(hua)夏(xia)之民(min)(min)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)出戰。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)由于(yu)四處(chu)(chu)作惡,早就聲(sheng)名狼藉,百姓聽(ting)說(shuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)要(yao)趕走共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong),紛紛前(qian)來(lai)參戰。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)帶(dai)著(zhu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)家在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)攔住共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong),雙方廝殺起(qi)來(lai)。整整大(da)(da)(da)(da)戰了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)個月(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)帶(dai)華(hua)夏(xia)之民(min)(min)輪流上陣。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)漸(jian)漸(jian)疲憊不(bu)堪,敗下陣后(hou),倉惶而逃,大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)窮追不(bu)舍。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)看(kan)著(zhu)自己在(zai)劫難(nan)逃,便(bian)向大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)下跪,發誓永遠不(bu)再(zai)侵犯華(hua)夏(xia),再(zai)不(bu)發水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)行惡了(le)(le)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)心一(yi)(yi)軟(ruan),放走了(le)(le)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)率華(hua)夏(xia)之民(min)(min)趕走共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)后(hou),一(yi)(yi)鼓作氣,把洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排完,又(you)(you)馬不(bu)停(ting)蹄(ti)地(di)把黃河(he)疏導到(dao)東(dong)海(hai),并用太行山的(de)(de)(de)(de)石頭,在(zai)黃河(he)兩邊筑起(qi)又(you)(you)高又(you)(you)厚,十分(fen)堅固的(de)(de)(de)(de)堤岸。
大力(li)神重和黎(li)接旨,運足了(le)力(li)氣,一(yi)(yi)個(ge)兩手托天(tian),一(yi)(yi)個(ge)雙掌按地(di)(di),吆喝一(yi)(yi)聲,一(yi)(yi)齊(qi)發(fa)力(li),托天(tian)的(de)盡力(li)往上(shang)舉,按地(di)(di)的(de)拼命向下(xia)壓,天(tian)漸(jian)(jian)漸(jian)(jian)往上(shang)升,地(di)(di)漸(jian)(jian)漸(jian)(jian)向下(xia)沉,本來相隔不(bu)(bu)(bu)遠的(de)天(tian)地(di)(di)就(jiu)變成現在這樣(yang),遙遙而不(bu)(bu)(bu)可及了(le),高山、大樹,再也(ye)起(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)天(tian)梯的(de)作用(yong)了(le)。從此,托天(tian)的(de)重為南正,專(zhuan)管(guan)天(tian)地(di)(di)鬼神之事(shi);按地(di)(di)的(de)黎(li)為火正,專(zhuan)管(guan)人(ren)間之事(shi)。顓頊帝(di)還(huan)制定(ding)出(chu)各種禮(li)儀制度來維(wei)護社會道(dao)德,規定(ding)婦女在路(lu)上(shang)遇見男人(ren)必須先回避,不(bu)(bu)(bu)然要拉到(dao)十字大街上(shang)示眾,還(huan)規定(ding)兄妹不(bu)(bu)(bu)準通婚,并讓百姓按時祭祀祖先和天(tian)地(di)(di)鬼神。顓頊帝(di)的(de)為人(ren)道(dao)德、智慧,使四方慕德而服,鳥獸(shou)盡皆感化。
據《史記(ji)·五帝(di)本紀》記(ji)載,顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轄(xia)區非(fei)常大(da),“北(bei)至(zhi)于(yu)幽靈,南至(zhi)于(yu)交阯,西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)于(yu)流沙(sha),東至(zhi)于(yu)蟠木,動(dong)靜之(zhi)(zhi)物,大(da)小(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)神,日月所照(zhao),莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)砥屬。”但是,林子大(da)了(le),什么鳥(niao)都(dou)有。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)德智(zhi)慧,使善者從之(zhi)(zhi),卻使邪(xie)惡(e)及無(wu)法無(wu)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)恨(hen)之(zhi)(zhi),共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)妒(du)忌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡直發了(le)狂,便糾集一(yi)(yi)些同樣鼓(gu)吹無(wu)法無(wu)天(tian)(tian)而對(dui)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)帝(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壞神組建(jian)成一(yi)(yi)支軍隊,輕騎短刃,突襲天(tian)(tian)國京都(dou)。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)帝(di)聞變,泰然(ran)自(zi)若,一(yi)(yi)面(mian)點(dian)燃(ran)七十二座烽(feng)火臺,大(da)戰開始后(hou),顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)帝(di)率(lv)軍將共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)部眾從天(tian)(tian)上(shang)追逐到(dao)凡界(jie),再(zai)從凡界(jie)廝殺(sha)(sha)到(dao)天(tian)(tian)上(shang),幾個回合過去后(hou),顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部眾越殺(sha)(sha)越多,長著兩個蜂(feng)窩腦袋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驕(jiao)蟲(chong)領毒蜂(feng)由(you)平逢山趕至(zhi);共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部落被殺(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人仰馬翻,幾乎(hu)全軍覆沒。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)輾轉殺(sha)(sha)到(dao)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山下(xia)(xia),身邊僅剩一(yi)(yi)十三(san)騎。不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奇(qi)崛突兀,頂天(tian)(tian)立地(di)(di),擋住(zhu)(zhu)了(le)這伙賊(zei)寇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去路。這不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山是一(yi)(yi)根撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨柱,是顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)帝(di)維持宇宙秩序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要憑藉之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。這時,顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)帝(di)率(lv)軍從四面(mian)八方(fang)沖(chong)來(lai)(lai),喊殺(sha)(sha)聲、勸(quan)降聲驚天(tian)(tian)動(dong)地(di)(di),天(tian)(tian)羅地(di)(di)網已經布成。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)到(dao)死還想壞一(yi)(yi)把,不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧一(yi)(yi)切(qie)后(hou)果發泄(xie)怨恨(hen),他向不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山撞(zhuang)去。在轟隆(long)隆(long)、潑喇喇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨響聲中(zhong),那撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)拄地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山竟被它攔腰撞(zhuang)斷,橫塌(ta)下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)。天(tian)(tian)柱折(zhe)斷后(hou),整(zheng)個宇宙便隨之(zhi)(zhi)發生(sheng)了(le)大(da)變動(dong),西(xi)(xi)北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)穹失去撐(cheng)持而向下(xia)(xia)傾斜,使拴系在北(bei)方(fang)天(tian)(tian)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽、月亮和(he)星(xing)星(xing)在原來(lai)(lai)位置(zhi)上(shang)再(zai)也(ye)站不(bu)(bu)(bu)住(zhu)(zhu)腳,身不(bu)(bu)(bu)由(you)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掙脫束縛,朝低斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)天(tian)(tian)滑去,成就了(le)我(wo)們(men)今天(tian)(tian)所看見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日月星(xing)辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行路線。
不周山被撞(zhuang)斷后,天(tian)就(jiu)塌下半邊來,還(huan)露出很多大窟窿;地(di)面也裂開了,出現一(yi)條條的(de)深坑(keng)裂縫。在天(tian)崩地(di)裂的(de)情況下,山林燃燒起熊熊大火,地(di)底(di)噴出了滔滔洪水,周圍(wei)也竄(cuan)出了各種兇猛野獸,大地(di)就(jiu)象一(yi)個人(ren)間地(di)獄。
天(tian)神(shen)女(nv)媧(wa)(wa),看到自己創造出來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)人受到這樣的(de)(de)(de)苦難,痛心極了(le)(le)。為(wei)了(le)(le)讓(rang)人們重新過上自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)生活,女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)決定去修補殘破的(de)(de)(de)蒼(cang)天(tian)。這是(shi)一(yi)件極其困難繁雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo),女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)先在江河(he)揀(jian)了(le)(le)許多五(wu)色石(shi)子,又(you)(you)用(yong)大(da)(da)火(huo)把石(shi)子燒(shao)(shao)了(le)(le)九天(tian)九夜,煉成紅、黃(huang)、青、白、黑五(wu)色混和的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)漿(jiang)(jiang),然(ran)后(hou)一(yi)勺(shao)一(yi)勺(shao)的(de)(de)(de)把石(shi)漿(jiang)(jiang)灌(guan)進天(tian)上的(de)(de)(de)窟窿,把崩裂的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)修補好。隨之的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo),便(bian)是(shi)要把天(tian)撐(cheng)(cheng)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)。女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)用(yong)一(yi)只大(da)(da)烏龜的(de)(de)(de)四(si)只腳,用(yong)來(lai)(lai)代替天(tian)柱,豎(shu)立在大(da)(da)地的(de)(de)(de)四(si)方(fang),把天(tian)空象架帳篷似(si)的(de)(de)(de)撐(cheng)(cheng)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)。柱子很(hen)結實(shi),天(tian)空再也不(bu)會(hui)塌下來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)。女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)又(you)(you)趕走(zou)了(le)(le)到處為(wei)患(huan)的(de)(de)(de)兇禽惡(e)獸,又(you)(you)用(yong)蘆草(cao)燒(shao)(shao)成的(de)(de)(de)灰去填(tian)塞洪水。天(tian)補好了(le)(le),地也填(tian)平了(le)(le),華夏(xia)之民又(you)(you)重新過上了(le)(le)自然(ran)幸(xing)福的(de)(de)(de)生活。
相傳帝舜(shun)時期(qi)(約公(gong)元前22世紀),禹(yu)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)進攻共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(今(jin)河南嵩縣北黃河附近)的(de)作戰。原始社(she)會晚期(qi),中(zhong)原地區生活著(zhu)黃帝族(zu)(zu)系的(de)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(今(jin)山西南部(bu)),舜(shun)為(wei)首領。當時,黃河經常泛濫成(cheng)災,禍及人民,舜(shun)命禹(yu)治(zhi)水(shui)。炎帝族(zu)(zu)系的(de)共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng),長(chang)期(qi)與舜(shun)領導的(de)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)爭奪生存地域,并為(wei)治(zhi)水(shui)發(fa)生沖突(tu)。于是,禹(yu)率領本部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)進攻共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi),將其擊(ji)敗并驅離治(zhi)水(shui)地區,以便治(zhi)水(shui)。從此共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)再也無力與黃帝族(zu)(zu)系部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)抗衡。
水(shui)神(shen)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)炎帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后裔,與黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)家(jia)族本(ben)來(lai)就(jiu)(jiu)矛盾重重。帝(di)(di)(di)顓頊(xu)(xu)接掌宇(yu)宙(zhou)統治權后,不(bu)(bu)僅毫不(bu)(bu)顧(gu)惜人類,同(tong)時也用強權壓(ya)制(zhi)其他(ta)派系的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen),以至(zhi)于天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)人間,怨聲(sheng)鼎(ding)沸。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)見(jian)時機成熟,約集心懷不(bu)(bu)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)們,決心推翻帝(di)(di)(di)顓頊(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治,奪取主(zhu)宰神(shen)位(wei)。反叛的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸神(shen)推選(xuan)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)為(wei)盟主(zhu),組建成一(yi)支軍隊,輕騎短刃,突襲天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)國京都。帝(di)(di)(di)顓頊(xu)(xu)聞變,倒也不(bu)(bu)甚(shen)驚惶(huang),他(ta)一(yi)面點燃七(qi)十二座烽火臺,召四方(fang)(fang)諸侯疾(ji)速支援;一(yi)面點齊(qi)護衛(wei)京畿的(de)(de)(de)(de)兵馬,親自掛帥,前去(qu)(qu)迎戰(zhan)。一(yi)場(chang)酷(ku)烈(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)斗展開了(le),兩(liang)股(gu)人馬從天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)廝(si)殺(sha)到凡界(jie),再(zai)從凡界(jie)廝(si)殺(sha)到天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang),幾個來(lai)回過去(qu)(qu),帝(di)(di)(di)顓頊(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)眾(zhong)越殺(sha)越多,人形虎尾的(de)(de)(de)(de)泰逢駕萬道祥光由(you)和(he)山(shan)趕(gan)至(zhi),龍頭人身的(de)(de)(de)(de)計蒙挾疾(ji)風驟雨由(you)光山(shan)趕(gan)至(zhi),長(chang)著兩(liang)個蜂窩腦袋的(de)(de)(de)(de)驕蟲領(ling)毒蜂毒蝎由(you)平逢山(shan)趕(gan)至(zhi);共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)眾(zhong)越殺(sha)越少,柜比的(de)(de)(de)(de)脖子被砍得只(zhi)剩一(yi)層皮,披頭散發(fa),一(yi)只(zhi)斷(duan)(duan)臂(bei)也不(bu)(bu)知丟到哪兒去(qu)(qu)了(le),王子夜的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙手(shou)雙腳、頭顱胸腹甚(shen)至(zhi)牙齒全(quan)被砍斷(duan)(duan),七(qi)零八落地(di)散了(le)一(yi)地(di)。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)輾轉(zhuan)殺(sha)到西(xi)(xi)北方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)下(xia),身邊僅剩一(yi)十三(san)騎。他(ta)舉目望去(qu)(qu),不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)奇崛突兀(wu),頂天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)立地(di),擋住了(le)去(qu)(qu)路,他(ta)知道,此山(shan)其實(shi)是(shi)一(yi)根撐天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨柱(zhu)(zhu),是(shi)帝(di)(di)(di)顓頊(xu)(xu)維(wei)持宇(yu)宙(zhou)統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要憑藉(jie)之一(yi)。身后,喊殺(sha)聲(sheng)、勸降聲(sheng)接連(lian)傳(chuan)來(lai),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)羅地(di)網已經(jing)布成。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)在絕望中發(fa)出了(le)憤怒的(de)(de)(de)(de)吶喊,他(ta)一(yi)個獅子甩頭,朝(chao)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)拼命撞去(qu)(qu),只(zhi)聽得轟隆隆、潑喇喇一(yi)陣巨響,那(nei)撐天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)拄地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)竟被他(ta)攔(lan)腰(yao)撞斷(duan)(duan),橫塌下(xia)來(lai)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)(zhu)既(ji)經(jing)折(zhe)斷(duan)(duan),整(zheng)個宇(yu)宙(zhou)便隨之發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)大(da)(da)變動(dong):西(xi)(xi)北的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)穹失去(qu)(qu)撐持而(er)向下(xia)傾斜(xie),使拴(shuan)系在北方(fang)(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽、月亮和(he)星星在原來(lai)位(wei)置上(shang)(shang)再(zai)也站不(bu)(bu)住腳,身不(bu)(bu)由(you)己地(di)掙(zheng)脫束縛(fu),朝(chao)低(di)斜(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)滑去(qu)(qu),成就(jiu)(jiu)了(le)我們今(jin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所看(kan)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)日月星辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行線路,解(jie)除了(le)當時人們所遭受的(de)(de)(de)(de)白晝(zhou)永是(shi)白晝(zhou),黑(hei)夜永是(shi)黑(hei)夜的(de)(de)(de)(de)困苦。另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面,懸吊大(da)(da)地(di)東(dong)南(nan)角的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨繩被劇烈(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)震(zhen)動(dong)崩斷(duan)(duan)了(le),東(dong)南(nan)大(da)(da)地(di)塌陷(xian)下(xia)去(qu)(qu),成就(jiu)(jiu)了(le)我們今(jin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所看(kan)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)北高、東(dong)南(nan)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)勢,和(he)江河東(dong)流、百川(chuan)歸海的(de)(de)(de)(de)情景。
共(gong)工氏行為(wei)最(zui)后得(de)到了人(ren)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)尊敬。在共(gong)工氏死后,人(ren)們(men)(men)奉他(ta)為(wei)水師(司(si)水利之(zhi)神)。他(ta)的(de)(de)兒子后土(tu)也被人(ren)們(men)(men)奉為(wei)社(she)神(即土(tu)地(di)神),后來人(ren)們(men)(men)發(fa)誓時說(shuo)“蒼天在上后土(tu)在下”,就指的(de)(de)是他(ta),由此可見人(ren)們(men)(men)對他(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)敬重。
1.斡維焉系,天(tian)(tian)極焉加?八柱何當,東南(nan)何虧?(屈原《天(tian)(tian)問》)
2.這又是(shi)北部人民對于(yu)(yu)地形(xing)及現(xian)世界的(de)(de)并未十分(fen)美滿所起(qi)的(de)(de)一種解答。在開(kai)辟神(shen)話(hua)中,這該(gai)是(shi)尾聲了(le)。他生于(yu)(yu)若水(shui)而(er)居帝丘(今河(he)(he)南濮陽東(dong)南),正處黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(約當(dang)今衛河(he)(he))東(dong)岸(an)附近。炎(yan)帝的(de)(de)后裔(yi)共(gong)工(gong),已成為(wei)炎(yan)帝族分(fen)支共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)部落聯盟的(de)(de)首(shou)領,居九有(即九州)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)中游河(he)(he)西地區(約在今河(he)(he)南輝縣境)。(茅盾(dun)《神(shen)話(hua)研(yan)究》)
原文
(課(ke)文見《語文》人(ren)民教育出版(ban)(ban)社七(qi)年級(ji)下冊第25課(ke)(198頁)版(ban)(ban)權(quan)歸(gui)人(ren)民教育出版(ban)(ban)社所有)
昔者,共工與顓頊爭為(wei)帝(di),怒而觸不周之山,天(tian)柱折,地(di)維絕。天(tian)傾西(xi)北,故日月(yue)星辰(chen)移焉;地(di)不滿東(dong)南,故水(shui)潦(liao)塵(chen)埃歸焉。
譯文
從前,共工(gong)與顓頊爭奪部落天(tian)帝(di)之位,(共工(gong)在(zai)大(da)戰中慘敗,)憤怒地撞擊(ji)不(bu)周(zhou)山,支撐天(tian)的柱(zhu)子折了(le),系(xi)著大(da)地的繩索斷了(le)。(所以)天(tian)向(xiang)(xiang)西北(bei)方向(xiang)(xiang)傾斜,所以日月、星辰都(dou)向(xiang)(xiang)西北(bei)方向(xiang)(xiang)移動了(le);大(da)地的東南(nan)角塌(ta)陷了(le),所以江(jiang)河泥沙(sha)都(dou)朝東南(nan)方向(xiang)(xiang)流去。
注釋
共工(gong):傳說中的部落領袖(xiu),炎(yan)帝的后(hou)裔。
觸:碰、撞。
不(bu)(bu)周山:山名,傳說(shuo)在(zai)昆侖西北。《山海(hai)經(jing)·大(da)(da)荒(huang)西經(jing)》載:“大(da)(da)荒(huang)之隅,有山而不(bu)(bu)合(he),名曰不(bu)(bu)周。”
昔者:從前。
而:表順承。
顓頊(zhuānxū):傳說中(zhong)的(de)五(wu)帝(di)之一,黃帝(di)的(de)后(hou)裔。
為:做。
天(tian)柱折,地(di)維絕(jue):支(zhi)撐(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)的柱子(zi)折了,掛(gua)(gua)地(di)的繩(sheng)子(zi)斷(duan)了。古(gu)人認(ren)為天(tian)圓(yuan)地(di)方(fang),有(you)(you)八根柱子(zi)支(zhi)撐(cheng)(cheng)、地(di)的四角(jiao)有(you)(you)大繩(sheng)系掛(gua)(gua)。維,繩(sheng)子(zi)。絕(jue),斷(duan)。
傾:傾斜。
西(xi)北(bei):名詞用(yong)作狀語,向西(xi)北(bei)。
移:移動。
焉:兼(jian)詞,與“于是”或“于此“相當,文中譯為(wei)“這(zhe),這(zhe)里(li)”。
水潦(lǎo):泛指江湖(hu)流水。潦,積水。
塵(chen)埃:塵(chen)土,這(zhe)里指泥(ni)沙。
故:所以。
歸:匯集。
絕:斷。