芒果视频

種植傳統

昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)種植(zhi)始于清代，1809年(nian)(nian)（清嘉慶十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)）版《昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)志》即(ji)有昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)種植(zhi)記載，歷史悠久。民國(guo)(guo)版《昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)志續》即(ji)有“北鄉所產(chan)，最(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)且佳(jia)，每歲運(yun)銷青島甚多(duo)(duo)”的(de)記載。建(jian)國(guo)(guo)前，主要分布在昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)南(nan)部(bu)鄌(tang)(tang)郚金(jin)山一帶和北部(bu)朱劉都昌(chang)(chang)(chang)一帶，即(ji)著名的(de)“南(nan)鄌(tang)(tang)北都”。1969年(nian)(nian)被列(lie)(lie)為(wei)山東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)(sheng)名特(te)(te)產(chan)瓜(gua)(gua)果(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)一。1969年(nian)(nian)引進推廣“蜜(mi)寶(bao)”西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)后，昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)即(ji)以早熟、皮薄、沙瓤、脆甜而弛名省(sheng)(sheng)內外(wai)，遠銷香港，被列(lie)(lie)為(wei)山東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)(sheng)名特(te)(te)產(chan)瓜(gua)(gua)果(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)一。20世紀70年(nian)(nian)代初，昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)無籽(zi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)生產(chan)填補了山東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)(sheng)空白，1972年(nian)(nian)被列(lie)(lie)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家特(te)(te)需瓜(gua)(gua)生產(chan)基地(di)(di)(di)。1997年(nian)(nian)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)通過了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)綠(lv)色食品認證。1999年(nian)(nian)、2001年(nian)(nian)，昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)連續兩屆被評為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際農業博覽會名牌產(chan)品。鄌(tang)(tang)郚鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)是(shi)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)最(zui)(zui)早的(de)發(fa)源地(di)(di)(di)，也是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)央特(te)(te)需瓜(gua)(gua)無籽(zi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)培(pei)育基地(di)(di)(di)，又是(shi)綠(lv)色食品西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)生產(chan)基地(di)(di)(di)。堯溝鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)4.1萬畝耕地(di)(di)(di)全部(bu)進行西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)保護地(di)(di)(di)栽培(pei)，擁有江北最(zui)(zui)大的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)市場和代表昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)技(ji)術水平、主要工作成績的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)科(ke)技(ji)園。堯溝鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)被中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)“特(te)(te)產(chan)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”推薦暨宣傳活動(dong)組織委員會命(ming)名為(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)第一鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)”，昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)被譽(yu)為(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”。

生產情況

到2008年(nian)，昌樂西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)基本上穩定在10000h㎡左(zuo)右(you)，年(nian)總(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)45萬(wan)(wan)噸，西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)產(chan)(chan)值占(zhan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)總(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)25-30%左(zuo)右(you)，是經濟收(shou)入最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作物。優勢(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)帶(dai)已經形(xing)成。全(quan)縣最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)域為(wei)堯溝(gou)、城(cheng)(cheng)南種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)，2007年(nian)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)4333.3h㎡，總(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)18.2萬(wan)(wan)噸，總(zong)(zong)收(shou)入4.1億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)，分別(bie)占(zhan)全(quan)縣西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、總(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)、總(zong)(zong)收(shou)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)44.1%、40.6%和56.2%。第二(er)大(da)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)域為(wei)高(gao)崖(ya)、鄌(tang)郚種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)，2007年(nian)總(zong)(zong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)1666.7h㎡，總(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)7.7萬(wan)(wan)噸，總(zong)(zong)收(shou)入0.65億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)，分別(bie)占(zhan)全(quan)縣西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、總(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)、總(zong)(zong)收(shou)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)17.0%、17.2%和8.9%。三是西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)鎮(zhen)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)村迅速(su)發(fa)展。堯溝(gou)鎮(zhen)耕地(di)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)4.1萬(wan)(wan)畝，全(quan)部進行西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)栽培，形(xing)成了(le)家家戶(hu)戶(hu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局面，是多(duo)(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)鎮(zhen)。城(cheng)(cheng)南街道2007年(nian)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)1656h㎡，占(zhan)全(quan)鎮(zhen)耕地(di)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)63%，成為(wei)后(hou)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)鎮(zhen)。除堯溝(gou)、城(cheng)(cheng)南以外，全(quan)縣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)村已達(da)47個，其中高(gao)崖(ya)鎮(zhen)已有西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)村20多(duo)(duo)個。

昌樂(le)西(xi)瓜(gua)已成為(wei)全(quan)縣農業的第(di)一支柱產(chan)(chan)業，年平均播種(zhong)面積15萬畝(mu)，總(zong)產(chan)(chan)量60萬噸，形成一個專(zhuan)業鎮、47個專(zhuan)業村，注冊了(le)鄌郚、樂(le)寶、藝林、太合等10多個商標(biao)，其中(zhong)鄌郚無籽西(xi)瓜(gua)被(bei)評為(wei)山東省名(ming)牌農產(chan)(chan)品。西(xi)瓜(gua)之鄉堯溝鎮被(bei)命名(ming)為(wei)“中(zhong)國西(xi)瓜(gua)第(di)一鎮”，堯溝西(xi)瓜(gua)市(shi)場(chang)被(bei)確定為(wei)中(zhong)國“全(quan)國定點市(shi)場(chang)”。昌樂(le)縣先后實施了(le)農業部農業科技示(shi)范(fan)場(chang)、國家級西(xi)瓜(gua)標(biao)準化示(shi)范(fan)區、西(xi)瓜(gua)良(liang)種(zhong)工廠化育苗基地建設等項目。

栽培技術

一(yi)是全部進(jin)行設施栽培(pei)。昌(chang)樂縣1982年(nian)開始(shi)引(yin)進(jin)推(tui)廣西瓜雙膜覆蓋栽培(pei)技術，后(hou)經(jing)陽畦育苗、地膜覆蓋，發展為陽畦嫁(jia)接育苗，以高溫棚、大(da)拱棚為主的雙膜或多膜栽培(pei)。到2008年(nian)，10000h㎡昌(chang)樂西瓜全部實(shi)行保護栽培(pei)。

二是西瓜栽(zai)培技術(shu)全面普及。包括(kuo)嫁接、點花、授(shou)粉在內的一系列西瓜優(you)質、早熟栽(zai)培技術(shu)，在全縣幾乎(hu)家喻戶曉，有(you)的村(cun)甚至是婦孺皆(jie)知。還推廣了反光幕增光、機(ji)械化卷簾、彌霧機(ji)防(fang)治病蟲害等先進技術(shu)和產品(pin)。

三是春秋兩季上(shang)市，品種(zhong)全，花色(se)多(duo)。昌樂(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)大(da)部分為春西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)，集(ji)中在“五一(yi)”前后上(shang)市。秋西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)占總播種(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)10%左右(you)，一(yi)般(ban)在“十(shi)一(yi)”前后上(shang)市。全縣已(yi)推廣無籽、有籽兩個(ge)系列，紅瓤、黃(huang)瓤兩種(zhong)類型，大(da)、中、小三種(zhong)規格(ge)的(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)品種(zhong)120多(duo)個(ge)，西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)良種(zhong)覆蓋率早已(yi)達到100%。特型西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)、圖形西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)和富(fu)硒保健(jian)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)等特色(se)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)生產技術也已(yi)逐步成熟(shu)。

四是全面(mian)實施標準(zhun)化生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。2003年春，昌樂西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)開始推行(xing)標準(zhun)化生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，截止2008年6月30日，已有1533.3h㎡西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)通(tong)過了綠色(se)食品(pin)基地(di)認定，3600h㎡西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)通(tong)過了無(wu)公害農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)基地(di)認定。“中國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)第一鎮”堯(yao)溝鎮先(xian)后被(bei)確(que)定為農(nong)(nong)(nong)業部農(nong)(nong)(nong)業科技示(shi)范場、西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)工(gong)廠化育苗基地(di)、國(guo)(guo)家級西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)標準(zhun)化示(shi)范區項目建設單位。

銷售情況

到2008年，該縣(xian)瓜(gua)菜(cai)批發(fa)市場51個(ge)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)產(chan)地批發(fa)市場遍布全縣(xian)的(de)主要西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)產(chan)區，累計總投(tou)(tou)資6700萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)(yuan)，占地面積80萬(wan)(wan)平方米，固定攤位(wei)數(shu)7300多(duo)個(ge)，年交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)量(liang)175萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)額(e)25億(yi)多(duo)元(yuan)(yuan)。其中堯溝瓜(gua)菜(cai)批發(fa)市場，累計總投(tou)(tou)資3000萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)(yuan)，占地200畝(mu)，年交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)量(liang)100萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)額(e)10億(yi)多(duo)元(yuan)(yuan)，是江(jiang)北最大(da)(da)的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)批發(fa)市場。經紀(ji)隊伍(wu)龐大(da)(da)。雖然全縣(xian)沒有(you)注冊經紀(ji)人(ren)，也沒有(you)注冊經紀(ji)組織，但(dan)從事西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)經紀(ji)的(de)瓜(gua)農已達(da)5000多(duo)人(ren)，幾乎(hu)聯結了昌樂西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)的(de)產(chan)地市場和全國各地的(de)大(da)(da)中型瓜(gua)菜(cai)市場，保(bao)證(zheng)了全縣(xian)10000h㎡、45萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)的(de)順利銷售。

種植環境

土壤地貌情況

昌(chang)樂縣屬低山(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵區(qu)，中西部(bu)多低山(shan)，東南部(bu)多丘(qiu)(qiu)陵，南北兩端各有(you)一平原地(di)(di)帶。微(wei)地(di)(di)貌(mao)為低山(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)嶺、荒坡(po)地(di)(di)、沿(yan)河(he)階地(di)(di)、坡(po)麓梯田、近(jin)山(shan)階地(di)(di)、河(he)谷梯田等。土(tu)壤(rang)分(fen)為褐土(tu)、棕(zong)壤(rang)、潮土(tu)3個土(tu)類。土(tu)壤(rang)耕層PH值平均為7.2，變幅(fu)在6.2-8之間；平均有(you)機質(zhi)為1.19%，堿解氨86.5ppm，速效(xiao)(xiao)磷(lin)27.9ppm，速效(xiao)(xiao)鉀127.1ppm。地(di)(di)貌(mao)和土(tu)壤(rang)情況比較(jiao)適合瓜果的栽培和生長。

水文情況

全(quan)縣5公里以上的河(he)流35條，但多數為季節性(xing)河(he)流，總流域面積1568平方公里，水資源總量30515萬(wan)方，其中地下水14735萬(wan)方，地表水29738萬(wan)方。地下水礦化度范圍一般(ban)在216-400mg/l，PH值(zhi)在6.5=8之間。礦化類型(xing)為HCO3-→Ca++→Cl-→Na+型(xing)水。影響因(yin)素主要是面源污染(ran)，無潛在大型(xing)工業污染(ran)，為該縣瓜果(guo)生產提供了比較充足的水源。

氣候情況

昌樂縣屬東部暖(nuan)溫帶(dai)季(ji)(ji)風(feng)型(xing)大陸(lu)性氣候，四季(ji)(ji)分明(ming)，春季(ji)(ji)溫暖(nuan)，夏季(ji)(ji)濕潤多雨，秋季(ji)(ji)涼爽，冬季(ji)(ji)寒冷干燥。年平均氣溫12.6℃，降水量594.6毫米，相(xiang)對(dui)濕度65%，日照時數(shu)2421.3小(xiao)時，無霜期190天。降水的時間(jian)分布(bu)對(dui)于西瓜的生長有(you)利(li)，較多的日照量為西瓜的糖分積累提供(gong)了有(you)利(li)條(tiao)件。