1.品種特性
徐(xu)(xu)聞山羊是中(zhong)國地方優良的(de)(de)(de)羊品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)之一,1997年被列(lie)入《國家種(zhong)(zhong)質資源保(bao)護目錄》。多(duo)為(wei)黑色(se)(se)(se),少(shao)數(shu)為(wei)麻色(se)(se)(se)和(he)(he)褐色(se)(se)(se)。多(duo)數(shu)黑色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)徐(xu)(xu)聞羊分高(gao)腳(jiao)與短腳(jiao)兩種(zhong)(zhong)類型,高(gao)腳(jiao)種(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)較(jiao)高(gao),多(duo)產(chan)單羔,喜吃(chi)灌(guan)木枝葉,飼(si)養量較(jiao)少(shao);短腳(jiao)種(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)較(jiao)矮,骨細,多(duo)產(chan)雙羔,采食(shi)安定,不挑食(shi),易管理,農民喜歡飼(si)養。另有(you)少(shao)數(shu)徐(xu)(xu)聞山羊被毛(mao)為(wei)麻色(se)(se)(se)和(he)(he)褐色(se)(se)(se),從頭(tou)頂上脊(ji)骨中(zhong)央至尾部有(you)一條黑色(se)(se)(se)毛(mao)帶,身上滲(shen)有(you)黑色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)雜(za)斑,據說是1217年(南宋嘉定十年)從緬(mian)甸引(yin)進的(de)(de)(de)山羊同徐(xu)(xu)聞山羊雜(za)交育成的(de)(de)(de)一個亞品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。
徐聞山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)質(zhi)(zhi)鮮美,營養豐(feng)富,含有多(duo)種人體必需的(de)氨基酸(suan),具(ju)有滋陰(yin)壯陽(yang),補(bu)虛勞,祛(qu)寒冷,益賢氣,暖脾胃,溫補(bu)氣血(xue)的(de)作(zuo)用,是秋冬理(li)想滋補(bu)品(pin)(pin),徐聞酒廠(chang)曾利用徐聞山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)研制成(cheng)牡山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)酒,產品(pin)(pin)暢(chang)銷全中國。徐聞山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)脂肪分布均勻(yun),肉(rou)色質(zhi)(zhi)瘦(shou)嫩,膻(shan)味小,味道鮮美,濃香可(ke)口,營養豐(feng)富而遠近馳(chi)名(ming),棕紅,膻(shan)味較淡,屠宰率50%—60%,瘦(shou)肉(rou)率高。板(ban)皮(pi)質(zhi)(zhi)密,輕便(bian),彈(dan)性好,皮(pi)張大。
2.養殖特點
徐聞(wen)人(ren)的(de)羊(yang)舍一般(ban)都掛有(you)鹽筒或(huo)鹽罐,供羊(yang)自由采食(shi)。夏季高溫時凌(ling)晨放(fang)牧(mu)(mu),11時收牧(mu)(mu),下午3時再(zai)放(fang)牧(mu)(mu),黃(huang)昏收牧(mu)(mu)。一般(ban)一人(ren)管養30只母羊(yang)或(huo)50只閹羊(yang)。徐聞(wen)當(dang)地特(te)別(bie)注(zhu)意羊(yang)群(qun)飲水,尤其炎熱天(tian)氣,每天(tian)需飲2—3次(ci),有(you)的(de)在羊(yang)舍門前備有(you)清潔水,讓羊(yang)牧(mu)(mu)前牧(mu)(mu)后都能喝上。有(you)的(de)放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)人(ren)帶上中草藥,以便羊(yang)被蛇、蟲咬時及時治療。
羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)一般20多日(ri)齡隨母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)放(fang)牧,自然喂奶(nai)(nai),自然斷(duan)奶(nai)(nai),哺乳(ru)期3—5個(ge)月(yue)(yue)產奶(nai)(nai)性能一般,不加精飼料平(ping)均日(ri)產奶(nai)(nai)0.28—0.38公斤,泌(mi)乳(ru)旺季日(ri)產奶(nai)(nai)1.5公斤左右(you),泌(mi)乳(ru)期8個(ge)月(yue)(yue)。羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍(she)中設有柵欄,羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)可(ke)出(chu)入(ru),以避免(mian)被成年羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)擠壓受傷(shang)。小公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)除留(liu)作種用外(wai),一律去勢(shi)(shi)肥育,使(shi)肉(rou)質嫩滑。去勢(shi)(shi)一般在1—2月(yue)(yue)齡時進行(xing),群眾認為,去勢(shi)(shi)遲的(de)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)骨架(jia)大,長(chang)肉(rou)多。羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍(she)用火(huo)燒土、草木灰、蔗渣(zha)、谷糠、花生殼或(huo)草碎墊地面,一般2天換1次(ci)。
徐聞山羊(yang)(yang)繁(fan)殖快,一般(ban)4月齡性成(cheng)熟(shu),母(mu)(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)初(chu)配(pei)期為(wei)11—12月齡,體重(zhong)為(wei)28公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)以(yi)(yi)上(shang);公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)初(chu)配(pei)期為(wei)18月齡,體重(zhong)49公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。春秋季(ji)為(wei)母(mu)(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)發情旺季(ji),發情周期15—21天(tian),妊娠期140—161天(tian),由于當地(di)農民多采(cai)用公(gong)(gong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)混群放牧(mu),故多在產(chan)(chan)后一個月內(nei)即配(pei)種(zhong)受孕。為(wei)防(fang)止公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)因爭配(pei)而打斗,農民多將公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)輪流放入羊(yang)(yang)群配(pei)種(zhong)。以(yi)(yi)4—6歲時配(pei)種(zhong)效率最高,母(mu)(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)可利用到7—8歲、公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)10歲。據《徐聞縣(xian)農業志》上(shang)記載:1983年徐聞縣(xian)五里區(qu)二隊有一養羊(yang)(yang)戶,養母(mu)(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)15只(zhi),產(chan)(chan)雙羔的12只(zhi),占(zhan)80%,產(chan)(chan)單羔的2只(zhi),產(chan)(chan)三羔的1只(zhi)。
3.產地環境
徐聞(wen)(wen)地(di)處中(zhong)(zhong)國大陸最南端(duan),交(jiao)通(tong)便利,屬熱帶季(ji)(ji)風氣(qi)候,年均氣(qi)溫23.6℃,一年四季(ji)(ji)陽光充足(zu),自然(ran)(ran)經濟條件(jian)好,農業發展迅(xun)速,盛(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)各種(zhong)(zhong)熱帶農產(chan)品,截(jie)至2009年徐聞(wen)(wen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)建(jian)成認證“無公(gong)害養殖基地(di)”17個,“生豬(zhu)標準化規模養殖場”18個。最具優(you)勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)徐聞(wen)(wen)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境有(you)荒(huang)山灌木(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)36萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),宜牧(mu)面積60多(duo)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),灌木(mu)(mu)(mu)四季(ji)(ji)常青(qing),長(chang)有(you)大量天(tian)然(ran)(ran)牧(mu)草茂(mao)盛(sheng)(sheng)且種(zhong)(zhong)類繁多(duo),非常適宜發展草食(shi)牧(mu)業。2009年全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)實現牧(mu)業產(chan)值4.57億元,比(bi)2008年增(zeng)長(chang)3.3%;肉類總產(chan)量1.91萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸,比(bi)增(zeng)3.8%;生豬(zhu)出(chu)欄20.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou),比(bi)增(zeng)3.5%;牛(niu)出(chu)欄1.43萬(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou),比(bi)增(zeng)5.5%;羊(yang)(yang)出(chu)欄4.05萬(wan)(wan)(wan)只,比(bi)增(zeng)8%;家(jia)禽出(chu)欄265萬(wan)(wan)(wan)只,比(bi)增(zeng)1.6%。畜(chu)牧(mu)產(chan)業發展俱有(you)得天(tian)獨(du)厚的(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)條件(jian)。 徐聞(wen)(wen)山羊(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)美味肉質,與(yu)其(qi)采(cai)食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)飼料和特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)飼養方式息(xi)息(xi)相(xiang)關。這種(zhong)(zhong)山羊(yang)(yang)性情(qing)溫順,喜干燥,而徐聞(wen)(wen)地(di)全(quan)年氣(qi)候溫和,植被茂(mao)盛(sheng)(sheng),樹(shu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)常青(qing),基本上全(quan)年放牧(mu),羊(yang)(yang)群常年采(cai)食(shi)桃(tao)金娘(niang)、掃把木(mu)(mu)(mu)、番石榴、刺葵等幾十種(zhong)(zhong)灌木(mu)(mu)(mu)嫩芽(ya)及(ji)樹(shu)葉(xie),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)少灌木(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)草藥材,羊(yang)(yang)采(cai)食(shi)后(hou)提高抗病能力,并(bing)減輕了(le)膻味。
據了解,徐聞(wen)放養(yang)的(de)山(shan)羊日常極少補料,只是在冬春季節,放牧(mu)吃(chi)不飽時(shi),農民才采回樹(shu)葉飼(si)喂,有時(shi)加喂些(xie)稻草和番薯絲,基本不喂精飼(si)料。此(ci)外,徐聞(wen)山(shan)羊平時(shi)群養(yang)放牧(mu),喜歡走(zou)動,一只山(shan)羊放牧(mu)一天所走(zou)路程不少于10公里。喜食“藥草”加上“熱愛運動”,造就了這種肉質鮮(xian)美(mei)的(de)羊中(zhong)極品。
4.文化背景
徐(xu)(xu)聞(wen)(wen)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在雷州半島有(you)相當(dang)(dang)悠久的(de)飼養(yang)歷史。據《古(gu)令法》、《說文(wen)》所述:徐(xu)(xu)聞(wen)(wen)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是公元(yuan)276年(nian)(nian)(晉咸寧二年(nian)(nian)),從山(shan)東煙臺地區(qu)引進(jin),經過長期飼養(yang)、馴化選育(yu)而(er)成(cheng),距(ju)今已有(you)1700多年(nian)(nian)的(de)歷史了(le)。在二百多年(nian)(nian)前,徐(xu)(xu)聞(wen)(wen)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)已進(jin)入香港和廣州灣市場(chang),并以徐(xu)(xu)聞(wen)(wen)肥羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蜚(fei)聲(sheng)各地,其味(wei)道鮮美(mei),營(ying)養(yang)豐富,吸引了(le)無數的(de)食(shi)客,甚(shen)至(zhi)在南亞地區(qu)都享有(you)盛譽。當(dang)(dang)時每(mei)條村莊(zhuang)都有(you)三、五(wu)群羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),而(er)且流傳著“養(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)姜(jiang),本少利(li)長”的(de)農(nong)諺。養(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)成(cheng)為(wei)當(dang)(dang)時增(zeng)加(jia)農(nong)村收入的(de)最(zui)有(you)效(xiao)途徑之一。1949年(nian)(nian)前,徐(xu)(xu)聞(wen)(wen)縣城(cheng)有(you)一條專(zhuan)門經營(ying)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)街道,叫做(zuo)“羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)行街”,每(mei)逢墟日,進(jin)墟待沽的(de)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)只(zhi)少則(ze)幾百只(zhi),多則(ze)近千(qian)只(zhi),街上還賣有(you)熟羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉、羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)粥、羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉串等(deng)任人選擇,山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)市場(chang)活躍繁榮。